Abstract: Disclosed is a method (800) and an apparatus (250) for generating a scaled motion vector for a particular output coding unit, the method comprising determining (802) statistics of motion data from an area-of-interest selecting (804) from a pre-defined set (805-807) of re-sampling filters a re-sampling filter dependent upon said determined statistics for the particular output coding unit, and applying the selected re-sampling filter to motion vectors from said area-of-interest to generate the scaled motion vector.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention include compression/decompression methods, systems, and devices that adjust a division of a total computational complexity of compression and decompression between encoding and decoding. These embodiments include an encoder that encodes a received signal at a selectable level of computational complexity and a decoder that decodes a received, encoded signal at a selectable level computational complexity. Video-codec embodiments of the present invention may be incorporated into relatively inexpensive video-recording devices, including hand-held, video-recording consumer devices such as video recorders and cell phones.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product are provided for refining motion vectors. In operation, a plurality of motion vectors associated with a current frame and a first resolution are created. Furthermore, the motion vectors are refined utilizing information including at least one of first information describing motion vectors associated with a previous frame and second information describing motion vectors associated with the current frame and a second resolution.

Abstract: A system and method that support both progressive and interlaced format video transmission and display. The system utilizes de-interlacing techniques to convert input interlaced format video to progressive format video, and compress and vertically scale the progressive format video to communicate videos more efficiently in a progressive format. The system also supports interlaced and progressive displays, where after decompressing and vertically rescaling the communicated compressed progressive format video, the video may be converted to interlaced format if the display supports interlaced format video. The system is capable of dynamically switching between the progressive and the interlaced format modes.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus for encoding a baseband signal, the information processing apparatus includes: a data splitting block; an encoder; a control block; and a splicing block. The data splitting block is configured to acquire the baseband signal before splitting it into predetermined encoding sections. The encoder is configured to generate encoded streams by parallelly encoding a continuous plurality of the encoding sections acquired by the data splitting block from the baseband signal. The control block is configured to control the encoder to perform the parallel encoding in a manner subject to predetermined constraints. The splicing block is configured to splice the encoded streams generated by the encoder.

Abstract: A scalable video compression system (100) having an encoder (120), bit extractor (140), and decoder (160) for efficiently encoding and decoding a scalable embedded bitstream (130) at different video resolution, framerate, and video quality levels is provided. Bits can be extracted in order of refinement layer (136), followed by temporal level (132), followed by spatial layer (134), wherein each bit extracted provides an incremental improvement in video decoding quality. Bit extraction can be truncated at a position in the embedded bitstream corresponding to a maximum refinement layer, a maximum temporal level, and a maximum spatial layer. For a given refinement layer, bits are extracted from all spatial layers in a lower temporal level prior to extracting bits from spatial layers in a higher temporal level for prioritizing coding gain to increase video decoding quality, and prior to moving to a next refinement layer.

Abstract: Provided is a video coding method and a video decoding method increasing the resolution and quality of images while suppressing an amount of data required for increasing the resolution.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing a bit-rate in a multimedia data stream while maintaining high image quality. Two consecutive frames of the multimedia data stream are spatially filtered, temporally filtered, and combined into a pre-processed frame. In one embodiment, the two consecutive frames are consecutive fields of an interlaced data stream that are deinterlaced by the spatial and temporal filtering process. The pre-processed frame is encoded multiple times using different quantization values to produce a plurality of encoded frames. One of the encoded frames is selected based on its image quality and/or size for inclusion in an encoded data stream. In one embodiment, the pre-processed frame undergoes a motion estimation method that performs an integer level search of overlapping locations around a co-located macroblock in a reference frame followed by a sub-pixel level diamond pattern search.

Abstract: A data processing method for a high density multimedia interface (HDMI) includes receiving video and audio data, sampling the receiving data according to a sample clock, outputting a sampling pattern according to the sampled receiving data and the sample clock, comparing the sampling pattern with a plurality of predetermined patterns, deciding the timing sequence of the receiving data when the sampling pattern and one of the plurality of predetermined patterns are the same, and outputting the video and audio data according to the correct timing sequence.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for determining motion between a first and second video image. The apparatus includes an input device for receiving the first and the second video image with a plurality of pixels, a block selector for selecting a block of pixels within the first video image, a search area selector for selecting at least part of the second video image to produce a search area, a sampler for sampling the pixels of the search area in a predetermined pattern and a comparator for comparing the selected block of pixels within the first video image with at least one block of the sampled pixels of the search area to determine the motion of the block of pixels between the images. The pattern of sampled pixels varies throughout the search area.

