Abstract: Embodiments of the application provide a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication network. A device of the network receives a bit sequence of K information bits. The device polar codes the bit sequence to obtain a first encoded sequence, wherein a length of the first encoded sequence is N, and N is greater than or equal to K. The device block interleaves the first encoded sequence to obtain an interleaved bit sequence. The device determines a transmission code rate R. When the transmission code rate R is less than the code rate threshold, the device outputs a second bit sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is M, M is smaller than N. The second bit sequence is punctured from the interleaved bit sequence by removing (N?M) bits from beginning of the interleaved bit sequence.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus that (i) generates a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation signal s1(t) by applying a QPSK modulation scheme to a first data sequence, (ii) generates a 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) modulation signal s2(t) by applying a 16-QAM modulation scheme to a second data sequence, (iii) generates a transmission signal z1(t) and a second transmission signal z2(t) by applying a phase hopping process, a precoding process, and a power adjust process to the QPSK modulation signal s1(t) and the 16-QAM modulation signal s2(t), wherein an average transmission power of the 16-QAM modulation signal s2(t) being the same as an average transmission power of the QPSK modulation signal s1(t), and (iv) transmits the transmission signal z1(t) from a first antenna at a first time and a first frequency and the second transmission signal z2(t) from a second antenna at the first time and the first frequency.

Abstract: Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)? obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a switching circuit and a plurality of registers. The switching circuit may be configured to generate a sequence of pulses in a plurality of control signals in response to a plurality of cycles of an enable signal. The registers may be hardwired as a plurality of subsets. Each of the subsets of the registers may be configured to (a) buffer a plurality of setting values received from a memory and (b) present the setting values from the registers to a plurality of transceiver circuits while a corresponding one of the control signals is in an active state. The transceiver circuits may be updated with the setting values from the registers within a predetermined time.

Abstract: A transmission method simultaneously transmitting a first modulated signal and a second modulated signal at a common frequency performs precoding on both signals using a fixed precoding matrix and regularly changes the phase of at least one of the signals, thereby improving received data signal quality for a reception device.

Abstract: This application provides a multichannel-based signal transmission method and apparatus. The method includes: combining N groups of lower-order modulation symbols into N groups of higher-order modulation symbols, where an ith higher-order modulation symbol in each group of higher-order modulation symbols is obtained by combining ith lower-order modulation symbols in all the N groups of lower-order modulation symbols, each group of lower-order modulation symbols includes M lower-order modulation symbols, i=1, 2, . . . , M, N is a positive integer greater than 1, and M is a positive integer greater than 1; determining N to-be-sent signals based on the N groups of higher-order modulation symbols; and sending a kth to-be-sent signal in the N to-be-sent signals by using a kth channel in N channels, where k=1, 2, . . . , N.

Abstract: Embodiments of the application provide a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication network. A device of the network receives a bit sequence of K information bits. The device polar codes the bit sequence to obtain a first encoded sequence, wherein a length of the first encoded sequence is N, and N is greater than or equal to K. The device block interleaves the first encoded sequence to obtain an interleaved bit sequence. The device determines a transmission code rate R. When the transmission code rate R is less than the code rate threshold, the device outputs a second bit sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is M, M is smaller than N. The second bit sequence is punctured from the interleaved bit sequence by removing (N?M) bits from beginning of the interleaved bit sequence.

Abstract: At least a method and an apparatus are presented for determining a coded modulation scheme, the coded modulation scheme being defined by at least one non-binary error correcting code containing at least one non-binary parity-check equation, a modulation scheme, and a modulation mapping. Two or more candidate modulation mappings and two or more candidate parity-check equations are determined defining the at least one non-binary error correcting code, a candidate set comprising a candidate modulation mapping and at least one candidate parity-check equation providing codeword vectors and being associated with one or more metrics, each metric being evaluated for a number of distinct pairs of codeword vectors having an Euclidean distance of a defined value. One candidate modulation mapping and at least one candidate parity-check equation are selected according to an optimization criterion applied to the one or more metrics.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword by LDPC encoding based on a parity check matrix; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to map the interleaved LDPC codeword onto a modulation symbol, wherein the modulator is further configured to map a bit included in a predetermined bit group from among a plurality of bit groups constituting the LDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit of the modulation symbol.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for polar code sub-block interleaving and bit selection. In one novel aspect, middle-part interlaced sub-block interleaving is provided for polar code interleaving. In one embodiment, the middle part of the polar code is interlaced and generates the interleaved polar code. In another embodiment, the lower part and the upper part are also sub-block interleaved with the middle-part interlaced method. In another novel, rate-dependent unified bit selection is provided. The bit selection is categorized into three operation categories of repetition, puncturing and the shortening. Each category follows unified bit selection rule with different categories differ only in the access scheme. In one embodiment, the circular buffer is used for bit selection.

