Abstract: An electric heater to heat a flow of a fluid having a jacket block comprising a plurality of longitudinal bores to allow the through-flow of a gas phase medium. An elongate heating element extends through each of the bores and is positionally stabilised relative to the jacket block via at least one support member, optionally in the form or an elongate rod to inhibit undesirable independent axial and/or lateral movement of the heating element relative to the jacket block.

Abstract: A heater for an ingot growing apparatus is provided. The heater, disposed outside a crucible so as to heat the crucible, for an ingot growing apparatus comprises: a body part including a flow path through which a heat source, for generating heat for heating the crucible, flows; and a heat increasing part formed by being inwardly cut at a predetermined depth along a circumferential direction at an upper side of the body part, wherein a portion of the body part, at which the heat increasing part is formed, has a thickness (d3) formed to be less than a thickness (d2) of the other portion of the body part such that the heat can be intensively generated at the heat increasing part.

Abstract: A heater includes a resistance coil, a first conducting pin and a second conducting pin. The resistance coil includes a first end connected to the first conducting pin, and a second end connected to the second conducting pin. The resistance coil defines a first portion adjacent the first end, a second portion adjacent the second end, and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion. At least one of the first, second, and third portions has a continuously variable pitch along its length.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program product for generating a social network data structure, the method comprising: receiving a corpus comprising one or more communication indications for one or more customers, each communication indication indicating start time and end time of a communication of the customer; and generating a social network data structure indicating connections between customers based upon the start time and end time indications of communication indication comprised in the communication indications.

Abstract: An insert intended for electrical furnaces and of the type that includes an insulating shell having an outside and an inside having a rotationally symmetrical, e.g., cylindrical shape, and a heater element that is arranged inside the insulating shell and extends several turns in a continuous loop having an overall shape corresponding to the rotationally symmetrical shape of the insulating shell. The continuous loop includes spaced-apart bends, which divide the same into individual sections of limited length to which occurring thermal expansion is isolated locally. In an exemplary embodiment, the bends are U-shaped to impart to the continuous loop a meander shape. Another exemplary embodiment relates to a heater element.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electric cartridge heater and a method of operation, suitable for use in producing high purity silicon in solar cells or solar modules. The apparatus includes a single-piece elongated heater bar having a length, a first end, and a second end. The apparatus also includes a slot beginning at the first end and running a portion of the length, and the slot dividing the heater bar into a first arm and a second arm. An elbow at the second end joins the first arm and the second arm together. The apparatus also includes a first electrode in electrical communication with the first arm, and a second electrode in electrical communication with the second arm.

Abstract: A heating apparatus is disclosed, that may include a ceramic rod having at least one circumferential groove extending substantially circumferentially about a perimeter of the rod; and a coil located about the perimeter of the rod and having turns of the coil embedded with the grooves of the rod.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radiation apparatus with capability of preventing heat convection, which comprises a blackbody furnace having a cavity therein and an air pressure adjusting unit. The air pressure adjusting unit coupled to the blackbody furnace for adjusting the air pressure of the open end of the cavity according to the temperature difference between the cavity and the outside environment. By means of the design of the present invention, it is capable of preventing heat convection between the cavity and the outside environment by utilizing the air pressure adjusting unit for controlling the air pressure status around the open end of cavity such that the blackbody furnace is stable for services of calibrations and tests.

Abstract: A ceramic heat conductor support disc for supporting an electrical heating element for electrically heated furnace installations. The support disc has a center aperture lying parallel to the longitudinal axis of the heating element, and one or more apertures located between the center aperture and the periphery of the disc. The disc is provided with one or more elongated openings running from the periphery to one of the apertures or to the center aperture, wherein each elongated opening penetrates the entire thickness of the disc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dental furnace with a heating chamber, with at least two heating elements acting on the heating chamber and one control apparatus, which interacts with the heating elements, for the voltage supply to the heating elements. The control apparatus (22) supplies at least two heating elements (12) separately with voltage. In addition, the control apparatus (22) matches the power output of at least one heating element (12) to the requirements of the temperature distribution in the heating chamber (30).