Abstract: A method for reducing memory utilization in a digital video codec. The method generally includes the steps of (A) generating a second reference picture by downsampling a first reference picture using a pattern, wherein the pattern (i) comprises a two-dimensional grid and (ii) is unachievable by performing a vertical downsampling and separately performing a horizontal downsampling, (B) generating a third reference picture by upsampling the second reference picture and (C) processing an image in a video signal using the third reference picture.

Abstract: A method and system are implemented to measure quantitative changes in display frame content for dynamically controlling a display refresh rate. Specifically, one embodiment of the present invention sets forth a method, which includes the steps of composing a first display frame from a first set of rendered image surfaces, composing a second display frame from a second set of rendered image surfaces, dividing the first display frame and the second display frame into a same number of frame regions. Also, for each of the frame regions, the method also includes the steps of calculating a first set of numerical codes and a second set of numerical codes representative of the content associated with the frame region in the first and second display frame, respectively; and determining an amount of changes in content between the first display frame and the second display frame based on the results of comparing the first set of numerical codes against the second set of numerical code.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image processing device that converts an interlace image signal into a progressive signal so as not to cause degradation of image quality in edge parts of letters or the like, when performing an IP conversion with respect to an image that is mixed with an OSD such as a caption and a telop. The image processing device includes: an OSD mix part that mixes an on-screen display with an input interlace image signal; a motion detecting part that detects a motion by comparing pixel data between different fields; and an interpolation pixel generating part that generates a new pixel between lines of the interlace image signal by interpolating calculation with an interpolation method that depends on an OSD mix ratio of the OSD mix part and a result of the motion detection by the motion detecting part.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of progressively encoding and transmitting visual data. First image information updates are acquired for a region of visual data. The region of visual data is defined by a plurality of blocks of pixel data, and individual blocks of the plurality are associated with individual change histories for their respective pixel data. Stored region information including a recent encoded state for each block in the plurality is retrieved. Available network bandwidth is determined, and then encoding parameters for each block in the region of visual data are determined from the retrieved region information and the available network bandwidth. The plurality of blocks is then encoded, the retrieved region information is updated in accordance with the determined encoding parameters; and the encoded blocks are transmitted across a computer network.

Abstract: This invention enables to generate encoded data without noticeable image quality degradation when reproducing an image at a lower resolution not to mention the original resolution. An image a digital camera can capture takes three sizes L, M, and S. When the size L is designated, stream conversion information SC is set to “2”. When the size M is designated, the stream conversion information SC is set to “1”. When the size S is designated, the stream conversion information SC is set to “0”. When encoding image data in compression processing, block overlap processing of suppressing discontinuity of data at the boundary between adjacent blocks is executed as many times as the count set in the stream conversion information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for using selective inter-layer prediction during layered video coding operations are described. In one aspect, a layered coded video structure is generated by selectively employing only objectively efficient inter-layer predictions between respective frames. Responsive to receiving a request for coded video data, one or more layers of the layered coded video structure are communicated to an application for decoding and presentation of video data to a user.

Abstract: Sampled data is packaged in checkerboard format for encoding and decoding. The sampled data may be quincunx sampled multi-image video data (e.g., 3D video or a multi-program stream), and the data may also be divided into sub-images of each image which are then multiplexed, or interleaved, in frames of a video stream to be encoded and then decoded using a standardized video encoder. A system for viewing may utilize a standard video decoder and a formatting device that de-interleaves the decoded sub-images of each frame reformats the images for a display device. A 3D video may be encoded using a most advantageous interleaving format such that a preferred quality and compression ratio is reached. In one embodiment, the invention includes a display device that accepts data in multiple formats.

Abstract: In an image down-sampling transcoding method, by reducing an MPEG SP (simple profile) video bit stream having a CIF (Common Intermediate Format) size into a half in image size in a pixel domain, the video bit stream is converted into a H.264 BP (Baseline Profile) video stream having a QCIF (Quarter CIF) size. Accordingly, it is possible to down-sample an image from MPEG-4 to H.264 at a high speed.