Abstract: The present application discloses a method for transmitting a downlink signal by a base station in a wireless communication system. Particularly, the method comprises the steps of: distributing a total transmission power with respect to data for a short range user equipment (UE) and data for a long range UE; and transmitting the data for the short range UE through a plurality of layers, and transmitting the data for the long range UE through at least one of the plurality of layers, using the distributed transmission power, wherein the data for the short range UE and the data for the long range UE are transmitted through the same time resource and the same frequency resource, and a transmission power of the data for the short range UE distributed for each of the plurality of layers has an equal value.

Abstract: One coding method of a plurality of coding methods including at least a first coding method and a second coding method is selected, an information sequence is encoded by using the selected coding method, and an encoded sequence obtained by performing predetermined processing on the information sequence is modulated and transmitted. The first coding method is a coding method having a first coding rate, for generating a first encoded sequence by performing puncturing processing on a generated first codeword by using a first parity check matrix. The second coding method is a coding method having a second coding rate, for generating a second encoded sequence by performing puncturing processing on a generated second codeword by using a second parity check matrix that is different from the first parity check matrix, the second coding rate after the puncturing process being different from the first coding rate.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus are provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low density parity check (LDPC) codeword by LDPC encoding based on a parity check matrix; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to map the interleaved LDPC codeword onto a modulation symbol, wherein the modulator is further configured to map a bit included in a predetermined bit group from among a plurality of bit groups constituting the LDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit of the modulation symbol.

Abstract: A communication method includes executing a cyclic block permutation for a codeword generated based on a quasi-cyclic parity-check code including a repeat-accumulate quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check code, where the cyclic block permutation is permutation of cyclic blocks within the codeword, and mapping each bit of the codeword for which the cyclic block permutation is executed to any one of constellation point of a non-uniform constellation.

Abstract: A broadcast signal transmitter is provided that includes an input formatter, a Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoder, a constellation mapper, a time interleaver, a framer and a waveform generator. The input formatter input processes input data to output Physical Layer Pipe (PLP) data. The FEC encoder performs FEC encoding on the PLP data. The constellation mapper performs constellation mapping on the PLP data. The time interleaver is configured to time interleave the PLP data. The framer is configured to generate a signal frame comprising the PLP data. The waveform generator is configured to generate a transmission broadcast signal comprising the signal frame. A number of carriers of the signal frame is determined by the equation: NoC=NoC_max?k*?, wherein NoC is the number of carriers, NoC_max is a maximum number of carriers, k is a reducing coefficient, and ? is a control unit value.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for transmitting a plurality of bits to an access point (AP) and receiving constellation symbol from the AP. A constellation symbol may include a plurality of indications of bits. Each indication of the plurality of indications of bits may be associated with a respective wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) of a plurality of WTRUs. The plurality of indications of bits may include indications of bits modulated at a multi-user constellation bit division multiple access modulator (MU-CBDMAM).

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: an encoder configured to generate a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword by LDPC encoding based on a parity check matrix; an interleaver configured to interleave the LDPC codeword; and a modulator configured to map the interleaved LDPC codeword onto a modulation symbol, wherein the modulator is further configured to map a bit included in a predetermined bit group from among a plurality of bit groups constituting the LDPC codeword onto a predetermined bit of the modulation symbol.

Abstract: For example, a wireless station may be configured to modulate a plurality of data bit sequences into a plurality of constellation points in first and second spatial streams according to a DCM, a data bit sequence of the plurality of data bit sequences includes a sequence of a plurality of data bits, modulating the plurality of data bit sequences includes modulating the sequence of the plurality of data bits into a first constellation point in the first spatial stream and a second constellation point in the second spatial stream, the second constellation point is a complex conjugate of the first constellation point; and to transmit an OFDM transmission over a wireless communication channel in a frequency band above 45 GHz, the OFDM transmission based on the plurality of constellation points in the first and second spatial streams.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for processing a signal that is transmitted with a reduced peak to average power ratio are described. The processing includes applying (1650) a first type of symbol constellation extension projection to at least one symbol in the constellation if it is determined that a type of constellation is a non-square constellation, the first type of symbol constellation extension projection having an outward angular region from an original position for the at least one symbol in the constellation, the outward angular region defined by a value for an angle between a first boundary and a second boundary for the outward angular region.

