Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for detecting and decoding adaptive equalization training frames (having a frame marker comprised of a string of binary ones and binary zeroes). Training frames are detected by shifting the received data; inserting at least one binary value at one end of the shifted received data to generate a modified version of the received data; applying a logic function to the received data and the modified version of the received data that identifies when corresponding bit positions have different values; and detecting the frame marker when an output of the logic function has a first binary value in an approximate middle of a string of a second binary value. The training frames are decoded using a distance between the approximate center of the frame maker and a predefined binary value in an output of the logic function.

Abstract: Methods of, and devices, and systems for differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) having predictions and quantization parameters based on proximate lines of buffered quanta of information where pulse code modulation (PCM) is employed as a backup means.

Abstract: An asynchronous pulse processing (APP) apparatus, APP system and a method of signal reverberation employ asynchronous pulse processing to provide signal reverberation. The APP apparatus includes a gain block configured to scale an input signal by a first scale value and a summation block configured to produce a composite signal. The composite signal represents the scaled input signal minus an input summation signal multiplied by a reverberation signal, minus the reverberation signal scaled by a second scale value, and plus a function-modified feedback signal. The APP apparatus further includes an integrator and a time encoder configured to produce the reverberation signal from the composite signal. The APP system includes a plurality of APP apparatuses as APP channels. The method of signal reverberation includes generating a composite signal from a scaled input signal, and integrating and time encoding the composite signal to produce a reverberation signal.

Abstract: A method is provided for concealing a transmission error in a digital signal chopped into a plurality of successive frames associated with different time intervals in which, on reception, the signal may comprise erased frames and valid frames, the valid frames comprising information relating to the concealment of frame loss. The method is implemented during a hierarchical decoding using a core decoding and a transform-based decoding using windows introducing a time delay of less than a frame with respect to the core decoding. The method includes concealing a first set of missing samples for the erased frame, implemented in a first time interval; a step of concealing a second set of missing samples utilizing information of said valid frame and implemented in a second time interval; and a step of transition between the first and the second set of missing samples to obtain at least part of the missing frame.

Abstract: Provided is a communication system for ultra wide band impulse communication, and more particularly, to a communication apparatus and method that can be used in a sensor network or a low-rate wireless personal area network. To be more specific, the present research suggests a transmitter employing multi-coded bi-orthogonal pulse position modulation/demodulation and a method thereof.

Abstract: A receiving apparatus is disclosed. A digital tuner section selects a modulation signal having a predetermined frequency from a radio wave of a digital television broadcast, demodulates the modulation signal, and outputs a resultant transport stream. A separation section separates the transport stream into a video stream and an additional stream. A decoder decodes the video stream and outputs a picture signal. The picture processing section performs a predetermined picture process for the picture signal. A control section obtains program information containing information about a picture signal type of a program that is broadcast from the additional data and creates a program information database based on the program information. A storage section stores the program information database. The control section controls the picture process based on the picture signal type obtained with reference to the program information database in parallel with processes of the digital tuner section and the separation section.

Abstract: An image encoding device comprises: a predicted value generation means for predicting target pixel data which is the pixel data of an encoding target pixel to generate predicted value data; a subtractor for calculating the difference value between the target pixel data and the predicted value data to generate difference value data; an encoding mode decision means for determining an encoding mode based on the difference value data and temporarily holding it in a buffer; an encoding target decision means for determining which data of the target pixel or the difference value is used as encoding target data to be encoded based on the encoding mode; a quantization means for applying a quantization processing to the encoding target data based on the encoding mode to generate quantized data; and a fixed-length code generation means for adding the encoding mode to the quantized data to generate a fixed-length code.

Abstract: A superimposed network coding method, that is applicable to communication in a network, containing a first, a second, and a third network nodes, comprising following steps: firstly, the first network node transmits its first data to the second, and the third network nodes, so that the second and the third network nodes receive corresponding signals; next, the second network node transmits its second data to the first and the third network nodes, so that the first and the third network nodes receive the corresponding signal; then, the third network node superimposes and sums signals received with summation weights to generate a superimposed signal, and transmits it to the first and the second network nodes; finally, the first and the second network nodes delete their own data from signals received, and then demodulate the signals received to obtain the second data and the first data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing and decoding TCM/BCM-coded signal vectors. A multi-dimensional signal vector is received by, for example, a TCM or BCM decoder. The TCM/BCM decoder identifies the closest signal points in the signal constellation set, or “nearest neighbors,” for each dimension of the received signal vector. The TCM/BCM decoder then forms a test set that includes a plurality of multi-dimensional test vectors, where each dimension of each test vector is based on an identified nearest neighbor. In particular, each test point in the test set is based on a different combination of the nearest neighbors. The TCM/BCM decoder can compute branch metrics based on only the test points in the test set, and can make detection decisions using the computed branch metrics.

