Abstract: An X-ray beam is generated in an interaction zone of an electron beam and a target, the zone being an annular layer of a molten fusible metal in an annular channel of a rotating anode assembly. The channel has a surface profile which prevents slopping of the molten metal in the radial direction and in both directions along the rotation axis. The liquid-metal target forms a circular cylindrical surface due to the centrifugal force acting thereupon. The linear velocity of the target is preferably higher than 80 m/s; in a vacuum chamber, a changeable membrane made of carbon nanotubes is installed in the X-ray beam path and a protective screen with apertures for electron beam entry and X-ray beam exit is arranged around the interaction zone. The technical result consists in an X-ray source with increased power, brightness, lifetime and ease of use.

Abstract: A defect inspection system includes an X-ray generator that generates X-ray to be irradiated to a structure, and an X-ray detector that detects the X-ray generated by the X-ray generator and transmitted through the structure. In particular, the X-ray generator is configured to be moved by a first transporting means, and the X-ray detector is configured to be moved by a second transporting means. The system further includes a control unit configured to control and operate the first transporting means and the second transporting means.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an X-ray apparatus capable of stable driving, miniaturization, and weight reduction. The X-ray apparatus may include a case having an installation space formed therein; a high voltage separator installed inside the case, responsible for dividing the installation space into a first installation portion and a second installation portion, and having a high voltage generation space formed therein; an X-ray tube installed in the first installation portion; a high voltage generator installed in the high voltage generation space and responsible for receiving power from the outside, boosting the power, and supplying the boosted power to the X-ray tube; and a controller installed in the second installation portion and responsible for controlling driving of the X-ray tube and the high voltage separator.

Abstract: The X-ray emitting unit (100) comprises a box-shaped container (110) with a chamber inside it, and an X-ray tube located in the chamber; the box-shaped container (110) is provided with an opening (111) for X-rays and a plurality of openings for cooling and electrically insulating liquid; having: a first main opening (112A) for the inlet of cooling and electrically insulating liquid, a second main opening for the outlet of cooling and electrically insulating liquid; furthermore, the box-shaped container (110) has: at least one secondary opening (114A) of the first type for cooling and electrically insulating liquid and/or at least one secondary opening (116A, 116B) of the second type for cooling and electrically insulating liquid.

Abstract: Presented systems and methods facilitate efficient and effective generation and delivery of radiation. A radiation generation system can comprise: a particle beam gun, a high energy dissipation anode target (HEDAT); and a liquid anode control component. In some embodiments, the particle beam gun generates an electron beam. The HEDAT includes a solid anode portion (HEDAT-SAP) and a liquid anode portion (HEDAT-LAP) that are configured to receive the electron beam, absorb energy from the electron beam, generate a radiation beam, and dissipate heat. The radiation beam can include photons that can have radiation characteristics (e.g., X-ray wavelength, ionizing capability, etc.). The liquid anode control component can control a liquid anode flow to the HEDAT. The HEDAT-SAP and HEDAT-LAP can cooperatively operate in radiation generation and their configuration can be selected based upon contribution of respective HEDAT-SAP and the HEDAT-LAP characteristics to radiation generation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a ceramic shielding apparatus including at least one shield made of a ceramic material and provided inside or outside an X-ray tube to shield radiation; and supports configured to support the shield. According to such a configuration, disadvantages of conventional shielding materials such as lead can be addressed, so that a shield apparatus having excellent shielding properties while being harmless to the human body can be provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an X-ray tube device and a spring pin for an X-ray tube device. In an embodiment, the X-ray tube device includes: an outer cylinder assembly having an anode end and a cathode end, an anode end cap assembly provided at the anode end of the outer cylinder assembly and including an X-ray tube, a cathode end cap assembly provided at the cathode end of the outer cylinder assembly and including a high voltage receptacle for an external power supply, and a spring pin connection assembly provided in the outer cylinder assembly and connecting a filament lead of the X-ray tube to the high voltage receptacle.