Abstract: Rules for the signaling and interpretation of chroma position are described. One rule, called the short rule, defines fifteen discrete chroma centering positions and corresponding four-bit syntax element. Another rule, called the extended rule, defines 81 discrete chroma centering positions and corresponding seven-bit syntax elements. A described method includes receiving digital media data at a digital media encoder, determining chroma position information for the received digital media data, and representing the chroma position information with one or more syntax elements in an encoded bitstream. The one or more syntax elements are operable to communicate the chroma position information to a digital media decoder. The chroma position information facilitates an image rotation or flip.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for decoding image data including I-picture, P-picture, and B-picture encoded data. A method includes receiving encoded image data and selectively performing a modified inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) process to generate output pixel array blocks at a lower resolution than the resolution of the received image data. The image data can be 8×8 pixel array blocks, which are used to produce lower resolution pixel array blocks such as, for example, 4×8 or 4×4 pixel array blocks. In certain instances, after the IDCT process is performed, the resulting pixel data is up-sampled before motion compensation is performed. Furthermore, in certain instances, the resulting pixel data is subjected to motion compensation and scaled to display size prior to display.

Abstract: A module for generating real-time, multiple-resolution video streams and the architecture thereof are disclosed. A module for generating multiple-resolution video streams as well as the architecture thereof for use with a video encoder includes a system bus, an external memory and a main processor. The main processor and the external memory are coupled to the system bus. The main processor includes a microprocessor, a main arithmetic unit and a secondary arithmetic unit. By applying the present invention, a less time-consuming arithmetic module can synchronously perform together with a more time-consuming arithmetic module, thereby reducing idle time and increasing hardware efficiency and parallelism.

Abstract: An encoder includes an encoder engine, a storage device and a controller to implement an iterative coding process. The encoder engine compresses a selected portion of a data sequence. The storage device stores the compressed portion of the data sequence after each iteration. The controller selects the portion of the data sequence to compress for each iteration. The controller gathers statistics from the compressed portion of the data sequence. The gathered statistics include statistics generated by the selected frames and statistics extrapolated from the selected frames for the non-selected frames. The controller adjusts coding parameters of the encoder engine on each iteration until the gathered statistics meet a specified performance requirement.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus is provided. The image processing apparatus comprises a converting module, a sampling module, a processing module, a storage module, an output module and a display module. The converting module is used for converting an input image to image data. The sampling module is coupled to the converting module for sampling the image data and generating sampling data. The processing module is coupled to the sampling module for processing the sampling data according a preset process and generating processing data. The storage module is coupled to the processing module for storing the processing data. The output module is coupled to the storage module for retrieving the processing data stored in the storage module and generating an image signal. The display module is coupled to the output module for displaying the image signal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an image transmission apparatus includes a video processor. The video processor is configured to generate video data by applying one of first to fourth video processing to a predetermined unit image, the first to fourth video processing being (a) the first video processing of generating the predetermined unit image as the video data, (b) the second video processing of generating the video data by compressing the predetermined unit image, (c) the third video processing of performing a subsampling processing of performing pixel-separation of the predetermined unit image into subsampled images in accordance with pixel phases, and of generating each of the subsampled images as the video data, and (d) the fourth video processing of performing the subsampling processing of separating the predetermined unit image into the subsampled images in accordance with pixel phases, and of generating the video data by compressing each of the subsampled images.

Abstract: Methods, medium, and machines which compress, enhance, encode, transmit, decode, decompress and display digital video images in real time. Real time compression is achieved by sub-sampling each frame of a video signal, filtering the pixel values, and encoding. Real time transmission is achieved due to high levels of effective compression. Real time decompression is achieved by decoding and decompressing the encoded data to display high quality images. A receiver can alter various setting including, but not limited to, the format for the compression, image size, frame rate, brightness and contrast.

