Abstract: The method and apparatus to automatically inspect or pre-screen the Equipment of passing CMVs employs the novel application of acquiring, processing and analyzing the temperature data from areas of interest on passing wheels using a computer based imaging system to improve the efficiency of current CMV inspecting and/or pre-screening manual methods that require an inspection system operator. The inspection system includes a triggering device, thermographic camera(s), computer based image acquisition hardware, image processing and analysis software, user interface and operator workspace (herein referred to as the “Inspection System”). The components of the apparatus are not limited to the list above nor are all components required to embody the method for inspection or pre-screening of equipment of passing CMVs. The method is a means of collecting the thermal information of the Equipment as it passes through an Inspection Area and analyzing it to determine or estimate its condition or fitness.

Abstract: A system for cooling and holding a testpiece in an effective manner while the testpiece is subjected locally to high heat flux. The testpiece includes an inside face extended by parallel strips that leave between them channels for passing a cooling fluid, and parallel fins of an intermediate part are inserted between the strips.

Abstract: Embodiments of an integrated rail efficiency and safety support system and method are shown comprising a server operable to receive a plurality of sets of collected information, each of the sets of collected information comprising a consist physical location and weather conditions and rail temperatures in an area of the respective consist and to process a predictive rail temperature algorithm for predicting a rail temperature and/or a trend in rail temperature for a selected section of track; and wherein the predictive rail temperature algorithm factors the information provided to it and provides a predicted rail temperature and/or trend in rail temperature for the selected section of track.

Abstract: In one or more implementations, a temperature measuring system is provided, including a temperature sensing probe having (a) a thermistor operatively connected to a first conductor and (b) a resistor operatively connected to a second conductor, and a temperature determination application stored in a memory of a computing device operatively connected to the temperature sensing probe.

Abstract: There is provided a heat sink for measuring temperature of electronic component. The heat sink includes a heat radiating plate, a fin, a heat receiving plate, and a temperature detector. The heat radiating plate has a first surface that receives heat from the electronic component. The fin is for radiating heat energy conducting through the heat radiating plate and is connected to the heat radiating plate. The heat receiving plate arranged apart from the heat radiating plate has a second surface movable to be parallel to the first surface. The temperature detector that detects a temperature is disposed on the heat receiving plate.

Abstract: An electronic device that determines an external temperature is described. During operation, the electronic device uses a sensor mechanism (such as an integrated temperature sensor) to determine an internal temperature of the electronic device. Then, a thermoelectric device (which may be based on the Peltier effect and/or the Seeback effect) determines the relative temperature difference between the internal temperature and the external temperature. Next, the external temperature may be determined based on the internal temperature and the temperature difference. For example, the external temperature may be determined relative to a threshold value. Furthermore, an electrical signal (such as a voltage or a current) output by the thermoelectric device may be used to recharge a battery and, more generally, a power source in the electronic device.

Abstract: A method for monitoring at least two temperature sensors of a turbomachine that is aligned along a reference plane, the two temperature sensors being located in the same transverse plane of the turbomachine, the method including detecting the stoppage of the turbomachine; waiting for a period at least equal to a predetermined threshold period; measuring the temperature with each of the two temperature sensors; comparing the two temperatures measured.

Abstract: A temperature detection device that detects a temperature of a rotor of a motor. The temperature detection device has a current detection unit configured to detect a current value of a current flowing through a winding with which any one of a stator and the rotor of the motor is provided, an iron loss estimation unit configured to estimate an iron loss of the rotor using the current value, and a rotor temperature estimation unit configured to estimate the temperature of the rotor using the iron loss.

Abstract: Methods and systems to determine an internal temperature of a rechargeable lithium-ion cell based on a phase shift of the cell. Internal cell temperature may be determined with respect to an internal anode temperature and/or an internal cathode temperature. Internal anode temperature may be determined based on a phase shift of a frequency within a range of approximately 40 Hertz (Hz) to 500 Hz. Internal cathode temperature may be determined based on a phase shift of a frequency of up to approximately 30 Hz. A temperature sensor as disclosed herein may be powered by a monitored cell with relatively little impact on cell charge, may be electrically coupled to cell but housed physically separate from the cell, and/or may monitor multiple cells in a multiplex fashion. A rate of change in phase shift may be used to initiate pre-emptive action, without determining corresponding temperatures.

