Abstract: A clock generator circuit, comprising: a multi-phase clock signal generator for generating a plurality of clock signals having a same frequency but difference phases according to a reference clock signal; a modulation device for generating a phase modulation signal through Delta-Sigma modulation; and a phase modulator, which is electrically coupled to the modulation device, for selecting one of the clock signals to be a modulated clock signal according to the phase modulation signal.

Abstract: A demodulated signal is to be generated by use of a first detection signal detected a presence/absence of a signal according to a correlation between a reception signal PPM-modulated at a pulse interval of T and a pulse variation width of &tgr;and the reception signal delayed with a time (T+&tgr;), a second detection signal detected a presence/absence of a signal according to a correlation between the reception signal and the reception signal delayed with a time (T), and a third detection signal detected a presence/absence of a signal according to a correlation between the reception signal and the reception signal delayed with a time (T−&tgr;). By thus combining a plurality of delayed detections, it is possible to obtain a UWB demodulating apparatus configured with a circuit suited for integrated circuit fabrication.

Abstract: The code system is realized by that a plurality of waveforms A and B each having duty ratios of 50% in which only any one of a rising edge and a falling edge is present are combined with each other, and “1” and “0” are allocated to the combined waveform. In accordance with the present invention, both a clock and data can be transmitted at the same time, and can be readily demodulated without using a complex PLL circuit. As a trial manufacture according to the present invention, the demodulator could be realized which could allow variations contained in an input frequency by more than 1 digit under operating voltage of 2 V. The effectiveness of this patent could be confirmed.

Abstract: Switching power amplifiers are used for example in audio applications. Using Class D technology is used to obtain efficient performance. To improve the switching power amplifier further it is proposed to combine a plurality of low-power switching power stages into a larger amplifier. The precision and efficiency of a switching power amplifier is improved without deteriorating the noise and EMI.

Abstract: A mud pulse telemetry technique that uses a number of bits per interval based on parameters of the pulse position modulation system in order to reduce data transfer time in a pulse position modulation system. More particularly, depending on parameters of the pulse position modulation such as the minimum-time and the bit-width, it may be possible to decrease overall transmission time by splitting values having a larger number of bits into multiple transmissions with each transmission having a smaller number of bits.

Abstract: A transmitting controller is connected to a powerline and on command places a reference signal and a series of signal pulses in the powerline at a series of signal timing positions related to zero voltage crossing points so that the signals pulses are substantially in the powerline temporal quiet zone. The receiving controller is connected to the powerline and has a filter circuit therein which filters away the powerline AC signal and noise to leave the reference and signal pulses. The signal pulses are compared to the position of starting reference pulses to determine in which signal timing position the pulses have occurred. Digital data is communicated over the powerline in accordance with the nature placement of the data pulses related to the reference pulse positions. The timing zone for transmission and signals is preferably about 500 to about 1000 microseconds away from zero voltage crossing.

Abstract: An ultra-wideband pulse modulation apparatus, system and method is provided. The pulse modulation method increases the available bandwidth in an ultra-wideband, or impulse radio communications system. One embodiment of the present invention comprises a pulsed modulation system and method that employs a set of different pulse transmission, or emission rates to represent different groups of binary digits. The modulation and pulse transmission method of the present invention enables the simultaneous coexistence of the ultra-wideband pulses with conventional carrier-wave signals. The present invention may be used in wireless and wired communication networks such as CATV networks.

Abstract: A method eliminates spectral lines in a time hopping ultra wide bandwidth signal. First, a train of pulses is generated. The pulses are then modulated in time according to symbols. A polarity of the pulses is inverted randomly before transmitting the pulses as an ultra wide bandwidth signal.

Abstract: A data coding system for coding data represented by a number of symbols is described. The system includes representing each symbol with a unique digital waveform. All the unique digital waveforms have a duty cycle greater than 50% or a duty cycle less than 50%.

