Abstract: The present invention provides an immersion oil for microscopy, especially suitably a fluorescence microscopy which is superior in properties required for immersion oil for microscopy. This immersion oil comprises a phthalic acid dialkyl ester and a chlorinated paraffin.

Abstract: A leak detectable refrigeration composition including a polyhalogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, a refrigeration oil, or a mixture of the two having a fluorescent dye dissolved therein, is prepared for use in refrigeration systems in automobile air conditioning systems, commercial refrigeration systems, and the like. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, there is sufficient fluoresence by the refrigeration liquid to allow one to visually detect a leak in the system due to the presence of the dye at the source of the leak. Small leaks which were previously nondetectable with dye coloring systems detectable in normal light may now be detected due to the greater visibility of the flourescent dye under an ultraviolet light.

Abstract: An arrangement for detecting and isolating leaks in a high temperature ducted flow system in which the fluid flow ducts are contained within duct insulation means which define an insulating air space around the ducts. The arrangement is configured such that in the event of a fractured or leaking duct, the leaking flow is contained within the insulating air space and constrained to flow to one pre-determined end of the duct system where it is ejected through a fluid outlet opening positioned in close proximity to leak sensing means. By this arrangement the leakage flow is cause to impinge on the leak sensing means enabling the leaking system to be effectively isolated.

Abstract: A probe for detecting structural faults in materials comprises a body (10) pivotally mounting therein a bell crank lever (38). The latter mounts at one end an external foot (48) for engaging with the material and at its other end presents an optical window (44,46) normally disposed in a gap between aligned ends within the body (10) of fibre optic cables (24,30). An infra-red beam is transmitted along the cables (24,30) and any slight movement of the foot (48) caused by a fault in the material will displace the optical window to interrupt the infra-red beam and thus give an indication of structural or component failure. Such a probe is isolated electrically and is free from sparking and fire hazards.

Abstract: A temporal variation in a fluid pressure of a fixed value applied to an article under inspection, or in the differential pressure between it and a fluid pressure applied to a comparison tank, is measured, and the measured value is compared with a reference value, thereby judging whether the airtightness of the article under inspection is good. Of the measured pressure or differential pressure data, data on the inspected articles judged non-defective are stored, by a predetermined number, in accordance with individual temperature differences between them and the comparison tank, or temperature differences between them a reference temperature, and a mean value of the stored data is calculated for each temperature difference. This mean value is used as a correction value for correcting, for each temperature difference, the measured pressure or differential pressure data on articles subsequently inspected.

Abstract: A hot air leak sensor for sensing jet engine bleed air leaks in an aircraft. Infrared detectors are combined with thermal re-radiating elements which are installed in air passages adjacent to the bleed air ducts and downstream of the region where a bleed air leak may occur. The elements are approximately 50% transmissive and 50% absorptive to infrared radiation with wavelengths within the range of approximately 4 to 20 micrometers. Incident radiation within the field of view of the detector is both transmitted and absorbed for re-radiation to the detector. If no incident radiation within the sensor field of view is available, the re-radiating element still responds to the increased airstream temperature resulting from the bleed air leak and supplies radiation to the detector to provide detection of the leak.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting leaks in a test chamber utilizing pressurization of the chamber with a gas, compares the rate of change of the gas pressure in the test chamber with the rate of change of the temperature of that chamber with the difference in such rates of change being read as a function of test chamber leakage.

Abstract: A novel control method and attendant apparatus for controlling other various methods/processes by utilizing a photoacoustic effect principle, whether or not the other various processes are with regard to solid or non-solid fluid media, but which other various processes use and require control of a primary excitation high energy beam and related beam-modulating and monitoring apparatus for establishing and detecting a photoacoustic effect. This method and apparatus require the use of appropriate beam generating and beam-generating power control means for controlling such an energy beam, the latter of which may be of the type including laser beams, microwave beams, x-rays and other electromagnetic wave beams, as well as ion, electron, particle, and molecular beams.

Abstract: The device is used for detecting leakages of steam contained in hollow bodies, particularly in pipes (26). It is intended for tending high temperature steam conduits. The hollow body is surrounded by a thermal insulation (24) containing a measuring chamber (28). A temperature sensor (32) and a steam detector (9, 18) are disposed within that measuring chamber. Signalling apparatus announces the simultaneous presence of steam and temperature drop. When the pressurized steam contained in the hollow body or in the conduit happens to leak, it expands thereby producing a temperature drop. The sensing of both effects, i.e. the temperature drop and the presence of vapor avoids erroneous warnings.

Abstract: A method of compensating for temperature variations in testing part cavities for leaks by placing a fluid pressure source in communication with the cavity and measuring the flow rate to the cavity to determine the rate of any leakage. The method establishes a temperature compensation function by measuring the shift in flow rates resulting from changes in temperature of a sample test part, which temperature compensation function allows correction of the flow rates during subsequent testing according to the sensed temperature of the test part. Flow rates are measured at two differing temperatures to determine the temperature compensation function by linear regression, since the flow rate shift with temperature varies substantially linearly.