Abstract: An electric heating element with radiant tube comprising a radiation pipe (1) and an electric heating element (2, 3) contained in said pipe, wherein the heating element has legs that run to and fro in the pipe, and wherein the heating element is connected at one end of the pipe close to a furnace wall with electric power outlets through which electric current is fed to the element, wherein the element is supported in the pipe by ceramic discs (9) that are provided with through-penetrating holes through which the legs of the elements extend, and wherein two elements (2, 3) are disposed sequentially in said radiation pipe along its long axis.

Abstract: A method of supporting vertically hanging electrical resistance elements for heating furnaces or ovens in industrial operations. Each resistance element includes current-conducting legs that extend downward and upward a number of times, and the element includes along its length a number of ceramic discs that are provided with through-holes through which respective element legs extend. The upper part of the element merges with terminals that are connected to a source of electric current. The element is supported by at least one of the uppermost ceramic discs, wherein the uppermost ceramic disc supporting the element is placed in the insulation of the furnace roof above the underside of the roof. The legs of the element are short circuited at a location slightly or somewhat beneath the underside of the furnace roof with the aid of short circuiting plates.

Abstract: Oven for non-metal melting, in particular silicon melting, with a housing enclosing an interior, at least one mould arranged in the interior for receiving a non-metal melt, at least one electrical heating device enclosing, at least partially, the at least one mould for influencing the temperature of the non-metal melt, and a power supply device connected in an electrically conductive manner to the at least one heating device for providing the heating device with a time-variable current I(t), wherein the current I(t) has a frequency of 0.1 Hz to 1000 Hz and the current I(t) is of a magnitude sufficient for setting a predetermined temperature of the non-metal melt, the currents in the plurality, where necessary, of heaters having a defined phase position in respect of one another.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrical resistance element of the molybdenum silicide type that includes two terminals (1, 2) for the supply of electric current and at least one leg (3) which extends between the terminals and which includes a glow zone. The invention is characterized in that the glow zone has different diameters along different sections (6-11, 14-17) of the leg (3; 4, 5).

Abstract: The invention relates to a stove for producing denture and or the parts thereof comprising a combustion chamber and a heating device which is arranged therein and provided with a heating spiral consisting of an appropriate resistance wire and a support for the heating spiral. The aim of said invention is to better use the heating energy and make it possible to easily replace the heating device. For this purpose, the heating spiral is arranged on the external part of the support.

Abstract: A crenellated resistor made from a carbonaceous material and having the shape of a hollow cylinder for use in furnaces working at high temperature. The resistor is characterized by the thickness of the cylinder walls which follows a profile determined so as to produce an even temperature on the surface of the resistor when it is working. Thus, the wall has a radial thickness which decreases in a transition section from the peripheral edge to the internal edge. The resistor configuration allows elimination of hot spots which may appear when electricity flows through the resistor.

Abstract: An electric resistance high temperature vacuum furnace having radiant heating units evenly spaced around the sides and ends of the furnace hot zone. Pairs of units are automatically regulated both radially and longitudinally according to the temperature required by the workload in the hot zone. The units each comprise parallel aligned elements electrically connected in series at their one ends. Each element has lengthwise surfaces angularly disposed from each other to form a beam structure of high section modulus for stiffness and resistance to sagging. Also, the angles of the element surfaces facing a heat-reflective assembly substantially enable all of the energy radiated toward the assembly to be reflected into the hot zone in addition to the direct radiation from the surfaces facing the hot zone. The furnace includes a re-circulating cooling system for rapid cooling of the furnace and workload.

Abstract: The disclosed invention is a rotationally symmetrical resistance furnace heating element. The heating element has at least two ends. A respective cooling element is disposed in communication with each end. The heating element includes at least first and second high current density sections. The high current density sections are axially separated by at least one low current density section. The high current density sections have a smaller diameter than the low current density section. The invention also includes a multiple crucible method of drawing an optical fiber from the draw furnace described above. The method includes the step of heating an entire body of raw materials in a hot zone in the furnace.