Abstract: A method of sharing data of a scalable video coding (SVC) file and the SVC file are provided. The SVC file includes: a scalable base track including at least one scalable layer entry each storing metadata of the at least one scalable layer; and at least one sub track generated based on the scalable base track, which includes identification information of the scalable layer that is a basis of generation of a sub track among the scalable layers and identification information of the scalable base track instead of the scalable layer entry. Accordingly, when an SVC coded content is stored as a file, it is possible to reduce a storage capacity by avoiding duplication of common data and to provide convenience when the stored content is reprocessed by allowing a relation of tracks correlated to one another to be represented.

Abstract: A method for motion vector prediction for a current block, the current block having a set of neighboring blocks that includes blocks that do not have an associated motion vector, is disclosed. The method including deriving a candidate motion vector for each block in the set of neighboring blocks that does not have an associated motion vector; and using the candidate motion vector for each block in the set of neighboring blocks that does not have the associated motion vector to predict a current motion vector for the current block. An apparatus for performing the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A mechanism for automatically determining an optimal temporal interval for displaying data is provided. The mechanism receives information indicating a temporal range. The mechanism determines the size of a display area in which data corresponding to the temporal range is to be displayed. The mechanism further determines, based at least partially upon the size of the display area, how many data display elements can be displayed within the first display area. The mechanism then determines, based at least partially upon the temporal range and how many data display elements can be displayed within the display area, a temporal interval by which the temporal range is to be divided for purposes of displaying the data corresponding to the temporal range. Each data display element corresponds to a particular instance of temporal interval.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a decoding unit for performing a decoding process on coded data of a moving picture on a frame-by-frame basis, and a controller for controlling the decoding unit. The controller designates a first decoding condition using multiple attributes, such as resolution level, precinct, component, or layer, for each frame, and causes the decoding unit to perform the decoding process on those code streams that satisfy the first decoding condition among the coded data. If a decoding time required to perform the decoding process under the first condition is equal to or longer than a prescribed time period, the controller allows the decoding unit to finish the decoding process for a current frame. If the coding time is shorter than the prescribed time period, the controller designates a second condition as to the attributes for the current frame to cause the decoding unit to perform the decoding process on those codes streams that satisfy the second condition.

Abstract: A method of decimation of a digital image, the digital image represented by a plurality of pixels, is claimed. In the pixel domain, the digital image is divided into a plurality of blocks. Certain ones of the blocks are selectively decimated based upon predetermined criteria. In an embodiment, the chrominance portions of a given pixel block are decimated.

Abstract: Transform based distortion cost estimation, which may be used to calculate a rate distortion cost associated with a mode for encoding a macroblock, is described. In one embodiment of the invention, a distortion value for a particular mode is estimated within the transform domain, which allows for the elimination of both inverse transformation and inverse motion functions in this calculation. A spatial domain residual of an encoding mode is estimated by identifying a difference, within the transform domain, between a motion compensated prediction residual of a macroblock and its corresponding reconstructed signal. The estimated spatial domain residual may then be used in distortion matrix computations to estimate a distortion level, within the transform domain, for an encoding mode.

Abstract: A method and system for sampling video data uses re-sampling filters having lengths optimized relative to a quantization parameter of video processing. The method uses modeling of an optimal length of the re-sampling filter as a function of the quantization parameter to derive empirical formulas and a look up table for optimal lengths of re-sampling filters. The resulting re-sampling filters are selectively adapted for sampling video data having different bit rates.

Abstract: Disclosed are a moving-picture compression encoding apparatus comprising a motion-compensated predicting unit that includes a first cost calculator for generating cost values based upon difference information indicative of differences between prediction signals generated by a prediction signal generator and a moving-picture signal input to the moving-picture compression encoding apparatus; a preliminary selector for preliminarily selecting a plurality of blocks based upon the cost values and outputting the blocks to a second cost calculator; the second cost calculator for generating new cost values by applying a frequency conversion to the difference information regarding the block sizes that have been output from the preliminary selector; and a block size selector for selecting an optimum block size based upon the cost values resulting from the frequency conversion.

Abstract: A moving picture decoding apparatus which receives stream data in time series and decodes a moving picture included in the stream data, includes a deciding unit which decides a slice picture boundary of a picture of the moving picture, and a decoding unit which decodes the picture based on a result of the decision of the deciding unit, wherein the deciding unit decides that a slice picture and a just before slice picture are different from each other when an increment of frame_num of the slice picture is 1.