Abstract: In an arrangement for determining the phase position of a data signal in the form of digital sampling values, comprising asynchronous modulated data having a known modulation frequency, a possible simple structure of the arrangement is ensured in that the arrangement comprises means (3, 4) performing a first and/or a second method of determining the bit positions of the sampled data signal, in that in the first method at least a set of three or five consecutive sampling values is searched whose mean sampling value is larger than or smaller than the neighboring outer sampling values of the set and in which the difference(s) of those outer sampling values being equidistantly spaced apart from the central sampling value fall below a predetermined threshold value, while upon detection of such a data set the position of the central sampling value and an associated position number indicating the position of the bits in the data signal are stored in a memory (9), in that in the second method a set of four consecutiv

Abstract: The code system is realized by that a plurality of waveforms A and B each having duty ratios of 50% in which only any one of a rising edge and a falling edge is present are combined with each other, and “1” and “0” are allocated to the combined waveform. In accordance with the present invention, both a clock and data can be transmitted at the same time, and can be readily demodulated without using a complex PLL circuit. As a trial manufacture according to the present invention, the demodulator could be realized which could allow variations contained in an input frequency by more than 1 digit under operating voltage of 2 V. The effectiveness of this patent could be confirmed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a communication system comprising a modulator, encoder, decoder, demodulator, and a data input source, which employs an improved modulation technique by effectively utilizing the conjugate signal space in Digital Pulse Position Modulation (DPPM) format. This technique utilizes multiple the DPPM formats, whereby M data bits are conveyed by splitting them into sets of k bits. The split data are encoded to have forward and conjugate pulse positions for transmission over a transmission channel, which are discriminated and combined into a M-bit digital output. The system and method achieve superior characteristics in terms of data rate, channel utilization and coding efficiency.

Abstract: Through the use of feedback in determining frequency domain equalization, intersymbol interference can be reduced. Specifically, the determined constellation point closest to the determined received point can be fed back to aid in determining one or more other closest constellation points.

Abstract: A pulse modulation arrangement for a switch mode regulator includes a frequency controlled oscillator. A counter is enabled by a clock signal for the regulator to count a controlled number of output pulses of the oscillator and thereby produce a pulse modulation signal. The oscillator frequency and count number are controlled by digital and optionally analog feed forward and/or feedback control signals of the regulator. The oscillator can comprise binary weighted current sources and/or capacitors, or delay elements.

Abstract: A transmitting controller is connected to an AC powerline and on command places a series of signal pulse in the powerline in a series of signal timing windows related to zero voltage crossing points so that the signal pulses are in the powerline temporal quiet zone. The receiving controller is connected to the powerline and has a filter circuit therein which filters away the powerline AC signal and noise to leave the sensed pulses. The sensed pulses are compared to zero voltage crossing points to determine in which signal timing window the pulses have occurred. Digital data is communicated over the powerline in accordance with the placement of the signal pulses related to the particular timing window.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating a variable spacing pulse position modulated (VSPPM) signal for transmission across an ultra-wideband communications channel. The variable pulse position modulated spread spectrum signal is created by encoding every M input data bits from an input data stream into a symbol consisting of Nc chips. Each chip is divided into 2M sub-chips and each sub-chip is further divided into Np time slots. A pulse is transmitted for each chip in the symbol. During each chip period, the pulse is placed in the sub-chip corresponding to the binary M-tuple (or symbol) value. A time hopping code sequence consisting of Nc elements with a one-to-one chip association is then applied to each symbol so that the position of each pulse is shifted to the appropriate time slot that corresponds to the time hopping code value.

Abstract: An adaptive pulse position modulated CDMA scheme for use in UWB communications systems is disclosed. A stream of input bits is encoded with spreading code sequence. The spreading code sequence consists of a number of code elements that may have one of two values. Each bit is encoded into a symbol consisting of a predefined number of chips, which are transmitted during a symbol period. Next, at least one code element is associated with each chip in the symbol. Then, an encoded pulse is generated in each chip. Each encoded pulse has a value determined by multiplying the data bit with the code value associated with the particular chip. The encoded pulse is then pulse position modulated by shifting the position of the pulse to a first position or a second position within the chip depending upon the encoded value of the pulse.

Abstract: The present invention provides such a need by utilizing a frequency offset differential pulse position modulation scheme to transmit data between computing devices within a wireless network system. The differential pulse position modulation component of the scheme enables the present invention to provide relative immunity to interference for the system. In particular, such immunity from interference is achieved by utilizing a blanking time between pulse positions, which is large enough to allow the interference between frequency offset—differential pulse position modulation pulses to subside. The frequency offset component of the scheme enables the system to utilize multiple frequency channels to enable the system to achieve higher data rates. In particular, by utilizing a time offset between the frequency channels, the blanking time can be reduced, thereby increasing the amount of data that can be transmitted with a set period of time.