Abstract: The invention relates to the electric melting technique, in which the melting energy is dissipated in the bath of melted glass as a result of the Joule effect by means of electrodes which dip through the surface of the bath. According to the invention, the electrodes dip into a bath of melted glass which has a height h below 800 mm and a surface S such that the ratio h/S is lower than 0.5 m/m.sup.2. According to another aspect, the exchange surface between the electrodes and the bath is above 0.075 m.sup.2 /m.sup.3 of glass.The invention is used in the manufacture of glass-based products, such as insulating materials based on glass fiber.

Abstract: The electric resistance type melting furnace according to the present invention prevents deformation and destruction of graphite electrodes under high temperature conditions. In a melting furnace 1, graphite electrodes 3a and 3b each having a rectangular cross-section and with outer surfaces covered with a molybdenum member M are arranged, and surfaces of the graphite electrodes are positioned opposite to each other.

Abstract: This invention relates to heat treating furnaces which employ electric resistance heating elements and, in particular, to improved processes for repairing such furnaces and heating elements particularly useful in such repair. A typical vacuum furnace employing this invention provides a hot zone that is made for heavy duty heat treating applications. The furnace has a series of banks of axial-spaced electrical resistance heating elements suspended from an inner wall of its hot zone chamber by a series of support rods. Repeated furnace use can result in heating element fractures, which necessitate replacement of the heating elements. The replacement in accordance with this invention is with an element having a thicker and narrower cross section than previously existed in the furnace. The specially designed width-to-thickness aspect ratio heating elements according to this invention enables the elements to have a longer life between replacements.

Abstract: The resistive elements are made up of strips of carbon/carbon composite material that are interconnected by connection pieces that are likewise made of carbon/carbon composite material and that serve both for making electrical connections and for making mechanical connections between the strips. The strips and the connection pieces are assembled together at least in part by means of their shapes. The resistive elements may be coated in a layer of pyrocarbon.

Abstract: Six curved hanging electrical heater panels made of tungsten or molybdenum are arranged to form a hollow cylinder, and are supported at their upper ends by electrical connectors. The hanging panels are electrically interconnected at adjacent lower corners by removable links. Six phase electrical current is applied to the hanging panels through the respective upper connectors, with phases of opposite polarities being applied to diametrically opposed panels. The net current flow through the removable links is zero, enabling the links to be designed to fail electrically and/or mechanically before the panels, thereby protecting the panels from electrical burnout and mechanical damage. Each removable link includes a unique arrangement of a link member, two pins, and a wedge which tightly interlocks the pins, link member and panel corners together.

Abstract: An improved single heating element for a furnace, and method of designing the circuit is provided.In the method of design and constructing the heating element, the voltage level of the furnace is determined, the operating temperature of the furnace is determined and then the watt level output is selected. A resistance wire is selected and the watt-density of the wire is calculated as if it were to be connected in a single strand in series. If the calculation yields a value greater than the maximum safe watt density, the watt-density is recalculated as if the wire were connected as two wires in parallel, and this calculation is repeated with an additional wire in parallel as many times as necessary to provide a watt-density less than the maximum safe watt density and constructing a furnace heating element with said finally determined number of wires in parallel.

Abstract: An immersion heater for a fluidized bed decarbonation reactor includes an elongate cylindrical graphite heating element within a sealed chamber into which an inert gas, such as argon, is introduced for protecting the heating element from oxidation and from which the gas may be removed. The chamber is defined by a refractory metal sheath with longitudinal corrugations and externally covered by a protective layer formed by chromaluminization. An insulating refractory metal ring centers and holds the heating element within the sheath to prevent short circuits between the heating elements and the sheath. A composite metal plate holds the heating element and includes input and output electrical supply bars for providing power to the heater.

Abstract: A heating device including a body comprised of two or more strata of electrically conductive refractory particles, a supporting element of a refractory material between adjacent strata and an arrangement for passing an electrical current through the body.

Abstract: A vertical glass melting furnace provided with a material entrance at the uppermost portion and a molten glass exit provided at the lowermost portion. A resistance heating element 6 is provided over the substantially entire part of the horizontal section of the furnace at at least one level which is immersed in the molten glass.

Abstract: An electrically heated forehearth for use in glass production is heated by means of a plurality of radiant heating elements, each element traversing the forehearth substantially at right angles to the direction of glass flow and each element comprising heating zones at each edge portion and a central, non-heating zone. With the forehearth according to the present invention the molten glass is heated electrically at its edge, cooler, portions only. The central and therefore hotter part of the molten glass under the non-heating zone of the element is unheated.

