Abstract: A graphitization furnace (100) includes: split electrodes (122) that are conductive and are provided so as to be freely movable; crucibles (120) that are conductive and that contain carbon powder, with a bottom end portion (122a) of each split electrode (122) being buried in the carbon powder; upper electrodes (190) that are positioned so as to face a split electrode (122); lower electrodes (192) that are positioned so as to face a crucible (120); and a power supply unit (132) that, when a bottom end portion (190a) of an upper electrode (190) is placed in contact with a top end portion (122b) of a split electrode (122) and a top end portion (192a) of a lower electrode (192) is placed in contact with a base portion (120b) of a crucible (120), applies a voltage between the upper electrode (190) and the lower electrode (192).

Abstract: A method of and an arrangement for transmitting electric current to a furnace that is heated, either completely or partially, by electric current conducted in the furnace wall. The current is conducted through electrically conductive devices connected to the furnace wall. At least one of the devices in proximity to the furnace wall includes a section that has a smaller cross-sectional area than the remainder of the device. The current flow through the smaller cross-section develops heat in the region of the smaller section of a magnitude that corresponds substantially to the heat magnitude that would have been conducted from the furnace wall to the electrically conductive device in the absence of the smaller cross-sectional area.

Abstract: A resistance furnace has a tubular heating element with a vertically-oriented longitudinal axis. The heating element has a shell surface defined by an upper side and a lower side and surrounding a furnace chamber. The heating element is connected to at least two supply terminals by which heating current is introduced at power supply points into the heating element. The supply terminals include a surrounding upper annular collar adjacent the upper side of the shell surface, and also a surrounding lower annular collar adjacent the lower side of the shell surface.

Abstract: A method rebakes and graphitizes pitch-impregnated carbon bodies in an encapsulated Castner-type lengthwise graphitization furnace in one step. A furnace shell is constructed of element modules and can carry out the method. A furnace utilizes the furnace shell. The oxygen content in the interior of the furnace is kept below 4% by volume. The method is carried out under atmospheric pressure or at pressures that differ only slightly from the atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: An electric furnace includes a heating element which is a hollow element made of a lanthanum chromite ceramic having an interior with two open ends in an longitudinal direction, terminal portions at the two ends, and a heat-generating portion between the terminal portions. The terminal portion has a cross-sectional area larger than that of the heat-generating portion on a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The heating element is provided with high-temperature electrodes and metallic lead wires attached to the terminal portions to generate heat in the heat-generating portion. The electric furnace further includes a heat-insulating material surrounding the heating element, and a hollow ceramic member placed in the interior of the heating element.

Abstract: A treatment apparatus comprises a heater including an insulator carrying a to-be-treated object thereon and a resistance heating element therein for heating the to-be-treated object, an electrical supply mechanism including feeders extending into a treatment chamber from outside and terminals connecting the feeders and the resistance heating element, and a metallic pipe surrounding the terminals and those portions of the feeders which extend in the treatment chamber. A treatment apparatus for discharging an exhaust gas from the treatment chamber through an exhaust pipe by means of a suction unit comprises a first heater in the inner wall of the treatment chamber for heating the gas in the treatment chamber, and a second heater for independently heating the exhaust gas in the exhaust pipe at various portions of the exhaust pipe.

Abstract: A moveable graphitizing furnace to graphitize several columns of electrodes at the same time in two side by side tanks. The furnace has a metallic cage construction and a covering of firebricks arranged at sight on said cage construction and self-compensating the thermic expansion and the thrust exerted from outside on each column of electrodes to be graphitized. The furnace is further provided with screens protecting the framework and the wheels from heat, air forced cooling system to cool the bottom of the tanks, as well as water circulation cooling system to cool the bus bar electrodes also during the movement of the furnace after the graphitizing process.

Abstract: Furnace head for heavy-current resistance furnaces of refractory masonry and at least one cooled electrode inserted into the masonry. Cooling devices extending over the entire length of the electrode are inserted into the latter and the temperature of the electrode can be set by controlling the cooling to the temperature of the masonry.

Abstract: Port for a longitudinal or Castner-type graphitizing furnace, the masonry of which consists of a bottom section, lateral blocks and a yoke. The electrode rests on the bottom section and is pressed by the superimposed yoke against the bottom section. The lateral blocks are clamped to the electrode. Horizontal or vertical gaps cannot develop between the electrode and the masonry of the port in the operation of the graphitizing furnace.

Abstract: A heat treating furnace in which an electrical resistance heating element is disposed in a chamber and is energized by way of a power feed through conductor which extends slidably through the wall of the furnace. An insulating washer and a retaining washer may be installed on and removed from the inner end portion of the feed through conductor from inside the furnace without either removing the conductor from the furnace wall or disconnecting the conductor from the heating element. A power terminal block and inlet and outlet lines for cooling water are adapted to be quickly and easily disconnected from the outer end portion of the feed through conductor to permit the conductor to be easily pulled inwardly through the furnace wall for servicing.

Abstract: An electrical resistance furnace which includes a number of electrical resistance heating elements arranged around the sides and surrounding a space containing a crucible or similar container to be heated, the elements being supported at least at their ends by fire-brick material and being surrounded by heat insulation, wherein both ends of each resistance element extend through apertures in the fire-brick material so that by removing part of the heat insulation access may be gained to both ends of the element from the exterior of the furnace to permit removal and repair or replacement of the element.

Abstract: A low porosity coating comprised of at least two layers of material or composites capable of protecting a metal substrate from the corrosive effects of a chlorine-metal chloride environment at temperature values ranging up to 650.degree. C. The first of the two layers has a coefficient of thermal expansion that lies between the metal of the substrate and that of a metal oxide(s) layer disposed upon the first layer. A layer of metal oxide is disposed on the first layer, the metal oxide having a coefficient of expansion somewhat less than the first layer and a minimum solubility in the chlorine-chloride environment. The material or composite of the first layer and the metal oxide of the oxide layer are applied by a technique which sprays particles of the material or composite and metal oxide(s) against a surface at relatively high velocities and temperatures.

Abstract: An electric installation for heating molten metals and/or salts, as well as for heating solutions with direct heating of the baths by means of resistance heating elements partly dipped in the bath being heated.The heat necessary for heating the charge is generated in a heating element partly immersed in the bath being heated, in contact materials being in contact with the heating elements as well as in the bath being heated. Electric potential difference is applied by the electrodes and current supply means to the contact materials in contact with a first surface of the heating element and to the bath being heated which is in contact with a second surface of the heating element, the contact materials being included in the electric circuit of the heating element.