Abstract: An embodiment of an apparatus includes a reaction chamber, a reaction unit, and an energy regulator. The reaction chamber includes an energy port, and the reaction unit is disposed in the reaction chamber and is configured to allow an energy-releasing reaction between first and second materials. And the energy regulator is configured to control a rate at which reaction-released energy exits the reaction chamber via the energy port. The reaction chamber may include a thermally conductive wall that forms a portion of the energy port, and the energy regulator may include a thermally conductive member and a mechanism configured to control a distance between the thermally conductive wall and the thermally conductive member. Furthermore, the reaction unit may include a mechanism configured to facilitate the reaction between the first and second materials, and may also include a mechanism configured to control a rate at which the reaction releases energy.

Abstract: A system for producing at least one hydrocarbon fuel from a carbonaceous material, the system including: a nuclear power plant; a hydrocarbon fuel manufacturing plant, including at least an electrolyzer unit for producing a first hydrogen stream from water and electric power provided by the nuclear power plant, and an hydrocarbon fuel synthesis unit, the nuclear power plant supplying power to a power distribution grid to which electric power consumers other than the hydrocarbon manufacturing plant are electrically connected; a buffer storage of at least one given hydrocarbon fuel; a reforming unit for producing a second hydrogen stream from the at least one given hydrocarbon fuel, and a device to feed the at least one given hydrocarbon fuel to the reforming unit at a controlled feed flow rate; a device to feed the hydrocarbon fuel synthesis unit with the first hydrogen stream at a first controlled flow rate and with the second hydrogen stream at a second controlled flow rate; and a device to control the fi

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating and utilizing a compound plasma configuration is disclosed. The plasma configuration includes a central toroidal plasma with electrical currents surrounded by a generally ellipsoidal mantle of ionized particles or electrically conducting matter. The preferred methods of forming this compound plasma configuration include the steps of forming a helical ionized path in a gaseous medium and simultaneously discharging a high potential through the ionized path to produce a helical or heliform current which collapses on itself to produce a toroidal current, or generating a toroidal plasmoid, supplying magnetic energy to the plasmoid, and applying fluid pressure external to the plasmoid. The apparatus of the present invention includes a pressure chamber wherein the compound plasma configuration can be isolated or compressed by fluid or other forms of mechanical or magnetic pressure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dissociating steam in a fusion reaction central chamber. The charged particle energy from an ignited fusion fuel pellet is directed to and distributed in a suitable volume of steam, bringing the steam to temperature and pressure conditions leading to dissociation into hydrogen and oxygen. The resulting atomic and molecular velocities are sufficiently high to allow egress of the separated products through a suitable shaped nozzle prior to recombination, making it practical to separate and capture the dissociated products.

Abstract: Improved closed-loop pyrochemical processes for the decomposition of water in which at least one of the reaction steps in each process is carried out pyrochemically within the central reaction chamber of a thermonuclear reactor during and immediately after a thermonuclear reaction, and in which one of the reagents in or products of the chamber reaction is a metal having a boiling temperature which is higher than the decomposition temperature of the associated metal oxide. The product of the pyrochemical reaction which includes the metal element is in the condensed phase after completion of the reaction and may thus be easily separated from the remaining gaseous reaction products.

Abstract: A multi-step chemical and radiolytic process for the production of gas such as hydrogen and oxygen. A highly radiosensitive gas such as carbon dioxide is injected directly into the reaction chamber of a fusion reactor and is molecularly dissociated to form carbon monoxide and pure oxygen when the fusion fuel is burned. The carbon monoxide is then mixed with steam at an elevated temperature to form carbon dioxide and pure hydrogen. The carbon dioxide is recycled and injected into the central reaction chamber to complete a closed-loop process for production of pure hydrogen and oxygen at the expense of water.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen-based gaseous fuel which comprises causing a fusion reaction of fusion fuel and utilizing the energy from said reaction to achieve direct dissociation of water to hydrogen and oxygen, to heat carbon containing compounds to produce carbon, and to heat carbonaceous materials to produce a carbon containing gas and thereafter combining the hydrogen and the carbon or carbon containing gas to produce a hydrogen-based gaseous fuel such as methane. The process includes utilizing thermo-chemical decomposition of water and also decomposition of water by radiolysis. The water in the system is subjected to heat in a thermo-chemical reaction and also to heat derived from heat transfer mediums to volumetric heating by radiation and to radiilytic conversion energy. An apparatus is provided to accomplish these multiple functions in conjunction with the fusion reaction.