Abstract: A signal coding technique for switching amplifiers includes quantizing the amplitude A(t) of an input signal to produce a time series Â(t) having M levels; modulating a clock signal in response to Â(t), thereby to produce a control signal; switching among at least three different power supply output levels in response to the control signal, thereby to generate an output pulse stream; and filtering the output pulse stream to produce an output signal for transmission.

Abstract: A system and method are shown for generation of at least one reference voltage level in a bus system. A reference voltage generator on a current driver includes at least one reference voltage level, at least one control signal, and an active device. The active device is coupled to the at least one control signal, such as a current control signal, and a selected reference voltage of the at least one reference voltage level. The active device is arranged to shift the at least one reference voltage level based on the at least one current control signal such as an equalization signal, a crosstalk signal, or the combination thereof, employed on the current driver.

Abstract: Systems and methods of digital interface translation are described. One embodiment of the invention includes multiple receiver lanes, where at least one of the receiver lanes is configured to receive a data channel at a first data rate and encoded in accordance with an input digital interface standard, an auxiliary channel input configured to receive an auxiliary data channel, and a single transmitter lane configured to output a single data channel at a second data rate and encoded in accordance with an output digital interface standard.

Abstract: A method is described for extracting selected time information from a stream of serialized AES digital audio data. A first transition indicative of a first preamble of said stream of serialized AES digital audio data is detected and, upon detection of the transition, a time count initiated. A second transition indicative of a subsequent preamble of said serialized AES digital audio data is subsequently detected and the time count halted. The time separating the first and second transitions is then determined. The separation time, which preferably is determined in the form of a fast clock pulse count, is then transferred to a decoding logic circuit for use in decoding the stream of serialized AES digital audio data.

Abstract: Provided is a high power efficiency optical-wireless transmitter capable of solving problems of low power efficiency, signal distortion due to non-linearity of output, large number of connection terminals, and non-uniformity of optical power intensities of optical sources. The high power efficiency optical wireless transmitter includes: an amplitude-to-array coder converting an amplitude of an electric signal input from a baseband modulator into optical source control signals so as to generate an optical output power corresponding to the electric signal; optical source driver groups driving optical sources based on the optical source control signals of the amplitude-to-array coder; and MMRS (modified mixed radix system) or MMRR (modified mixed radix system with Redundancy) optical source group driven by the optical source driver groups to generate various optical power intensities.

Abstract: An adaptive differential pulse-code modulation-demodulation system and method thereof is provided. The method includes steps of modulating an analog audio input signal into a data packet, including a plurality of digital data through adaptive differential pulse-code modulation, an initial value and a scale factor associated with the digital data, to be sent to the communication network, and demodulating the data packet according to the digital data, the initial value and the scale factor, thereby reconstructing the data packet to an analog audio output signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a phase noise limiting apparatus including a detection section configured to detect a phase noise quantity from an input signal; a determination section configured such that furnished with a plurality of correspondence tables indicating parameters used for phase synchronization with the input signal, the determination section determines one of the parameters in keeping with the phase noise quantity detected by the detection section on the basis of one of the plurality of correspondence tables; and a phase noise limitation section configured to limit the phase noise in the input signal based on the parameter determined by the determination section.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for multiple-description coding (MDC) and multiple-description decoding (MDD) are provided in the present invention. The MDC method comprises the following steps: receiving signals, processing the signal according to the first multiple-description method to generate at least two first description signals, processing at least one of the first description signals through the second multiple-description method to generate at least two second description signals, and coding the second description signal to generate the multiple-description bit stream.

Abstract: A receiver (13) of user equipment, UE, (10) of a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, UMTS, network receives a digitally encoded radio signal over a downlink (11) from a base station (12). A Digital Signal Processor, DSP, (14) of the UE (10) estimates BER of data bits of power control commands received in the signal during an out of synchronisation procedure. More specifically, the DSP (14) samples the amplitude with which the data bits are received and determines a ratio of functions of one or more moments of the sampled amplitudes. The DSP (14) then compares the determined ratio to one or more values of BER for different ratios in a look-up table to estimate BER.