Abstract: A controllable pulse generator generates the pulses of the signal which are respectively contained in successive time windows, and a control device formulates a control signal for the generator including, for each pulse, an indication of its position in the corresponding window. The control device includes a processor to deliver for each time window, at a delivery frequency Fe greater than the pulse repetition frequency, successive groups of N bits together defining a digital cue of position of a pulse inside the window. Also, a converter converts this digital position cue into the control signal temporally spread over the length (T) of the window and including the indication of position at an instant corresponding to the digital position cue. This makes it possible to position the pulse inside its window with a temporal precision equal to 1/N.Fe.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag device having a pulse position modulation (PPM) decoder circuit which calculates a relative frequency relationship between an internal clock-oscillator of the RFID tag device and an external PPM source such as a RFID tag reader, and then synchronizes the RFID tag device PPM decoder circuit to the required precision for reliable PPM symbol decoding. The PPM decoder is synchronized by measuring the “counts per pulse” (CPP) from a calibration cycle having a plurality of pulses in a single symbol frame.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag device having a pulse position modulation (PPM) decoder circuit which calculates a relative frequency relationship between an internal oscillator of the RFID tag device and an external PPM source such as a RFID tag reader. The PPM decoder circuit is calibrated to the difference between the external PPM frequency source (i.e., RFID tag reader) and the internal clock-oscillator of the RFID tag device, which is performed in a single measurement during one calibration symbol period.

Abstract: A DC balanced, single bit manipulation method and system for encoding a serial data stream having a plurality of low and high bits includes generating a pulse stream. The serial data stream is to be transferred along a serial loop. The pulse stream includes a series of pulses each having a nominal time duration. A pulse of the pulse stream is modified to have a time duration longer than the nominal time duration to encode a transition of the data stream from a low bit to a high bit. A pulse of the pulse stream is modified to have a time duration shorter than the nominal time duration to encode a transition of the data stream from a high bit to a low bit. The time duration of a pulse of the pulse stream is maintained at the nominal time duration to encode two sequential high bits of the data stream. The time duration of a pulse of the pulse stream is maintained at the nominal time duration to encode two sequential low bits of the data stream.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for pulse communications using precision timing. A method includes digitally pulse coding a data stream; and modulating a carrier signal using the digitally pulse coded data stream.

Abstract: Method and system for determining varying widths of each of a sequence of signal components (marks and spaces) in an incoming digital signal stream and for indicating which mark widths and which space widths fall outside acceptable ranges. A pre-mark and pre-space are added to the front end of the recieved stream for alignment purposes. The width of each signal component (mark or space) is determined and compared with an acceptable range of mark widths or space widths. Each mark or space that lies outside an acceptable range has an indicium associated with this mark or space, indicating this non-compliance. The modified digital signal stream, including the indicia, is re-issued after a selected time delay for subsequent signal processing. A method for measurement or estimation of mark width and space width is presented.

Abstract: A system for generating a signal which, in addition to first information representing the rotational speed of a rotating part, contains at least second information. The signal changes over time between a first and a second current level and/or voltage level (high/low). The first information is represented by the time interval between a substantially identical change either between the first to the second level (high/low edge) or a substantially identical change between the second to the first level (low/high edge). On the other hand, the second information is represented by the length of time either of the first or of the second level. No further current levels or voltage levels are used to transmit the additional information, and that the additional information can be evaluated relatively simply. High data integrity can be attained by pulses which are as long as possible.

Abstract: The invention is a method for pulse position modulating signals which are synchronized to clocked bit periods using a clock comprising the steps of generating two, three or n signals to mark the presence of digital ones during corresponding n time slots occurring during the same bit period. The two, three or n signals are combined into a single data channel to utilize abrupt phase changes of pulses in a carrier signal at a carrier frequency, the phase changes having a very short duration to mark the presence of digital ones only. The combination of the n signals into a single data channel comprises gating each of the n signals in a sequence of serially delayed time slots corresponding to each of the n signals during a portion of the same bit period in the single data channel during time positions reserved for unexpressed zeroes.