Abstract: A zig-zag picket graphite heater for use in high temperature furnaces of the type used for crystal growing, for example, utilizes a plurality of discrete graphite arcuate shell segments having vertically extending slots alternating from the upper and lower ends thereof. The edge pickets are adjacent slots which extend upwardly from the lower end of the segment and have extensions projecting below the other pickets so as to provide pads below the level of the slots. Graphite connectors span the adjacent pads of adjacent arcuate segments and certain of the connectors are also connected to electrical power supply terminals.

Abstract: A resistance heater for performing heat treatment of the braze-affected area of a metallic sleeve attached by brazing within and to a metallic tube, comprises a metal tube (10) of which a portion (16) is formed with a spiral groove (11) which penetrates the wall thickness of the tube (10) and thereby defines a heating coil. The radial thickness of the convolutions of the coil varies lengthwise of the coil so that, when energized with electrical current, the coil develops a temperature profile which is determined by the variation in radial thickness. The temperature profile may be selected according to the needs of the brazed joint to be heat treated.

Abstract: A generally cylindrical, self-supporting, unitary high-temperature electrical resistance heating element is disclosed. The heating element is composed of a wire grate formed from a plurality of electrically continuous and intersecting wire segments made of electrical resistance wire. The configuration of the heating element can be maintained by a plurality of circular rings made of conductive wire and placed orthogonally at intermediate points along the length of the heating element and which can serve as electrical terminals. The resulting heating element offers advantages of low weight, high efficiency and minimal thermal inertia, and provides a unitary heater structure which provides the ability to have different temperature zones along its length.

Abstract: A forehearth having a delivery channel 2 for a molten liquid (e.g. glass) 1, provided with a channel ceiling 11 of an insulating refractory ceramic fibre material and with electrical heating means 6, is capable of greatly increased efficiency in energy usage relative to conventional gas-fired forehearths.

Abstract: Suspension device for electric resistor elements (5) in furnaces. A rod element (4) is horizontally arranged and is supported by consoles (2,3) at a distance from the furnace walls (1). The resistor element (5) is suspended on the rod element (4) and forms dense winding coils hanging freely from the rod element substantially in a flattened helical configuration.

Abstract: A nonfocused infrared panel emitter and method of making the same. The panel emitter includes a primary emitter positioned between an insulating layer and a secondary emitter. Preferably, the panel emitter comprises a metal foil primary emitter, woven alumina cloth secondary emitter, and alumina silica board insulating layer bonded together by means of an alumina silica binder. In the method of making the panel emitter, a mesh sheet is preferably positioned adjacent the foil and the sheet is vaporized by heating prior to bonding to create a void adjacent the foil to allow thermal expansion and contraction of the foil.

Abstract: An energy efficient heating element (10) is set forth which includes a resistance wire (15). The wire (15) has a diameter at 20.degree. C., d, and has a generally sinuated configuration defining a plurality of loops (30). The wire (15) is bent backwards centrally (32) to form first (34) and second (36) generally parallel sections with the loops defining alternately inwardly facing (38a) and outwardly facing (38b) concavities (38a,38b) which have respective interior sections (40a,40b) and mouths (42a, 42b). The interior sections (40a,40b) generally have diameters of at least about 3d at 20.degree. C. The mouths (42a,42b) have dimensions of less than the diameters of the interior sections (40a,40b) but at least about 2d at actual operating temperature. The closest approaching portions of loops (30) are separated by at least 2d at operating temperature. The wire (15) defines a generally continuous body (44) of thickness, d, at 20.degree. C.

Abstract: A heating unit combining a block of thermal and electrical insulating material and an electrical resistance element in which the block contains a mass of ceramic fibers bound together and has an elongated slot with confronting walls rising to the surface of the block from opposite sides of a land, and the resistance element is in the form of a thin member constructed of a continuous resistance wire which is provided with opposite bends to form a serpentine shape, the bends being embedded in the opposite walls of the block to secure the electrical resistance element on the block, and the resistance element abutting the land of the slot between the walls thereof.