Abstract: In an analog signal compression method with digital compression and digital expansion of linear based or sine-based linear signals, a signal coordination point is determined in a bi-adaptive scaleable mV/step and a time/step structured plane. To accomplish this, the linear or sine-based input signal is digitized, the breaks of the digitized linear or sine-based signal are detected, and the time difference and the amplitude difference of two successive breaks of the linear or sine-based signal are determined. This permits time differences and amplitude differences of successive breaks to be value coded as a data word on the basis of adaptive scaleable time-per-step tables and voltage-per-step tables so that the time-per-step tables and the voltage-per-step tables are selected depending on the absolute value of the determined time difference and amplitude difference, thus producing compressed data. An associated expansion method for reconstructing the original analog signal is also disclosed.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding a stream of digital (binary) data on AGC (automatic gain control) pulses or back porch pulses of the type conventionally used for copy protection in the analog television or video realm. The data is encoded onto the tips of the AGC or back porch pulses added to blanking intervals of an analog video signal. Each pulse tip may define, for instance, 10 to 15 digital bits (1 or 0) in the form of square waves or rectangular waves with two states, high and low, representing respectively 1 and 0. In another version, the digital data is similarly encoded onto the pulse tip of back porch pulses present at the end of video fields for copy protection. This digital data conveyed in an analog signal may be read by an associated decoder in a consumer device and the resulting data decoded, for instance, for copy control, storage permission, network access, user identification, or carrying additional data, such as commentary or text relevant to the accompanying video.

Abstract: In one implementation, a decoding architecture is provided that includes an input buffer configured to receive and store one or more codewords to be processed, and a decoder coupled to the input buffer. The decoder is configured to receive a first codeword and a second codeword from the input buffer, and simultaneously process the first codeword and the second codeword such that each of the first codeword and the second codeword is processed only for a minimum amount of time for the first codeword or the second codeword to become decoded. The input buffer is further configured to load a third codeword into the decoder responsive to the first codeword or the second codeword being decoded.

Abstract: Pulse communications using precision timing includes detecting a pulse stream from a pulse code modulated carrier signal; transforming the pulse stream into a reshaped pulse stream; transforming the reshaped pulse stream into a counter gate stream; and recovering a data stream from the counter gate stream. The reshaped pulse stream is transformed into the counter gate stream with a digital circuit.

Abstract: A method for detecting a pattern in an image includes defining a set of pixel values in an image using a window and calculating a Fourier transform of the pixel values. In one embodiment, the Fourier transform of the pixel values forms a spectrum. The method further comprises analyzing the spectrum of the Fourier transform to find a peak and analyzing the peak to determine whether the peak is indicative of the presence of a pattern in the image.

Abstract: A signal processing method for enhancing the dynamic range of a signal is disclosed. The method comprises: a) forming an attenuated signal from an input signal; b) filtering each of the input and the attenuated signals such that the sum of their bandwidths is less than or equal to the bandwidth of a transmission channel; c) modulating a first one of the filtered input signal and the filtered attenuated signal, whereby the filtered input signal and the filtered attenuated signal occupy respective non-overlapping frequency ranges within the bandwidth of the transmission channel; and d) combining the modulated signal with the second one of the filtered input signal and the filtered attenuated signal to form a composite output signal.

Abstract: A system and method for automatically sets the encoding bit-rate across a network. The method includes encoding an original media stream with an encoding bit rate having an adjustable rate, transmitting the encoded media stream to a receiver, monitoring a throughput of the encoded media stream, computing an adjustment to the encoding bit rate, and adjusting the encoder's encoding bit rate. A throughput monitor (which can be freestanding, part of the transmitter, or part of the receiver), is operable to monitor the encoded media stream, wherein the transmitter is operable to adjust the encoding bit rate using a result of the monitored throughput. The transmitter and receiver both contain a buffer, and respective buffer monitors. Conditions (e.g., overflow, full, empty) at the transmitter or receiver buffer are detected by the respective transmitter or receiver buffer monitor, where upon a repeated condition the encoded bit rate is adjusted higher or lower.