Abstract: A code specifies characteristics of pulses transmitted and received by an impulse transmission system. The invention provides methods for defining non-allowable regions within pulse characteristic value range layouts enabling non-allowable regions to be considered when generating a code. Various approaches are used to define non-allowable regions based either on the pulse characteristic value range layout or on characteristic values of one or more other pulses. Various permutations accommodate differences between temporal and non-temporal pulse characteristics. Approaches address characteristic value layouts specifying fixed values and characteristic value layouts specifying non-fixed values. When generating codes to describe pulses, defined non-allowable regions within pulse characteristic value layouts are considered so that code element values do not map to non-allowable pulse characteristic values.

Abstract: A coding method for a pulse transmission system specifies temporal and/or non-temporal pulse characteristics according to temporal and/or non-temporal characteristic value layouts having one or more allowable and non-allowable regions. The method generates codes having predefined properties. The method generates a pulse train by mapping codes to the characteristic value layouts, where the codes satisfy predefined criteria. In addition, the predefined criteria can limit the number of pulse characteristic values within a non-allowable region. The predefined criteria can be based on relative pulse characteristic values. The predefined criteria can also pertain to spectral properties and to correlation properties. The predefined criteria may pertain to code length and to the number of members of a code family. The pulse train characteristics may pertain to a subset of the pulse train.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a transmitting section; and a receiving section, wherein the transmitting section and the receiving section are connected to each other through a bus, the transmitting section includes an encoding section for encoding data including a plurality of bits to produce bit-position information which indicates a position of at least one bit selected from the plurality of bits included in the data, and an output section for outputting the bit-position information onto the bus, and the receiving section includes an input section for receiving the bit-position information from the bus, and a decoding section for decoding the bit-position information to produce the data.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detecting ultra wide-band signals using circuitry having nonlinear dynamics characteristics are disclosed. The receiver circuit can be implemented using a simple tunnel diode or using an op-amp to provide dynamic characteristics. The detector can be used in a variety of modulation schemes, including but not limited to an ON-OFF keying scheme, an M-ary pulse position modulation scheme, and a pulse width modulation scheme. The approach requires only a single frame to detect the signal.

Abstract: A universal rake receiver architecture includes modular independent processing units that can be flexibly programmed to support different modes of operation. The processing units are capable of performing the basic correlation calculations of DS-CDMA and each unit has an internal local memory and controller that controls its mode of operation. Each unit performs the required synchronization and demodulation operations for a multipath of a signal in the digital domain using all-digital frequency and timing correction techniques. Frequency feedback need not be supplied to the analog section of the receiver. Interpolation most preferably is used to find the optimum sampling position of each incoming chip. This independence allows the receiver to be used with one to several antennas without design modifications.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a propagated signal modulated by phase and time shift keying and a method of using the same. In one embodiment the propagated signal includes: (1) a period of time spanned by a pulse, the period of time divided into a group of time slots, each of the time slots having a unique phase/time position; and (2) the pulse encoding a data element by the phase/time position.

Abstract: The present invention in one embodiment provides for a propagated signal of (1) a time period divided into a group of time slots each having a unique phase/time position; and (2) multiple pulses distributed among the time slots encoding a data element by such unique phase/time position.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to generate an OOK-type of signal for transmitting digital data without having to use conventional mixer and oscillator circuitry as the carrier source is disclosed. The method utilizes a circuit that has a transfer characteristic comprising alternating unstable and stable operating regions, which produce respectively non-oscillatory and oscillatory output. The circuit is further characterized by having an operating point that can drive the circuit into stable or unstable operation based on the digital data. The resulting output signal is an OOK-type of signal suitable for transmission.

Abstract: A technique and apparatus for implementing code position modulation (CPM) on in-phase and quadrature-phase components of a radio frequency (RF) carrier. The technique simplifies the modulation/demodulation process by requiring only one pseudo-noise (PN) sequence to be stored in the transceiver device. As a consequence, only a single unique PN sequence needs to be stored in the transceiver, thus resulting in a reduction of circuit complexity.

Abstract: A pulse density modulator unit transforms an N-bit input signal representing an input value, into an output digital signal having a digital pulse density which is a linear function of the input value. The pulse density modulator unit includes a first pulse density modulator which produces a binary signal representing a multiplication factor as a pulse density. It further includes a combination module which receives the input signal, the binary signal from the first pulse density modulator and an offset control signal. The combination module produces a combined signal which, on average, represents the product of the input signal and the amplification control signal, offset by an amount dependent upon the offset control signal. A second pulse generator uses the combined signal to generate the output digital signal. The combination module may be a selector.