Abstract: Utility model patent for a support for electrical resistances of ovens or kilns with ceramic mantle thermal insulation, used to support resistances of the kind consisting of a filament or ribbon of electrical conductor material laid in a sinuous or fretwork fashion on supports and, in this model, comprised of an isosceles-triangular end 1 which is driven into the mantle 2 and followed by a middle flange 3 which is in turn followed by a cylindrical end 4 on which rests the filament or ribbon constituting the resistance 5, the part being completed with a removable ring 8 which is placed on the free end of the end 4 and holds fast on the said end section 4 the portion of ribbon or filament constituting the resistance 5.

Abstract: A heat treating furnace having a work chamber of circular cross-section and having banks of electric resistance heating elements formed by rigid and elongated graphite bars. The graphite bars of each bank are interconnected so as to form an octagon located closely adjacent the circular wall of the work chamber and closely approximating the circular shape of the chamber. As a result of the octagonal arrangement, ring-like banks of rigid graphite elements may be space longitudinally along the circular work chamber to enable front-to-rear temperature trim zones to be established in the chamber.

Abstract: A delivery system is provided for use in conjunction with the metalurgical furnace of the type having an elongated furnace chamber with an access door at one end for delivering a coffin containing parts into the interior of the furnace chamber. The delivery system comprises a plurality of rollers which are secured to the bottom of the furnace chamber so that axes of the rollers extend transversely with respect to the axis of the furnace chamber. In use, the rollers frictionally engage the bottom of the coffin and guide the coffin into the furnace chamber. Preferably, the coffin includes upwardly extending channels on its bottom, and which the rollers are positioned.

Abstract: A molecular or atomic beam source for use in molecular beam epitaxy comprises a hollow cylindrical crucible, preferably made of boron nitride, which is heated by an electric current passed through a plurality of very thin elongate metal strips disposed outside of and spaced apart from said crucible and mounted parallel to its axis. In order to maintain the strips in the correct position irrespective of temperature, they may be mounted on springs at each end, but preferably they are made in self supporting pairs linked at the open end of the crucible and mounted on brackets at the other end. The thin strips can be made self supporting by folding along lines parallel to their long axis in a variety of ways. They are arranged to present a large surface area to the crucible which ensures efficient heating and increases the maximum operating temperature of the source.

Abstract: A heating resistor of a single crystal manufacturing apparatus, which comprises a cylindrical side wall portion surrounding a melting pot, a bottom portion supporting the side wall portion, and a plurality of slits formed in the side wall portion and bottom portion, wherein said bottom portion has a maximum thickness which is not greater than that of said side wall portion, and said bottom portion has a minimum inner diameter which falls within a range of 20 to 80% of an inner diameter of a lowermost portion of said side wall portion.

Abstract: A high temperature electric furnace has along its side walls vertical hollow electric resistance heating tubes (57) interconnected in serpentine fashion by conductive bridge plates (55). The tube ends and bridge plates are so contoured as to provide substantially uniform resistance along all possible current paths, thereby to avoid preferential current conduction with localized overheating. The bridge plates (55) and/or the tube ends are supported by air-cooled hollow hangers (28,45).

Abstract: A heater for use in the HIP apparatus for treating a work item or work items in a high temperature and pressure gas atmosphere by isostatic application of pressure in a heated condition, the heater including at least one heater assembly unit including a meandering heating element arranged into a cylindrical grid-like form having axial slits open alternately at the upper and lower ends thereof; a plurality of radial projections of a predetermined width extending radially outward from the upper ends of the meandering heating element at a number of predetermined positions including terminal ends thereof; a number of mounted holes formed through the radial extensions of the heating element; a number of support columns fixedly erected respectively on retaining members and having a male screw portion at the upper ends thereof respectively protruded upwardly through the mounting holes in the radial extensions of the heating element; and a number of nuts respectively threaded and tightened on the protruded ends of th

Abstract: A processor apparatus is provided in which a blackbody radiator having a constant planar energy flux characteristic is placed in opposition to semiconductor material. The blackbody source produces a constant planar energy flux to uniformly heat the material. The source is heated to a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficient time to anneal or activate a semiconductor wafer or to epitaxially regrow a thin epitaxial film. The processor is operated by accomplishing the steps of presenting a blackbody radiator in opposition to semiconductor material to be thermally treated, radiatively heating the material to a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficient time to accomplish the desired process result, and cooling and removing the material. In the interval between presentation of successive samples of the material to the source, the source may be shuttered or idled to reduce energy consumption.