Abstract: A variable delay circuit delays a carrier signal having a predetermined frequency, and outputs a modulated signal. A delay setting unit sets a delay period for the variable delay circuit according to a data signal to be modulated. The delay setting unit assigns each symbol in the data signal to any one of positive edges and negative edges in the carrier signal, and sets a delay period for the variable delay circuit at the timing at which a positive edge in the carrier signal passes through the variable delay circuit, according to the symbol value in the data signal assigned to the positive edge. Furthermore, the delay setting unit sets a delay period for the variable delay circuit at the timing at which a negative edge in the carrier signal passes through the variable delay circuit, according to the symbol value in the data signal assigned to the negative edge.

Abstract: A pulse generator circuit is provided. The pulse generator circuit has an input adapted to receive an input electrical quantity and an output at which an output electrical quantity is made available. A transfer characteristic establishes a relationship between said input and said output electrical quantities. The pulse generator circuit is adapted to provide said output electrical quantity in the form of pulses having a predetermined shape, suitable to be used for UWB transmission. The transfer characteristic has substantially a same shape as that of said pulses. Moreover, a UWB modulating system exploiting the novel pulse generator is proposed.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for switching speech or audio signals, wherein the method for switching speech or audio signals includes when switching of a speech or audio, weighting a first high frequency band signal of a current frame of speech or audio signal and a second high frequency band signal of the previous M frame of speech or audio signals to obtain a processed first high frequency band signal, where M is greater than or equal to 1, and synthesizing the processed first high frequency band signal and a first low frequency band signal of the current frame of speech or audio signal into a wide frequency band signal. In this way, speech or audio signals with different bandwidths can be smoothly switched, thus improving the quality of audio signals received by a user.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for signal processing which enable data compression and recovery with high transmission efficiency are disclosed. Data coding and entropy coding are performed with correlation and grouping is used to increase coding efficiency. A method for signal processing according to this invention, the method includes decapsulating the signal received over an Internet protocol network, obtaining a pilot reference value corresponding to a plurality of data and a pilot difference value corresponding the pilot reference value from the decapsulated signal and obtaining the data using the pilot reference value and the pilot difference value.

Abstract: Generic and specific C-to-E binaural cue coding (BCC) schemes are described, including those in which one or more of the input channels are transmitted as unmodified channels that are not downmixed at the BCC encoder and not upmixed at the BCC decoder. The specific BCC schemes described include 5-to-2, 6-to-5, 7-to-5, 6.1-to-5.1, 7.1-to-5.1, and 6.2-to-5.1, where “0.1” indicates a single low-frequency effects (LFE) channel and “0.2” indicates two LFE channels.

Abstract: The present invention provides an OOB detection circuit capable of making accurate signal determination even in the case where a characteristic fluctuation occurs in an analog circuit, thereby preventing deterioration in the yield of a product. To an amplitude determining circuit, a characteristic adjustment register for changing setting of an amplitude threshold adjustment mechanism for distinguishing a burst and a squelch from each other provided for the amplitude determining circuit is coupled. The characteristic adjustment register is controlled by a self determination circuit. An output of the amplitude determination circuit is supplied to a time determining circuit and also to the self determination circuit. On the basis of the output of the amplitude determining circuit, the self determination circuit controls the characteristic adjustment register.

Abstract: A preprocessing unit samples and digitalizes analog signal. A differential operation unit delays digitalized signal for a predetermined period and differentiates delayed signals. A correlation unit correlates differentiated signal with a plurality of predetermined PN code sequences. A setting unit includes a shift register having a plurality of storage locations for shifting the correlation values and sequentially storing shifted correlation values at the storage locations, respectively, a detector including the determination slots for detecting the storage location of the maximum value, and a slot setter for comparing the storage location of the maximum value from the detector with the predetermined reference storage location and shifting the determination slots by the difference therebetween. A demodulation value estimation unit estimates, as a demodulation value of the received analog signal, a symbol of a PN code sequence corresponding to the maximum value from the shifted determination slots.