Abstract: Fiber optic sensing systems and methods. In a described embodiment, a fiber optic sensing system includes an optical fiber transmitting energy to a chemical vapor deposited diamond material proximate a substance in a well. The diamond material is deposited as a coating on a substrate. The substrate and coating are heated when the energy is transmitted by the optical fiber. This heats the substance in the well, which is detected to determine a property of the substance. In another embodiment, light energy is transmitted through the diamond material.

Abstract: In a prior-art nail puncture test, it has been difficult to measure the temperature at a short-circuiting portion, which is closely related to the scale of an accident which occurs. As a solution, A nail puncture test device having a temperature measurement function, a sheath thermocouple, and a fixing portion 6 of the sheath thermocouple, wherein a bottomed hole through which the sheath thermocouple is inserted is bored in the axial direction from a head portion to the vicinity of the distal end at the center part of the outer frame, and the sheath thermocouple is fixed to the outer frame by the fixing portion 6 in a state where the sheath thermocouple is inserted into the bottomed hole and the distal end thereof having a temperature measurement point is in contact with the bottom of the hole is provided.

Abstract: A non-pneumatic tire may include a support structure having an inner circumferential portion configured to be associated with a hub. The tire may further include a tread portion associated with an outer circumferential portion of the support structure. The tire may also include at least one sensor associated with at least one of the support structure and the tread portion and configured to generate signals indicative of at least one characteristic associated with at least one of the support structure and the tread portion. The tire may further include a receiver associated with at least one of the support structure and the tread portion and configured to receive signals from the at least one sensor. The tire may also include a transmitter associated with at least one of the support structure and the tread portion and configured to transmit the signals to a location remote from the tire.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed comprising a head actuated over a disk, the head comprising a touchdown sensor. A bias signal is applied at a first bias value to the touchdown sensor and a corresponding first resistance of the touchdown sensor is measured. The bias signal is applied at a second bias value to the touchdown sensor and a corresponding second resistance of the touchdown sensor is measured. A reference resistance of the touchdown sensor is estimated based on the first and second bias values and the first and second resistances. An operating bias value is generated for the bias signal based on a predetermined operating temperature of the touchdown sensor, the reference resistance, and a thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the touchdown sensor, wherein the TCR specifies a change in temperature of the touchdown sensor relative to a change in the resistance of the touchdown sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a smoker with multiple separate drawers for smoking meat, fish, sausage, etc. In an example embodiment, one drawer may contain water and another drawer may contain smoking material such as wood chips. The sliding drawers enable the maintenance of a stable smoking temperature and offer a safer means to replenish water and/or wood during the actual smoking operation. The multiple drawers allow a user to add wood and/or water without opening the smoking chamber.

Abstract: A thermal, flow measuring device for determining and/or monitoring the flow of a measured medium through a measuring tube. The thermal, flow measuring device includes: a first pin-shaped shell and at least a second pin-shaped shell; a first resistance thermometer and at least a second resistance thermometer. At least the first resistance thermometer is embodied so as to be heatable, wherein the resistance thermometers, in each case, have a first surface, and at least a second surface, which lies opposite the first surface. The first pin-shaped shell surrounds the first resistance thermometer, and the second pin-shaped shell surrounds the second resistance thermometer. The pin-shaped shells are fillable with a fill material. In each case, at least one spacer is placeable between the pin-shaped shell and the first surface of the resistance thermometer, and the second surface of the resistance thermometer is at least partially covered with fill material.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery at the termination of a rest period. The method for estimating the core temperature of the cells in a battery includes measuring the surface temperature of the cells, obtaining the estimated core temperature of the cells, obtaining the time required for the surface temperature and the estimated core temperature of the cells to converge, and estimating the core temperature of the cells based on the measured surface temperatures, the obtained estimated core temperature, and the obtained time. The system for estimating the core temperature of the cells in a battery includes at least one sensor configured to receive temperature information and a control system in signal communication with the sensor, wherein the control system comprises a memory device and a controller.