Abstract: Improved closed-loop pyrochemical processes for the decomposition of water in which at least one reaction step in each process has a high energy requirement that may be expressed in standard Gibbs free energy change terms of more than 10 to 20 kcal/mole at 298.degree. K., .DELTA.G.sup.o.sub.f298. Such high energy steps are carried out in the central reaction chamber of a thermonuclear reactor wherein the energy of intense shock waves, hereinafter called the blast waves, caused by a pellet-by-pellet intermittent thermonuclear reaction provides an automatic drive for the process step kinetics. During the radial outward propagation of the blast wave reaction materials within the chamber are heated and compressed within the blast wave and entrained behind the blast wave. The product density immediately behind the blast wave remains directly proportional to the ambient density ahead of the wave.

Abstract: A falling bed of ceramic particles receives neutron irradiation from a neutron-producing plasma and thereby transports energy as heat from the plasma to a heat exchange location where the ceramic particles are cooled by a gas flow. The cooled ceramic particles are elevated to a location from which they may again pass by gravity through the region where they are exposed to neutron radiation. Ceramic particles of alumina, magnesia, silica and combinations of these materials are contemplated as high-temperature materials that will accept energy from neutron irradiation. Separate containers of material incorporating lithium are exposed to the neutron flux for the breeding of tritium that may subsequently be used in neutron-producing reactions. The falling bed of ceramic particles includes velocity partitioning between compartments near to the neutron-producing plasma and compartments away from the plasma to moderate the maximum temperature in the bed.

Abstract: A catalytic cartridge surrounding a heat pipe driven by a heat source is utilized as a SO.sub.3 decomposer for thermochemical hydrogen production. The cartridge has two embodiments, a cross-flow cartridge and an axial flow cartridge. In the cross-flow cartridge, SO.sub.3 gas is flowed through a chamber and incident normally to a catalyst coated tube extending through the chamber, the catalyst coated tube surrounding the heat pipe. In the axial-flow cartridge, SO.sub.3 gas is flowed through the annular space between concentric inner and outer cylindrical walls, the inner cylindrical wall being coated by a catalyst and surrounding the heat pipe. The modular cartridge decomposer provides high thermal efficiency, high conversion efficiency, and increased safety.

Abstract: Combustible synthetic fuel is produced by radiolytic separation of a raw material gas such as CO.sub.2 having a combustible element CO by exposure to neutron radiation in the presence of an intermixed inert gas such as helium. The helium serves both to absorb radiation energy for transfer to the raw material gas thereby increasing available energy and also serves as a dilutant which decreases possibilities of explosive recombination of dissociated elements thereof, and the mixture provides a convenient carrier vehicle from which the desired synthetic fuel element can be separated efficiently by methods known in the existing state of technology.

Abstract: A piston is moved by a laser incited fusion reaction such as deuterium-tritium (D-T) to thereby produce an expandable fusion chamber. When a gaseous substance such as CO.sub.2 is presented in the presence of the fusion reaction, it is dissociated into CO and O.sub.2 component mixture and the expansion of the chamber rapidly cools the mixture and quenches the back reaction thereby producing a greater CO yield. Also the piston produces peripheral power from the fusion reaction in the form of mechanical energy.

Abstract: Gas and combined gas/steam power cycles in which chemical energy is stored in a gaseous working fluid by radiolytic dissociation at a temperature below the temperature of thermodynamic macroscopic dissociation, such that the dissociated portion of the working fluid exists under conditions of macroscopic thermal non-equilibrium. The dissociated fluid components are then recombined with the energy of recombination adding heat to the working fluid for extraction in the power cycle.