Abstract: An asynchronous pulse processing (APP) apparatus, an APP system and a method of signal normalization employing APP provide signal normalization. The APP apparatus includes a gain block configured to scale an input signal by a first scale value and a summation block configured to produce a composite signal by subtracting from the scaled input signal each of a normalized signal scaled by a second scale value and the normalized signal multiplied by a summation signal. The APP apparatus further includes an integrator and a time encoder configured to produce the normalized signal from the composite signal. The APP system includes a plurality of APP apparatuses as APP channels. The method of signal normalization includes generating the composite signal from the scaled input signal and integrating and time encoding the composite signal to produce the normalized signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to the processing of a signal that is compression encoded (COD) according to a predetermined encoding type applying a quantification operation (Q) and then decoded (DEC) so that the quantification noise is present in the decoded signal (S*). The signal processing of the invention comprises applying a quantification noise reduction (TBQ) to the decoded signal (S), preferably in the following manner: first obtaining information (INF) on the type of compression encoding, selecting a model for the reduction of the quantification noise adapted to said information by estimating the quantification noise (BQ) that the encoding may have generated; and applying to the decoded signal (S*) a processing for reducing the quantification noise (FIL) according to the selected model.

Abstract: A system and method for converting a note-based audio object to a Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) audio format is disclosed. An electronic computer device includes a memory containing a note-based audio object and a lookup table, the note-based audio object containing note frequency information. A processor is configured for converting the note-based audio object to a Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) stream having a plurality of sample points, the converting including: generating a PCM value for each sample point based upon the note frequency and the trigonometric function evaluations, selecting an entry from the look-up table based upon the note frequency information, a sampling frequency, and a sample point number, and determining a step size within the look-up table based upon a ratio between the note frequency information and the sampling frequency.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wideband audio signal coding/decoding device and method that may code a wideband audio signal while maintaining a low bit rate. The wideband audio signal coding device includes an enhancement layer that extracts a first spectrum parameter from an inputted wideband signal having a first bandwidth, quantizes the extracted first spectrum parameter, and converts the extracted first spectrum parameter into a second spectrum parameter; and a coding unit that extracts a narrowband signal from the inputted wideband signal and codes the narrowband signal based on the second spectrum parameter provided from the enhancement layer, wherein the narrowband signal has a second bandwidth smaller than the first bandwidth. The wideband audio signal coding/decoding device and method may code a wideband audio signal while maintaining a low bit rate.

Abstract: A modulator for a communications system includes a spread spectrum coder and a pulse code modulator having a signal input port connectable to a signal output port of the spread spectrum coder. The modulator performs a robust and error free modulation and coding scheme by using a modified spread spectrum scheme combined with pulse code modulation. The communication system contains a low data rate, noise robust modulation and coding scheme using a very simple transmitter. This results in a very straightforward transmitter circuit, reducing size and costs of the transmitter.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a transmitter having a cycle encoding circuit to receive a data input signal and to provide a full cycle encoded signal in response thereto by continuously joining portions of different encoding signals. Some of the encoding signals have a different frequency than others of the encoding signals and some of the encoding signals have a different phase than others of the encoding signals. Data is represented in data time segments of the full cycle encoded signal and no data time segment has more than one cycle of an encoding signal. In some embodiments, a receiver receives the cycle encoded signal and recovers data of the data input signal.

Abstract: Digital data encoding and decoding method and system is provided. The data encoding includes encoding a frame signal into a bit stream, including detecting a specific bit pattern in the bit stream when the frame signal is present, generating a control signal in respect to the specific bit pattern, and encoding the bit stream into one or more marks and one or more spaces so that encoded data include a unique encoding pattern for the frame signal. The data decoding includes detecting at least one of mark and space from encoded data, recovering a bit stream from the encoded data when the at least one of mark and space is present, detecting a specific bit pattern associating with a frame signal from the encoded data when the at least one of mark and space is present, and recovering the frame signal from the encoded data.

Abstract: A pulse generator circuit is provided. The pulse generator circuit has an input adapted to receive an input electrical quantity and an output at which an output electrical quantity is made available. A transfer characteristic establishes a relationship between said input and said output electrical quantities. The pulse generator circuit is adapted to provide said output electrical quantity in the form of pulses having a predetermined shape, suitable to be used for UWB transmission. The transfer characteristic has substantially a same shape as that of said pulses. Moreover, a UWB modulating system exploiting the novel pulse generator is proposed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and an apparatus for decoding transmission signal. The method includes the steps of: receiving transmission signal including repeated symbols; deinterleaving the received signal; mutually combining the repeated symbols in the deinterleaved signal; and decoding the combined symbols. According to the method, reception performance is improved as compared to a conventional decoding method, and system performance is improved by reducing the loss of frame information included in an FCH.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a receiver includes an antenna configured to receive a communication frame. The communication frame may include an acquisition code symbol sequence, which in turn may include a plurality of acquisition code symbols. In an embodiment, an acquisition code symbol includes a subcode sequence having a plurality of subcodes. A receiver also may include a correlation calculator coupled to the antenna. The correlation calculator may be configured to determine a correlation between the subcodes of the received communication frame and a stored version of the subcodes. The correlation may be used in determining a timing offset for further processing of the communication frame.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transmitting and a receiving methods of a modulated data stream (MOD). It is characterized in that at the transmitting side, it comprises the steps of: Generating a mixed data stream (MD) on the basis of mixing a first data stream (HP) with a second data stream (LP); Encoding said first data stream (HP) and said mixed data stream (MD); Generating a modulated data stream (MOD) on the basis of mapping said mixed data stream (MD). At the receiving side, it comprises the steps of: Generating a demapped data stream on the basis of demapping said modulated data stream (MOD); Generating a first and a second deinterleaved data streams on the basis of deinterleaving said demapped data stream; Decoding said first deinterleaved data stream; Generating an a priori information on the basis of mixing a part of the first decoded deinterleaved data stream with a mixing vector; and Decoding said second deinterleaved data stream using said a priori information.