Abstract: A method of filtering to remove coding artifacts introduced at block edges in a block-based video coder, the method having the steps of: checking the content activity on every line of samples belonging to a boundary to be filtered and where content activity is based on a set of adaptively selected thresholds determined using Variable-Shift Table Indexing (VSTI); determining whether the filtering process will modify the sample values on that particular line based on said content activity; and selecting a filtering mode between at least two filtering modes to apply on a block boundary basis, implying that there would be no switching between the two primary modes on a line by line basis along a given block boundary. The two filtering modes include a default mode based on a non-recursive filter, and a strong filtering mode which features two strong filtering sub-modes and a new selection criterion that is one-sided with respect to the block boundary to determine which of the two strong filtering sub-modes to use.

Abstract: A bit stream representing n-dimensional data structures may be encoded and decoded. A part of the data can be mappable within predefined similarity criteria to a part of the data of another data structure. The similarity criteria may include, a spatial or temporal shift of the data. The data structures are typically sequential video frames such as is used in motion estimation and/or compensation of moving pictures, and a part of the data structure may be a block of data within a frame. The shift may be any suitable shift such as linear translation, rotation, or change of size. Digital filtering may be applied to a reference or other frame of data to generate subbands of a set of subbands of an overcomplete representation of the frame by calculations performed at single rate. The digital filtering may be implemented in a separate filter module or in software.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention describe a method for transcoding an input video in a first encoded format to an output video in a second encoded format, wherein the videos include a set of segments and each segment includes frames. First, the method is determining a set of downsample resilient segments in the input video and a set of full-resolution segments in the input video. Next, the method is downsampling the set of downsample resilient segments to produce a set of downsampled segments and transcoding the input video using the set of full-resolution segments and the set of downsampled segments to produce the output video including at least two segments with different resolutions.

Abstract: A method of filtering to remove coding artifacts introduced at block edges in a block-based video coder, the method having the steps of: checking the content activity on every line of samples belonging to a boundary to be filtered and where content activity is based on a set of adaptively selected thresholds determined using Variable-Shift Table Indexing (VSTI); determining whether the filtering process will modify the sample values on that particular line based on said content activity; and selecting a filtering mode between at least two filtering modes to apply on a block boundary basis, implying that there would be no switching between the two primary modes on a line by line basis along a given block boundary. The two filtering modes include a default mode based on a non-recursive filter, and a strong filtering mode which features two strong filtering sub-modes and a new selection criterion that is one-sided with respect to the block boundary to determine which of the two strong filtering sub-modes to use.

Abstract: An input video signal is encoded at a plurality of coding layers exhibiting different spatial resolutions. Decoded is a given signal coded at a lower coding layer lower than a specific coding layer among the plurality of coding layers to generate a decoded signal of the lower coding layer. Spatial interpolation is applied to the decoded signal of the lower coding layer to generate an upscaled decoded video signal. The spatial interpolation is an upscaling procedure to upscale the decoded signal of the lower coding layer into a spatial resolution of the specific coding layer. A spatial high-frequency components estimation and scale up procedure is applied to the decoded signal of the lower coding layer to generate a high-frequency components signal. The upscaled decoded video signal and the high-frequency components signal are subtracted from the input video signal exhibiting a spatial resolution of the specific coding layer to produce a predictive-error signal.

Abstract: A camera system comprises a camera that produces a video signal, a video compressor that compresses the video signal, a system control processor that passes the compressed video signal, and a network interface that receives the compressed video signal, wherein the video compressor comprises configurable parameters that affect a bandwidth of the compressed video signal.

Abstract: Multimedia data having a first resolution is transmitted and supplemental data is separately transmitted. When combined with the multimedia data having a first resolution, the supplemental data provides the multimedia content at a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution. The multimedia data having a first resolution is received and the supplemental data is separately received. The multimedia data having a first resolution and the supplemental data are combined, to provide the multimedia content at a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution. The multimedia data having a first resolution may be transmitted, received and played using streaming, while the supplemental data may be transmitted, received and played by downloading. Digital rights management schemes may be applied to the multimedia data having a first resolution and/or to the supplemental data.