Abstract: A remote temperature monitoring system includes a first unit operatively connected to one or more temperature sensors for sensing the temperature of one or more materials or food items being cooked or heated. The first unit transmits the sensed temperature to a second unit that is located remotely from the first unit during heating. The second unit is programmable with the desired temperature and/or heating parameters of the item. By monitoring the temperature status of the item over time, the system determines when the food has reached the desired temperature or degree of cooking, and notifies the user.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a current sensing circuit corrects for the transient and steady state temperature measurement errors due to physical separation between a resistive sense element and a temperature sensor. The sense element has a temperature coefficient of resistance. The voltage across the sense element and a temperature signal from the temperature sensor are received by processing circuitry. The processing circuitry determines a power dissipated by the sense element, which may be instantaneous or average power, and determines an increased temperature of the sense element. The resistance of the sense element is changed by the increased temperature, and this derived resistance Rs is used to calculate the current through the sense element using the equation I=V/R or other related equation. The process is iterative to continuously improve accuracy and update the current.

Abstract: The present invention provides a steel plate quality assurance system and facilities thereof, wherein the steel plate quality assurance system measures, with a steel plate manufacturing line including a finishing mill of a steel plate manufacturing line, and accelerated cooling equipment disposed on the downstream side of the finishing mill in the advancing direction of the steel plate manufacturing line, temperature of at least the whole area of the upper surface of a steel plate, or the whole area of the lower surface of a steel plate to perform quality assurance, and includes temperature measurement means; temperature analysis means; and mechanical property determining means.

Abstract: A product critical temperature during freeze drying is determined. The product is imaged using optical coherence tomography (“OCT”). The product is freeze dried while the temperature of the product is measured. The product critical temperature is the temperature at which a product structure event occurs during freeze drying.

Abstract: A temperature sensor package includes a temperature sensor having a first side and a second side, wherein the first side of the temperature sensor includes an active region configured for coupling with a target area for temperature measurement of an object. The temperature sensor package further includes a circuit board having a first side and a second side, the first side of the circuit board coupled to the second side of the temperature sensor, wherein the circuit board provides thermal insulation between the active region of the temperature sensor and an environment on the second side of the circuit board.

Abstract: A temperature detection apparatus includes a transformer, a thermostat attached directly to an electrically conductive site of the heating element and has contacts that become short-circuited or come into an open-circuit condition depending on whether or not the temperature of the heating element is equal to or higher than a predetermined value, the contacts being connected to a secondary coil in the transformer, a DC voltage source and a transistor configured to supply required AC power to a primary coil in the transformer, a current detection resistor configured to detect a current flowing through the primary coil in the transformer, and a comparison circuit detecting a voltage generated across the current detection resistor when a current flows through the current detection resistor, the comparison circuit outputting an alarm signal when the current flowing through the primary coil in the transformer exceeds a preset threshold current.

Abstract: A thermal analysis apparatus and method, including a sample space with a sample carrier, and heating devices, and an inert gas. Flow devices generate an inert gas flow to the sample carrier. Getter devices and/or oxygen traps disposed in the inert gas flow remove residual oxygen.

Abstract: A method for determining ambient air temperature outside of a vehicle with a sensor mounted on the vehicle, includes the steps of determining a road speed of the vehicle, comparing the determined road speed to a reference road speed value, if the determined road speed is below the reference road speed value, activating a device to move ambient air across the sensor, the ambient air being drawn from a location outside the vehicle, taking a temperature reading with the sensor, and, if the temperature reading is lower than a stored temperature value, storing the lower temperature reading as the ambient air temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus and method to automate the process of measuring and verifying trace gas levels such as oxygen and dewpoint inside a retort used to coat or heat treat substrates are provided. The apparatus may include an integrated measuring system, and an operator interface. The method may include coupling the apparatus to the retort in which the substrate is coated or heat treated, activating the integrated measuring system to measure and verify atmospheric conditions within the retort, and providing operator access to process parameters and status through the operator interface. The measurement and verification system may be completely autonomous.