Abstract: A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 3/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for 64-symbol mapping.

Abstract: Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)? obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The present invention relates to method and apparatus for performing a decoding with low complexity in a wireless communication system. A decoding method of a terminal in a wireless communication system comprises determining a first characteristic value indicating a statistical characteristic of an interference signal based on a received signal of a base station, determining a second characteristic value indicating a statistical characteristic of an interference signal based on data received from the base station, and decoding the data according to a decoding scheme corresponding to a difference of the first characteristic value and the second characteristic value.

Abstract: A method for transmitting broadcast signals, the method includes encoding service data based on a code rate; mapping the encoded service data into constellations based on a modulation order; MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) processing a pair of symbols of the mapped service data using MIMO precoding, wherein the MIMO precoding is based on at least one of phase-hopping matrix with a phase rotation angle and a rotation matrix with a rotation angle, wherein a value of the rotation angle depends on the modulation order and the code rate, and wherein when the modulation order is NUC 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and the code rate is one of 2/15, 3/15, 4/15, 5/15, the value of the rotation angle is zero (0) degrees; time-interleaving the MIMO processed service data; building signal frames including the time-interleaved service data; modulating data in the signal frames by an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) scheme.

Abstract: Aspects provide for selecting a precoder mode for a transmission, changing a cyclic prefix (CP) length based on the selected precoder mode, and transmitting a signal that includes the changed CP length. Changing the CP length may involve using the selected precoder mode to lookup a value by which to change a nominal CP length. After changing the CP length, information indicating the changed CP length may be transmitted to a receiver of the signal. Precoder mode selection may be based on feedback information that indicates whether a receiver requests a change to the CP length. Precoder mode selection may be based on a received reference signal that indicates a condition of a communication channel. The reference signal may be used to select the precoder mode that results in the smallest relative delay spread, the largest relative delay spread compression, the largest relative beamforming gain, and/or the largest relative throughout.

Abstract: A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 4/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for 64-symbol mapping.

Abstract: A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 16200 and a code rate of 3/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for 16-symbol mapping.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods are described concerning a new type of superposition multiplexing transmission constellation (super-constellation): the Gray-mapped Non-uniform-capable Constellation (GNC). Apparatuses, systems, and methods for generating GNC super-constellations are described, as well as apparatuses, systems, and methods for receiving, demapping, and decoding transmissions using GNC super-constellations. Apparatuses, systems, and methods for selecting a type of superposition multiplexing transmission constellation based on various conditions are also described.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a method for polar code puncturing. The method can include receiving a mother polar code including a sequence of coded bits, the sequence of coded bits having indices {0, . . . , N?1} and including at least a first block of coded bits having indices {0, . . . , i?1}, a second block of coded bits having indices {i, . . . , i+k?1}, a third block of coded bits having indices {i+k, . . . , i+k+k?1}, interleaving the second block of coded bits with the third block of coded bits to form a rearranged sequence of coded bits including the N coded bits, and extracting the last M coded bits from the rearranged sequence of coded bits to generate a punctured code having a length of M.

Abstract: Mixed mode constellation mapping to map a data block to a block of sub-carriers based on a configurable set of one or more constellation mapping schemes, and corresponding mixed mode least likelihood ratio (LLR) de-mapping based on the configurable set of one or more modulation schemes. The set may be configurable to include multiple modulation schemes to provide to a SEvSNR measure that is a non-weighted or weighted average of SEvSNR measures of the multiple modulation schemes. Mixed mode constellation mapping may be useful be configurable to control spectral efficiency versus SNR (SEvSNR) over a range of SNR with relatively fine SNR granularity, and may be configurable to control SEvSNR over a range of SNR at a fixed FEC code rate, which may include a highest available or highest permitted code rate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals, the method including, encoding service data, building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data, modulating data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data.