Abstract: In an apparatus that converts (compresses) motion image data, the amount of motion of a subject in a block of motion image data is detected, and spatial decimation is performed in a mode in which sampling point positions are fixed or in a mode in which sampling point positions are shifted, depending on the detected amount of motion. When predicted image quality corresponding to the moving speed of a subject detected by analyzing blocks is lower than a predetermined threshold level, spatial decimation is performed in the mode in sampling point positions are shifted such that the moving speed of the subject is virtually changed to a value at which a super resolution effect occurs, thereby achieving data conversion without causing significant degradation in image quality.

Abstract: A method for video decoding is disclosed. The method generally includes the steps of (A) decoding a first picture from a bitstream, the first picture having a first resolution, (B) storing the first picture at the first resolution in a memory and (C) storing the first picture at a second resolution in the memory, wherein the second resolution is lower than the first resolution.

Abstract: An image compression and decompression method encodes and decodes pixel data based on a color conversion method. Based on the relationships of corresponding color components of two adjacent pixels, the corresponding color components are encoded either by a white and black modification, a down-sampling or an edge modification. Based on the relationships of encoded color components of the two adjacent pixels, the corresponding encoded color components are decoded either by an inverse white and black modification, an up-sampling or an inverse edge modification.

Abstract: A residue image down- and/or up-sampling method and apparatus and an image encoding and/or decoding method and apparatus using the residue image down- and/or up-sampling method and apparatus are provided. The residue image downsampling method includes: generating a residue corresponding to the difference between an original image and a predicted image, for each image component of the original image formed with at least two or more image components; and downsampling the residue for each image component at a predetermined ratio. The residue image upsampling method includes: upsampling data downsampled from residue data of an original image; and restoring the original image by adding the predicted image to the upsampled residue of each component. According to the methods and apparatuses, a residue image is obtained by performing spatiotemporal prediction encoding first, and by sampling this residue image, loss of information occurring in the sampling process can be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of down-sampling data values. A first set of data values comprise a central data value and peripheral values of original data spatially surrounding the central data value. The central and peripheral values are compared to determine whether any differences exceed a threshold. Whenever a difference does exceed a threshold, a clipped value based upon the central data value replaces the corresponding peripheral value, thereby producing a second set of data values.

Abstract: Methods, medium, and machines which compress, enhance, encode, transmit, decode, decompress and display digital video images in real time. Real time compression is achieved by sub-sampling each frame of a video signal, filtering the pixel values, and encoding. Real time transmission is achieved due to high levels of effective compression. Real time decompression is achieved by decoding and decompressing the encoded data to display high quality images. A receiver can alter various setting including, but not limited to, the format for the compression, image size, frame rate, brightness and contrast.

Abstract: In an integrated satellite receiver, improved header acquisition techniques are described for quickly locating a header symbol sequence in a data stream substantially implemented on a single CMOS integrated circuit. To identify the location of a header symbol sequence in a data stream, a selected header acquisition technique employs a real time correlator followed by an accumulator. Once accumulation over a predetermined number of frames is finished, the largest or maximum value among the accumulated correlator values is identified. If the maximum value exceeds a threshold, it will be declared as a peak and the address associated is the peak timing.

Abstract: A video sequence including images in the form of digital samples is encoded by: subsampling the video sequence to produce: a number N of multiple descriptions of the video sequence, each multiple description including 1/N samples of the video sequence, and a subsampled version of the sequence, the subsampled version having a resolution lower or equal to the resolution of the N multiple descriptions. The N multiple descriptions and the subsampled version are subjected to scalable video coding (SVC) to produce an SVC encoded signal having a base layer and N enhancement layers predicted from said base layer. The subsampled version of the sequence and the N multiple descriptions of the video sequence constitute the base layer and the enhancement layers, respectively, of the SVC encoded signal.

Abstract: There are provided methods and apparatus for using syntax for the coded_block_flag syntax element for the CAVLC 4:4:4 Intra, High 4:4:4 Intra, and High 4:4:4 Predictive profiles in MPEG-4 AVC high level coding. An apparatus includes an encoder for encoding image data into a resultant bitstream in accordance with an encoding profile that encodes a sample of the image data such that the sample includes two chrominance arrays and a luminance array. Each of the two chrominance arrays has a same height and a same width as the luminance array. The encoder indicates a presence of at least one 8x8 block in the resultant bitstream using a syntax element.