Abstract: The specification discloses brewing apparatus and a method for testing for end of fermentation of a fermenting brew. It has been determined that, once fermentation is complete, the temperature of a brew (such as beer) shows a tendency to stratify in horizontal layers. However, the activity of fermentation disrupts the tendency of the brew to stratify. Accordingly, the brewing apparatus comprises at least two temperature sensors positioned to measure a temperature difference between the temperature at a first height of the brew and the temperature at a second height of the brew. End of fermentation is identified if the temperature difference is greater than a threshold difference.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a washing machine (2), in particular a laundry washing or washing/drying machine or a dishwasher, comprising: a tub (3) adapted to contain a wash liquid (4), an electric resistance (1) for heating the wash liquid (4), a temperature sensor (5) for detecting the temperature of the wash liquid (4), wherein the resistance (1) and the temperature sensor (5) are put in a condition of thermal exchange by conduction. The invention also relates to a method for evaluating whether the resistance is emerged from or submerged in the wash liquid and to a method for removing calcareous deposits (17) from an electric resistance (1) adapted to heat a wash liquid (4) in a washing machine (2), in particular a laundry washing or washing/drying machine or a dishwasher, characterized in that the resistance (1) is subjected to at least one heating and cooling cycle while the resistance (1) is kept above the wash liquid (4).

Abstract: A device for measuring the temperature of water covering a road surface includes a member for measuring water temperature and channelling means for channelling the water covering the road surface. The channelling means includes a measuring chamber for measuring the temperature of the water covering the road surface. The measuring member includes a temperature measuring head situated in the measuring chamber. The device also includes driving means for driving the device over the road surface, the means being arranged in such a way that the temperature measuring head is situated at some distance from the road surface.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems are provided for measuring the supply of a consumable product/energy source, such as electrical power, to a facility over time and analyzing the measurements to determine the consumption or supply of the product by one or more loads and/or sources in the facility, and to determine induced and residual heat flow through the facility's envelope. Various aspects compare the measured supply of the consumable product to a database of consumption signatures, which characterize access to the consumable product by particular users. Operating conditions and facility characteristics, such as temperatures, load factors, insulation factors, etc., may be further considered in determining a particular user's access of the consumable product. To aid in the controlling of energy use, thermal resistance factors of the building are determined, which are based on the induced and residual heat flow through the facility.

Abstract: An electrical seat heater of a vehicle has a heating resistor which is connected to a seat ground cable has a temperature-dependent sensor resistor in the vehicle seat. A control unit is outside the vehicle seat is connected to a control unit ground remotely from the vehicle seat. The voltage measurement for determining the temperature is carried out with the seat heater briefly disconnected from the supply voltage. The heating resistor is connected to the supply voltage via a series circuit including the sensor resistor and a further resistor or to the supply voltage via a power path. The control unit measures the voltage drop at the sensor resistor by a measuring signal cable. The control unit measures the potential difference between the seat ground cable and the control unit ground, which is used to correct the seat temperature.

Abstract: A device for measuring the temperature of water covering a road surface includes a member for measuring water temperature and channelling means for channelling the water covering the road surface. The channelling means includes a measuring chamber for measuring the temperature of the water covering the road surface. The measuring member includes a temperature measuring head situated in the measuring chamber. The device also includes driving means for driving the device over the road surface, the means being arranged in such a way that the temperature measuring head is situated at some distance from the road surface.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for measuring at least one physical parameter of a fluid flow, in particular the total air temperature, comprising: a profiled body (2) of elongate shape along a longitudinal axis (L) and having at least two walls arranged contiguous to each other at an acute angle to form a wedge-shaped portion (7), said wedge-shaped portion (7) extending in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis (L) of the profiled body (2); at least one sensing element (4) for measuring the physical parameter of the fluid flow, said sensing element (4) being positioned in a window (3) formed through the profiled body (2), characterized in that each of the walls (71; 72) forming the wedge-shaped portion (7) comprises at least one notch forming a deflector angle relative to said wall (71; 72) so as to weaken the formation of ice on the wedge-shaped portion (7).