Abstract: A method for uplink (UL) wireless backhaul communication at a wireless backhaul remote unit in a radio access network comprising receiving a configuration for radio frames and a transmission schedule through a downlink (DL) physical layer broadcast channel, wherein the transmission schedule comprises a transmission allocation for the remote unit, generating a UL data frame, wherein generating the UL data frame comprises performing forward error correction (FEC) encoding on a data bit stream to generate a plurality of FEC codewords, wherein performing the FEC encoding comprises performing Reed Solomon (RS) encoding on the data bit stream to generate a plurality of RS codewords, performing byte interleaving on the RS codewords, and performing Turbo encoding on the byte interleaved RS codewords to generate one or more Turbo codewords, wherein each Turbo codeword is encoded from more than one RS codeword, and transmitting the UL data frame according to the transmission allocation.

Abstract: A method for transmitting broadcast signals encodes service data corresponding to each of a plurality of physical paths and time interleaves the encoded service data by using each Time Interleaving (TI) block in an interleaving frame. In the time interleaving, each TI block includes a number of actual Forward Error Correction (FEC) blocks having the encoded service data, and further includes a number of virtual FEC blocks equal to a difference between the number of actual FEC blocks of each TI block and a maximum number of actual FEC blocks. The time interleaving is performed by acquiring a cell position by using a row index, a column index and a twisting parameter, and when the acquired cell position is corresponding to a virtual cell in the number of virtual FEC blocks, the acquired cell position is skipped during a reading operation of the time interleaving.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a switching circuit and a plurality of registers. The switching circuit may be configured to generate a plurality of control signals in response to an enable signal. One control signal at a time may be active while the enable signal is in a transfer state. The registers may be configured to (i) buffer a plurality of setting values received from a memory and (ii) present the setting values from a subset of the registers to a plurality of transceiver circuits while a corresponding control signal is active. The setting values may include a plurality of phase values and a plurality of gain values used in the transceiver circuits to steer a radio frequency beam. Each transceiver channel may update the setting values from the registers within a predetermined time after a corresponding control signal becomes active.

Abstract: Disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention are a polar code encoding method and device, the method comprising: utilizing a common information bit set to represent each of m polar code blocks, the polar codes in each polar code block having the same code length and different code rates, and m being greater than or equal to 2; according to the common information bit set corresponding to the polar code block, acquiring an information bit set corresponding to each polar code in the polar code block; and according to the information bit set corresponding to each polar code in the polar code block, conducting polar code encoding on information to be encoded, thus reducing polar code representation overhead, and solving the problem in the prior art of excessively high polar code representation overhead.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for transferring control information, a transmitting device and a receiving device, the method includes that: a transmitting end orderly selects an element yn or two elements y2m?1, y2m, from a sequence Y to be modulated corresponding to control information B newly added, then it selects pairing elements x2p?1, x2p from a sequence X to be modulated corresponding to related control information A, and groups yn or y2m?1, y2m and the x2p?1, x2p into an element group (x2p?1, x2p, yn) or (x2p?1, x2p, y2m?1, y2m) and maps (x2p?1, x2p, yn) or (x2p?1, x2p, y2m?1, y2m) as specified constellation points of a specified constellation diagram, and takes the constellation points as modulation symbols; it takes each two elements in the elements of the sequence X which are not used for pairing as an element group to perform QPSK modulation, modulating into QPSK modulation symbols; and it maps the constellation points and the QPSK modulation symbols to part of or all resources occupied by a correspondin

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for transmitting broadcast signals thereof are disclosed. The method for transmitting broadcast signals includes encoding data of PLPs (Physical Layer Pips); building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded data of the PLPs; and modulating data in the built signal frame by OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) method and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a transmission method comprising splitting a block of bits to be transmitted into a number of groups each consisting of k+2q bits, wherein k and q are natural numbers and each of the groups includes a subgroup consisting of k bits and two subgroups each consisting of q bits and performing 2q-ary QAM modulation on the subgroups of q bits from the groups of k+2q bits to obtain QAM symbols, respectively. The QAM symbols are processed so that two QAM symbols obtained from the two subgroups of q bits in each of the groups of k+2q bits are mapped onto at least two antennas as consecutive processed symbols. Through the use of 2k-ary FSK modulation, a frequency tone to which the two consecutive processed symbols are allocated is selected according to the subgroup of k bits from each of the groups of k+2q bits before transmission.