Abstract: A method of determining and correcting for modulation and offset effects in a received signal. A signal [s(n)] is received subject to modulation effects A on pulse shape or peak [p(n)] and vertical offset B due to multipath where “n” is a pulse rate or samples of the signal. A template of length N incorporates a replica of the original signal [s(n)] without multipath or vertical offset. The template is normalized and generates either an extended template or a balanced template. The extended template is correlated with the received signal [s(n)] by shifting the extended template along the received signal to estimate modulation effects of A at a particular time, n. Various sample shifted versions of the template are subtracted from the modulation-compensated (using the estimate of A for the particular time, n) received signal.

Abstract: An impulse radio system includes an impulse transmitter that transmits a pulse train comprising a number of pulses that are positioned in time for conveying an information signal. An impulse receiver receives the pulse train in accordance with specified arrival times of each pulse and measures interference samples at interference sample times that do not coincide with the pulse arrival times. The interference sample times are varied and the received pulse train signal is modified until a received signal quality criterion is satisfied. The interference sample times may be specified by a code that may also specify pulse arrival times.

Abstract: A system, method and computer program product for positioning pulses, including positioning pulses within a specified time layout according to one or more codes to produce a pulse train having one or more predefined spectral characteristics where a difference in time position between adjacent pulses positioned to produce a spectral characteristic differs from another difference in time position between other adjacent pulses positioned to produce the spectral characteristic. The present invention may include shaping a code spectrum according to a spectral template in order to preserve a pre-defined code characteristic. A pre-defined code characteristic can include desirable correlation, or spectral properties. A transmitter incorporating the present invention can avoid transmitting at a particular frequency. Similarly, a receiver can avoid interference with a signal transmitting at a particular frequency. A radar system, can avoid a radar jammer attempting to jam a particular frequency.

Abstract: A high rate impulse radio communication system where the modulation period is shorter than the multipath decay period and relates to the placement of pulses in a sequence of pulses such that pulses subsequent to the first pulse are placed in time at locations that are optimum based on the multipath response of the channel.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method of increasing coding levels. In this method, an increase in levels is achieved with multi-level coding, where uninterrupted periodic sequences such as an alternating current of the same frequency and phase relation are provided as the code elements, and where the code elements are flagged with respect to one another by changes in amplitude; this increase in levels is achieved by the fact that the next code element begins or ends either with a positive or negative half-period, so that two levels can be marked with one code element. This has the effect, for example, that six levels are obtained instead of three. In numbers, this means that with three levels and two, three, four and five places there are 9, 27, 81 and 243 combinations, and with six levels and two, three four and five places there are 36, 216, 1296 and 7776 combinations.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detecting ultra wide-band signals using circuitry having nonlinear dynamics characteristics are disclosed. The receiver circuit can be implemented using a simple tunnel diode or using an op-amp to provide dynamic characteristics. The detector can be used in a variety of modulation schemes, including but not limited to an ON-OFF keying scheme, an M-ary pulse position modulation scheme, and a pulse width modulation scheme. The approach requires only a single frame to detect the signal.

Abstract: A redio control device suitable for model aircraft is provided that can quickly correct the rudder following the operation of a stick lever even during a delay operation, so that the manipulated body can be stably controlled according to the operator's direction. The trim switch 8 that can vary the servo output of the servo device for each channel to the neutral position of each of the levers 7A and 7B of the stick unit 7 is provided to the transmitter 2. The arithmetic process means 4 stores plural types of characteristic data representing the servo output to the operation amount of each of the levers 7A and 7B changeable by the changeover switch 8. When the lever 7A (or 7B) is not operated over a set value and when the changeover switch 9 selects the characteristic data corresponding to the operational status of the manipulated body 1, the arithmetic process means 4 delays the operation by the offset of the mixing amount due to the trim switch 8.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to transmit and receive information bits encoded in duobinary, multilevel pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) optical signals are described. The transmitted optical signal has a narrow optical spectrum and a low symbol rate. Information bits are encoded in a M-ary PAM symbol sequence, where M≧3. The subsequence-based encoder decomposes the PAM symbol sequence into M1 subsequences, precodes each subsequence, performs duobinary filtering on each precoded subsequence, and forms a weighted sum of the duobinary precoded subsequences. The weighted sum of duobinary precoded subsequences is lowpass filtered and modulated onto an optical electric field. The receiver processes a received optical electric field to obtain an electrical signal proportional to the received optical intensity, and performs M-ary symbol-by-symbol decisions to recover the transmitted information bits, without potential error propagation.