Abstract: A heater which includes: at least two electrically conductive heating element units having generally a self-standing cylindrical shape and stacked one on another to define a series of at least two cylindrical heating zones, the heating element units each including of a grid-like structure alternately having a vertically disposed portion and a horizontally extending bridge portion; insulator blocks fitted on the ends of stacked upper and lower cylindrical heating element units which meet and which are made of a material having a sufficient electric resistance that will not conduct electric current at a maximum operating temperature of the heating element units; and an annular shaped connector conforming with the ends of the upper and lower heating element units which meet and which is interposed between the insulating blocks on the ends which meet to provide a mechanical connection between the stacked upper and lower heating element units.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new type of electric kiln suitable for the firing of pottery in small batches as is customarily carried out by hobbyists. In its preferred form the invention comprises an upright cylindrical wall of ceramic fibre thermal insulation mounted on a thermally insulating base and fitted with a lid of similar insulating material. Located within the cylindrical wall is a heating element which is a single multiturn helix of resistance wire of helix diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the cylindrical wall. The diameter of the resistance wire may be substantially greater (and the electrical resistance less) than is normally used in electric kilns of similar size thus permitting a greater tolerance to corrosion.The heating element is carried in a set of equispaced ceramic pillars which permit changes in the diameter of the helix while maintaining the separation of the turns of the helix.

Abstract: An electrical resistance heater or igniter characterized by having a core bonded by regrowth of silicon carbide is produced by heating particulate silicon carbide which may be mixed with a minor amount of modifying agent, by means of an uncharged beam of energy, to a temperature above 3000.degree. F. and below 5500.degree. F. and subsequently cooling the resultant coherent shape below 3000.degree. F., both stops being completed within a period of ten minutes. In the preferred method, unconsolidated particulate silicon carbide is exposed to the energy of a laser beam and the particulate silicon carbide has a particle size within the range of magnitude of ten to three hundred microns. Upon its initial formation, the shape or element has a core and a distinctly delineated rind which is attached to the core. The core has a relatively low resistivity as compared with the rind.

Abstract: An infrared source comprising an electrically powered, hollow cylindrical rod which operates at lower temperatures and yet has no decrease in output power is configured by increasing the outside diameter of the rod and inserting grooves therein which provide cavities increasing the apparent surface emissivity of the rod.

Abstract: A furnace for drawing optical fiber includes a graphite element of generally cylindrical shape with a reduced central cross-sectional configuration having a flange at opposite ends thereof and having an axial hole therethrough including a central internal element chamber for receiving a glass preform, means for heating the reduced central cross-sectional configuration, and, hence, the central internal element chamber, so that an optical fiber can be drawn from the preform. The invention relates to providing a relationship between the internal diameter of the central internal element chamber and the inner diameter of the exhaust tubes so as to minimize gas turbulence within the central internal element chamber and thereby control the diameter of an optical fiber being drawn. The relationships can be such that the internal diameter of the central internal element chamber and the inner diameters of an input exhaust tube and an exit exhaust tube are substantially equal.

Abstract: A recirculating oven in which air and oxidized gases from a burner tube are directed to evaporation zone outlets at the bottom of the oven and curing zone outlets at the top and fed into a pair of wire work chambers, the gas streams mixing between the zones and return with volatile substances through a return duct to a burner mounted in the upper portion of the burner tube. The burner tube is mounted within a burner tube housing partitioned so that the volatile fumes returning to the burner are maintained separately from the oxidized gases and air exiting from the burner tube. The burner is electrically energized and has a cylindrical housing supporting a number of radial vanes supported between spaced baffle plates, the vanes imparting a vortex pattern to the gases entering holes in the housing periphery. A support plate on the top of the housing carries two high temperature ceramic igniter heater elements surrounded by a multiplicity of resistance type electrical heating elements.