Abstract: A transmission method and an FBMC transmitter to transmit at least a first and a second block of symbols (X0, X1), each symbols block including a temporal sequence of L vectors with predetermined size N. It uses a first and a second FBMC modulation channel, each FBMC modulation channel being associated with an antenna. During a first use of the channel, the vectors of the first block and the vectors of the second block are input to the first and to the second FBMC modulation channels respectively, in the order of the temporal sequence. During a second use of the channel, the vectors of the first and second blocks are multiplied by a factor jL 1 respectively and ?(jL 1) input to the second and to the first FBMC modulation channels respectively, in the inverse order of the temporal sequence.

Abstract: A high data rate, high sensitivity, low power optical link using low-bandwidth components and low-bandwidth E/O drivers and receivers and method of building same. The method is based on the idea of making the optical part of the link look like a bandwidth limited lossy electrical channel, so that the powerful equalization methods used in the wireline electrical links can be applied to recover the transmitted data in a situation with low bandwidth and/or high loss and strong inter-symbol interference. Linear and non-linear optical channel components, E/O drivers and receivers can benefit from the apparatus and the methods of the invention.

Abstract: A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 2/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for 16-symbol mapping.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for transmitting broadcast signals thereof are disclosed. The apparatus for transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus comprises an encoder to encode service data, a mapper to map the encoded service data into constellations, a MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) processor to process a pair of symbols of the mapped service data based on a rotation matrix with a rotation angle, a frame builder to build signal frames including the MIMO processed service data, a modulator to modulate data in the signal frames by an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) scheme and a transmitter to transmit the broadcast signals having the modulated data.

Abstract: A modulation scheme for use in a digital mobile radio communications system. The modulation scheme uses a four slot time-division multiple access scheme with 12.5 kHz channels. Each 12.5 kHz channel contains plural sub-carriers and each sub-carrier is modulated with a modulation scheme that encodes at least 4 bits per symbol. The modulation scheme can be used in a standalone mobile radio communications system, or in a hybrid mobile radio communications system that also uses standard TETRA modulation schemes.

Abstract: Methods and systems for communication with an optimized constellation include coding an input data stream to a symbol stream according to an optimized constellation that has a non-Gray bit mapping and that has neighboring points having more than one bit difference farther apart than neighboring points having one bit difference. The symbol stream is modulated onto a transmission signal and subsequently demodulated at a receiver to produce a received symbol stream. The received symbol stream is decoded to a bitstream according to an optimized constellation that has a non-Gray bit mapping and that has neighboring points having more than one bit difference farther apart than neighboring points having one bit difference.

Abstract: A method to decode low-density parity check (LDPC) encoded data using a parity check matrix having a plurality of layers, includes receiving a plurality of values at a decoder. Each value of the plurality of values represents one of a plurality of bits of an LDPC codeword encoded using the parity check matrix. The LDPC codeword is decoded using layered scheduling. A functional adjustment is applied to an approximation of belief propagation used during the decoding. At least one layer specific functional adjustment is used to provide an estimate of the codeword. An apparatus to decode low-density parity check (LDPC) encoded data using a parity check matrix having a plurality of layers includes a decoder. The decoder includes circuitry to decode, layer by layer, the LDPC encoded data utilizing functional adjustments and an algorithmic approximation to belief propagation to provide an estimate of the LDPC codeword.

Abstract: A wireless transmitter processing chain includes digital radio frequency mixing circuitry to generate, in digital form, a representation of a transmit signal including multiple communication channels. From the digital representation, a wideband digital to analog converter creates the analog transmit signal that includes the communication channels. Individual mixers and filters follow, with mixing frequencies tuned to place the communication channels at the desired frequency centers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals, the method including, encoding service data, building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data, modulating data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals. The method includes, formatting, by an input formatting block, input streams into plural PLPs (Physical Layer Pipes); encoding, by an encoder, data in the plural PLPs; processing, by a framing and interleaving block, the encoded data in the plural PLPs to output at least one signal frame; and waveform modulating, by a waveform generation block, data in the at least one signal frame and transmitting, by the waveform generation block, broadcast signals having the waveform modulated data.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory system may include a tracking module that tracks logic values of bits to be stored in memory elements identified as unreliable. A record of the logic values may be generated. During decoding of the data, a log likelihood ratio module may use the record to assign log likelihood ratio values for the decoding.