Abstract: A wireless digital transmission and receiving method combines phase reversal keying with pulse position modulation. Modulation of a transmitted signal implements pulses that are of extremely short duration to indicate ones and zeros. These pulses can be as narrow as one cycle of the carrier frequency. As such, they often appear as missing cycles or pulses in a sequence of carrier cycles. The method synthesizes a sideband with no carrier or other sidebands from the carrier of an input signal. This synthesized sideband is represented by a broad sinx/x spectrum with a principal power peak at the modulated frequency and numerous weaker peaks of varying frequencies and peak levels. The time duration of these smaller peaks is such that they have negligible mean power levels. Thus, the synthesized signal can withstand the degradation caused by multipath interference and fading. The weaker peaks also do not cause measurable interference with other communications devices.

Abstract: A demodulating circuit demodulates a PPM signal obtained as a result of modulation performed in accordance with a PPM method. This circuit includes a detecting portion and a control portion. The detecting portion detects a predetermined carrier pulse provided within a symbol period of the PPM signal, using a clock signal having a frequency double or higher than double the transmission rate of the PPM signal. The controlling portion stops supply of the clock signal to the detecting circuit after the detecting portion detects the predetermined carrier pulse until the subsequent symbol period starts.

Abstract: A wireless digital transmission and receiving method combines phase reversal keying with pulse position modulation. Modulation of a transmitted signal implements pulses that are of extremely short duration to indicate ones and zeros. These pulses can be as narrow as one cycle of the carrier frequency. As such, they often appear as missing cycles or pulses in a sequence of carrier cycles. The method synthesizes a sideband with no carrier or other sidebands from the carrier of an input signal. This synthesized sideband is represented by a broad sinx/x spectrum with a principal power peak at the modulated frequency and numerous weaker peaks of varying frequencies and peak levels. The time duration of these smaller peaks is such that they have negligible mean power levels. Thus, the synthesized signal can withstand the degradation caused by multipath interference and fading. The weaker peaks also do not cause measurable interference with other communications devices.

Abstract: A method for radiofrequency (RF) transmission of digital information includes generating an RF signal using a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), stabilizing the RF signal from the VCO by providing an error signal from a phase-locked loop (PLL) to an input of the VCO, and combining the digital information with the error signal of the PLL input to the VCO, thereby causing variations in frequency of the RF signal from the VCO that represent the digital information. Apparatus for RF transmission of digital information includes a VCO, the VCO arranged to generate an RF signal, a PLL, the frequency input of the PLL coupled to the RF signal output of the VCO, an encoder, the encoder arranged to convert the digital information into a form where it has a data rate faster than a response time of the PLL, and a coupler, the coupler coupling both the error signal output of the PLL and the encoded digital information to an input of the VCO.

Abstract: A communication system provides robust, short range radio communications between battery operated devices by using ON-OFF-KEYED (OOK) modulation and either frequency shift keyed (FSK) modulation or pulse position/width modulation (PPM/PWM), in combination with a prescribed communications protocol. The system transmitter requires no local oscillator and is only active during actual communication, so that its current drain is not a significant factor in total battery life. Also, the receiver is active for only a small fraction of time. The need for large, complex and expensive filters is minimized by using a single IF band-pass filter in active form or passively in the form of a low cost ceramic filter such as those used in inexpensive transistor radios. The digital transmitter and receiver portions of the system are implemented by low cost, and ultra low power CMOS logic.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems and methods for transmitting and receiving one-of-many positions modulated impulse radio signals. An impulse radio receiver for demodulating a received impulse radio signal that is modulated according to a one-of-N positions modulation scheme, where N is the number of different possible positions where an impulse can be located within each time frame of the impulse radio signal, comprises a timing generator, one or more samplers and a data detector. The timing generator generates N timing signal, wherein each of the N timing signals is separated in time by more than ½ the width of impulses of the received impulse radio signal. The one or more samplers are triggered to sample the received impulse radio signal in accordance with the N timing signal and to provide a first to Nth sampler outputs. The data detector produces a demodulation decisions based on the first to Nth sampler outputs.