Abstract: The subject invention discloses a method for non-destructively determining the thickness of layers deposited on a substrate by analyzing thermal waves generated in a sample. The methods are particularly suited for use with integrated circuit manufacturing. In the subject method, the sample is subjected to a focused periodic heat source which generates thermal waves. Either the magnitude or phase of the thermal waves generated in the sample are measured. The values obtained are normalized relative to a reference sample. The normalized values are analyzed with respect to a theoretical model of the sample to calculate the thickness of the unknown layers. In an alternate embodiment, thermal characteristics can be determined in a sample as a function of depth. The latter approach is useful for nondestructively determining dopant concentrations or lattice defects in semiconductor devices as a function of depth beneath the surface.

Abstract: A fluid leakage detecting element comprises a heat generating resistive member and a temperature compensating resistive member disposed on a substrate. Each of the resistive members is prepared in the form of a paste of a metal which has a high temperature coefficient and a high thermal conductivity and whose melting point is higher than the baking temperature of the substrate. These resistive members are printed in thick film form on the substrate which is sufficiently electrical insulating and has a high thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A method of inspecting heat-insulation performance of a heat-insulating layer surrounding a pipe, which method comprises inserting an insulated electrical conductor line in the pipe having a heat-insulating layer therearound, in case where the pipe is a metal pipe, or another metal pipe laid along the pipe and placed in the inside of the heat insulating layer; causing an AC current flow through the conductor line to thereby induce a secondary current which flows through the pipe or another metal pipe; and measuring the temperature of various points of the outer surface of the heat-insulating layer by a non-contact thermometer to thereby determine the variance of the heat-insulation performance of the heat-insulating layer in terms of the variance of temperature thereof.

Abstract: An arrangement for sensing temperature in an interstage cavity 24 comprises an extractable temperature probe 44 having a radially inner end sensing portion 46 disposed in a bore 40 in a seal housing 22, the bore 40 receiving bypassing fluid flow which enters the bypassing passage 34 from a location intermediate the axial extent of a sealed leakage path 32 between the upstream and downstream regions 24a and 24b, respectively, of the interstage cavity. These components collectively form the self-aspirating disc cavity seal temperature measuring system.

Abstract: A method for measuring the temperature of an asphalt pavement, that comprises the measurement of temperature of air used as a heat-carrying agent, drawn through the pavement prior to measuring the temperature thereof. The air is drawn through the pavement by application of a vacuum to a pavement area isolated from the environment. A device used for the implementation of the method comprises a hollow, thermally isolated chamber with open end faces. Installed on one of its end faces is a means used for providing the air filtration through the pavement and made as an exhaust blower whose impeller is arranged inside the chamber in close vicinity to its end face.

Abstract: A patch of temperature-sensitive liquid crystal material adheres to a patient's skin to serve as an indicator of infiltration during intravenous (or intraarterial, intra-lymphatic vessel, etc.) insertion procedures. The material is selected so as to have a constant color over a temperature range which spans the normal skin temperature range. The patch is placed immediately downstream of the insertion point and preferably has a straight forward edge to permit rapid color change over a broad section of the patch in response to infiltration. The patch may include a downstream extension, remote from the likely infiltration region, which experiences infiltration-responsive color change considerably later than the forward edge, thereby providing a color contrast to facilitate visual detection.

Abstract: The self-generating thermal radiation properties of an optical fiber element are employed to determine the temperature, location and length of a hot spot, or region, of an object.

Abstract: Leaks are detected in liquid storage reservoirs by detecting any change in the level of liquid in the reservoir while monitoring the temperature of the liquid. The improvement of the present invention involves positioning a series of thermistors at strategic locations in the liquid and using an extremely sensitive, digital readout omhmeter to individually detect the resistance characteristics of each thermistor.

Abstract: The apparatus and method of the present invention are particularly adapted to monitor for leaks from a fluid container which is situated in a porous or semiporous medium, such as earth. A series of sensors is placed in the medium at a position which would intercept the path of fluid leaking from the container. The sensors react to the presence of fluid thereby providing an indication of the presence of a leak and the approximate location of the leak.

Abstract: A novel temperature indicator having a cover layer and including a backing strip with an embossed well stamped therein is provided (in the alternative, the cover layer may be embossed) to form a pocket. The well may contain a matrix carrier which is impregnated with a thermally responsive fusible chemical. The bottom of the well is painted a bright color. If employed, the impregnated matrix is placed over and substantially covers the colored bottom of the well. The top of the well is covered by a transparent film. At a temperature below a predetermined level, the colored bottom of the well is substantially invisible due to the impregnated matrix being opaque, and at temperatures above such predetermined level, the colored bottom of the well is clearly visible due to the transparency of the impregnated matrix upon melting of the chemical. The matrix may be eliminated if the backing strip and/or cover layer is air permeable and if the chemical entirely fills the pocket.