Abstract: An exhaust gas temperature detection sensor is arranged at a predetermined position outside a muffler, or at a predetermined position outside an exhaust pipe constituting an exhaust gas flow passage on a more downstream side than the muffler in an exhaust direction. The sensor detects that an atmosphere temperature at the predetermined position outside the muffler has reached a predetermined temperature based on an increase in a temperature inside the muffler, or detects that an atmosphere temperature at the predetermined position outside the exhaust pipe has reached a predetermined temperature based on an increase in a temperature of an exhaust gas inside the exhaust pipe.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to, inter alia, systems and methods for calculating a temperature associated with an analyte measurement component of a biosensing instrument (such as a blood glucose monitor), with a test strip that is inserted in a biosensing instrument, or both. The present systems and methods may employ at least two temperature sensors, and the acquired temperature information may be used to modulate data regarding an analyte in a biological sample, thereby providing a more accurate measurement of the analyte.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for remote monitoring that includes immersing a first temperature sensor at least partially into a heat transfer material situated in a thermo-well of a mobile container housing a material for transport, wherein the first temperature sensor includes a conductor routed through a first passage of a fitting, while providing access to the thermo-well for the insertion of a second temperature sensor through a second passage of the fitting, and receiving a signal from the first temperature sensor at a remote communication unit secured at least indirectly to the mobile container, wherein the signal is representative of the temperature of the material being transported.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a temperature of a material includes a body unit disposed on an exit side of a heating furnace; a temperature measuring unit installed on the body unit and constructed to measure a temperature of a material which is extracted from the heating furnace; a foreign substance removing unit installed on the body unit and constructed to inject a fluid toward the material so as to remove foreign substances adhered to the material; and a moving unit installed on the body unit and constructed to move the temperature measuring unit.

Abstract: A thermal conductivity measurement apparatus for measuring a thermal conductivity of a one-dimensional material includes a substrate, a vacuum chamber receiving the substrate and four spaced electrodes. The one-dimensional material spans across the four spaced electrodes. A middle part of the one-dimensional material, located between the second and third electrodes, is suspended.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor inspection apparatus has a rectangular frame including a stage, a probe card, and a plurality of magnetic field generating coils. A wafer-like array of magnetic sensors is mounted on the stage, which is movable in horizontal and vertical directions. The probe card includes a plurality of probes which are brought into contact with a plurality of magnetic sensors encompassed in a measurement area. The magnetic field generating coils are driven to generate a magnetic field toward the stage. A plurality of magnetic field environment measuring sensors is arranged in the peripheral portion of the probe card surrounding the probes. A magnetic field controller controls magnetic fields generated by the magnetic field generating coils based on the measurement result of the magnetic field environment measuring sensors. Thus, it is possible to concurrently inspect a wafer-like array of magnetic sensors with the probe card.

Abstract: A metallic can end for a container is described. The metallic can end has a curl defining an outer perimeter of the can end. A wall extends downwardly from the curl. A strengthening member is joined to a lowermost end of the wall. A center panel is joined to the strengthening member and is centered about a longitudinal axis. The center panel has a product side and a public side. A rivet is located on the center panel. A displaceable tear panel is on the center panel. The tear panel is at least substantially defined by a frangible score and a non frangible hinge segment. A non-detachable tab is staked to the center panel by the rivet. The non-detachable tab has a nose end extending over a portion of the tear panel, a lift end opposite the nose end, and a central webbing between the nose and lift end. The webbing has a hinge region and a rivet island surrounding the rivet. The rivet island is at least partially surrounded by a first void region to provide a first exposed area of the center panel.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a portable temperature sensing system includes a portable housing configured to be carried by a user, a microelectrical mechanical system (MEMS) thermal sensor assembly supported by the housing and including an array of thermal sensor elements, a memory including program instructions, and a processor operably connected to the memory and to the sensor, and configured to execute the program instructions to obtain signals from each of a selected set of thermal sensor elements of the array of thermal sensor elements, determine an average sensed temperature based upon the signals, and render data associated with the determined average sensed temperature.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to apparatuses, systems, and methods that can quickly and reliably determine a stationary or non-stationary change in temperature. During a simulated test of, for example, the heater system of an automated and/or high-speed composite material placement machine may be evaluated at any single location along a course whether a lay down material is heated below, at, or beyond its particular temperature requirements. Temperature measurements can be of a heat source that is moving at a rate from zero to over 3000 inches/minute. Temperature measurements of a moving heat source are reliable within a variance of approximately plus or minus 3° F. In addition, temperature measurements of a moving heat source on a laminated material may be had with a plurality of sensors along at least one direction and to various depths.

Abstract: Support structures for positioning sensors on a physiologic tunnel for measuring physical, chemical and biological parameters of the body and to produce an action according to the measured value of the parameters. The support structure includes a sensor fitted on the support structures using a special geometry for acquiring continuous and undisturbed data on the physiology of the body. Signals are transmitted to a remote station by wireless transmission such as by electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared, sound and the like or by being reported locally by audio or visual transmission. The physical and chemical parameters include brain function, metabolic function, hydrodynamic function, hydration status, levels of chemical compounds in the blood, and the like. The support structure includes patches, clips, eyeglasses, head mounted gear and the like, containing passive or active sensors positioned at the end of the tunnel with sensing systems positioned on and accessing a physiologic tunnel.