Abstract: A multi-level signal uses the third/fourth signal level to signal both a word clock edge and a data word boundary. At the receiver, a level detector detects a transition to or from the third/fourth level as a clock signal transition and the word boundary. The bit clock can be recovered using a conventional clock multiplier. Bi-level signaling is used for data between the word boundaries. Additional signal states are available in the multi-level signal by modulating the pulse width at the third/fourth signal level.

Abstract: A pulse transmitter having a relatively simple structure and generating a pulse modulating signal even at a high transmission rate. In the pulse transmitter, a symbol pulse generating part (103) generates a symbol pulse of amplitude level ? when data S1 is “0,” and that of amplitude level &ggr; when data S1 is “1” in the first pulse slot section, the data pulse generating part (104) generates a data pulse of amplitude level 0 when data S2 to Sn is “0,” and that of amplitude level ? when data S2 to Sn is “1” in a later pulse slot section. The relationship of the amplitude levels keep the relation ?<?<&ggr. An adder (105) adds the symbol pulse and the data pulse and outputs the sum as a pulse modulating signal.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a data word, according to which a codeword supply (CV) is provided, the number of individual codewords (C1 . . . C31) of the supply corresponding at least to the number of data positions (#1 . . . #31) of the data word (DW), the codewords being formed from a basic codeword (C1) by means of cyclical shifting, and the cross correlation function of each codeword (C2 . . . C31) with the basic codeword (C1) having a distinct extreme value, the position of which is characteristic of the individual codeword (C2). An individual codeword (C1) which is combined with the respective date (0) of the data position (#5) so as to obtain a combined result (VE5) relating to the individual data positions, is assigned to each data position (#1) of the data word (DW). The combined results (VE1 . . .

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention provide for methods, devices, and systems adapted to perform adaptive quantization processes. The adaptive quantization processes of the present invention are adapted to provide one or more adaptive quantization modes based on one or more previous pixels and their associated coding modes. The output of an adaptive quantization process may include coded data and a coding mode, indicating whether the coded data is pulse code modulation (PCM) data or differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) data.

Abstract: Techniques for sending signaling information using hierarchical coding are described. With hierarchical coding, individual messages for users are encoded using multiple interconnected encoders such that (1) the message for each user is sent at a data rate suitable for that user and (2) a single multicast message is generated for the messages for all users. A base station determines data rates supported by the users and the code rates to achieve these data rates. Each data rate is determined by one or more code rates. Signaling information for the users is mapped to data blocks to be sent at different data rates. Each data block is then encoded in accordance with the code rate(s) associated with the data rate for that data block. A final coded block is generated for all users and transmitted. Each user performs the complementary decoding to recover the message sent to that user.

Abstract: A transmission method includes generating a control information signal relating to control information of a data signal. A transmission frame is formed by repeating and discretely arranging the same control information signal. The data signal and the control information signal are transmitted using the transmission frame.

Abstract: A digital signal processing apparatus for converting an analog signal to a digital signal and digitally processing the digital signal is disclosed. The apparatus includes a modulation part for performing pulse density modulation on the analog signal and outputting a pulse density modulation signal, a memory for storing a conversion program for converting the pulse density modulation signal to pulse code modulation data, and a CPU for receiving the pulse density modulation signal from the modulation part and converting the received pulse density modulation signal to pulse code modulation data according to the conversion program stored in the memory.