Abstract: Connected tableware is provided with various sensors and systems for quantifying a user's dietary intake. Sensors and systems include a weight sensing system, a fluid level sensor, a fat content sensor, and a temperature sensor. Further, the connected tableware is comprised in a system including a data transfer medium (i.e. “smartphone”) and the Cloud, which allows for data transfer between multiple platforms from the connected tableware. The connected tableware and the system operate in conjunction to identify the dietary items contained on the connected tableware, thus quantifying dietary intake of a user.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a superheat sensor (5) for a refrigeration system is provided. The method comprises the following steps. Increasing an amount of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator (1), e.g. by increasing an opening degree of the expansion valve (3). Monitoring one or more parameters, e.g. the temperature of refrigerant leaving the evaporator (1), said parameters reflecting a superheat value of the refrigerant. Allowing the value of each of the parameter(s) to decrease. When the value(s) of the monitored parameter(s) reaches a substantially constant level, defining the superheat value corresponding to the constant level to be SH=0. The superheat sensor (5) is then calibrated in accordance with the defined SH=0 level. When the parameter(s) reaches the substantially constant level it is an indication that liquid refrigerant is allowed to pass through the evaporator (1), and thereby that the superheat of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator (1) is zero.

Abstract: The exemplary embodiments relate to an autonomous temperature transmitter for use in process installations. In order to feed an electronic component with energy, a thermoelectric transducer is arranged such that it is thermally operatively connected to at least one thermal conducting element between an internal thermal coupling element and an external thermal coupling element, the internal thermal coupling element being thermally coupled to the process medium and the ambient air flowing around the external thermal coupling element.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the temperature of a rolling material is capable of accurately measuring the temperature of a rolling material by putting a temperature-measuring unit in contact with a surface of the rolling material that is extracted from a heating furnace and conveyed on a roller table to the next process, and moving the temperature-measuring unit contacting the surface of the rolling material together with the rolling material in the conveyed direction thereof.

Abstract: An intravenous solution bag includes a temperature sensing device in the form of a temperature sensing strip. The strip includes a temperature scale and corresponding temperature sensitive substances that change color or illuminate the scale indicators to visually indicate solution temperature. The strip may be formed integral with the bag, may be attached to the bag exterior surface, may be laminated to the bag exterior surface or may be encased with the bag within a solution bag liner. Further, the temperature sensing strip may be affixed to bottles containing intravenous or other solutions, where the strip is attached to the bottle exterior surface or to a label affixed to the bottle to measure and indicate temperature of fluid contained therein as described above. Moreover, the temperature sensing strip may be employed by a receptacle or delivery tube of an infusion apparatus to measure and indicate solution temperature prior to or during infusion.

Abstract: In a device and method for taking temperature readings on an HVAC system, a first probe is connectable in thermal communication with the HVAC system for taking a first temperature reading thereof. A second probe is connectable in thermal communication with the HVAC system for taking a second temperature reading thereof that is independent of the first temperature reading. A digital display is connectable to the first and second probes for displaying the first and second temperature readings.

Abstract: An electrochemistry apparatus comprises a supporting body and a reaction layer for generating electromotive force. The supporting body is made of a first material. The reaction layer covers the surface of the supporting body and comprises an ion conductive layer, a first film electrode and a second film electrode. The first and the second film electrodes are separately formed on two opposite surfaces of the ion conductive layer. The ion conductive layer is made of a second material having a thermal expansion coefficient approximating to the thermal expansion coefficient of the first material. The second material has an ionic conductivity greater than the ionic conductivity of the first material. The first material has a toughness greater than the second material. The electrochemistry apparatus employs the supporting body with improved toughness and the ion conductive layer with improved ion conductivity, so as to increase sensitivity and thermal shock resistance.

Abstract: Passive temperature supervision devices for detecting temperature changes in compressed gaseous fuel storage systems of fuel cell systems. More specifically, systems and methods for detecting temperature changes in compressed gaseous fuel storage systems such as compressed gaseous fuel tanks of motor vehicles, where increases and decreases in temperature can be detected without the need for electric supervision systems.