Abstract: A gamma ray detector is a detector detecting gamma rays and includes a photomultiplier tube having an entrance window and a photoelectric surface. The entrance window is a Cherenkov radiator. The photoelectric surface is formed on a vacuum side of the entrance window via an intermediate layer. The thickness of the intermediate layer is equal to or less than the wavelength of Cherenkov light emitted by an interaction of the gamma rays with the entrance window.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising obtaining a first silicon wafer comprising a mask on a first side, attaching a second silicon wafer on the first side of the first silicon wafer, and etching one of the wafers to partially expose a window layer deposited on the opposite silicon wafer and to leave a structure defined by the mask supporting the window layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a portable X-ray generation device, which uses an electric field emission-type X-ray source, and is thus advantageous in reducing weight and volume and has excellent reliability in X-ray emission performance.

Abstract: Presented systems and methods facilitate efficient and effective generation and delivery of radiation. A radiation generation system can comprise: a particle beam gun, a high energy dissipation anode target (HEDAT); and a liquid anode control component. In some embodiments, the particle beam gun generates an electron beam. The HEDAT includes a solid anode portion (HEDAT-SAP) and a liquid anode portion (HEDAT-LAP) that are configured to receive the electron beam, absorb energy from the electron beam, generate a radiation beam, and dissipate heat. The radiation beam can include photons that can have radiation characteristics (e.g., X-ray wavelength, ionizing capability, etc.). The liquid anode control component can control a liquid anode flow to the HEDAT. The HEDAT-SAP and HEDAT-LAP can cooperatively operate in radiation generation and their configuration can be selected based upon contribution of respective HEDAT-SAP and the HEDAT-LAP characteristics to radiation generation.

Abstract: The present application provides a bipolar x-ray tube module. The bipolar x-ray tube module may include a bipolar x-ray tube and at least two voltage multipliers. The voltage multipliers may be positioned such that the voltage gradient of the first voltage multiplier is substantially parallel to the second voltage multiplier in order to provide a compact configuration.

Abstract: Provided is an X-ray source including a vacuum closed tube. The X-ray source includes a high voltage connection module, a tube module, and a magnetic lens system into which the tube module is inserted. The tube module includes a vacuum closed tube. The vacuum closed tube includes a cathode electrode provided at one end thereof, a nano-emitter on the cathode electrode, an anode electrode provided at the other end, and a first insulation spacer provided between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. In addition, the vacuum closed tube includes a first conductive tube and a second conductive tube both provided between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode and separated from each other by the first insulation spacer, and a first collimator block covering an inner surface of the first insulation spacer and having a first opening.

Abstract: A composite target is provided and is interacted with an electron to generate an X-ray, and an energy of the electron can be changed by controlling a tube voltage at least. The composite target includes a target body and an interposing layer which is connected with the target body. The interposing layer moves a highest peak of an energy spectrum of the X-ray toward a high energy direction. The interposing layer may be a single metal or a metal mixture. Not only a low energy photon of the X-ray can be filtered by the interposing layer, but also a distribution of the low energy photon of the X-ray can be increased by increasing a thickness of the interposing layer. As the tube voltage is enhanced, an amount of a high energy photon of the X-ray generated is dramatically increased. An X-ray tube containing the above composite target is also provided.

Abstract: Provided is an X-ray tube which can perform stable X-ray radiation under a desired condition in a radiation region extending in a predetermined direction. Included are a base plate having an opening portion and made of alloy 426, an X-ray transmission window made of titanium foil and arranged to close the opening portion of the base plate, a flat box-like vessel portion attached to the base plate and inside of which is in a vacuum state, an X-ray target provided at the opening portion in the vessel portion, and an electron source injecting electrons to the X-ray target in the vessel portion. The electron source includes a liner cathode, a first control electrode pulling out electrons from the cathode and a second control electrode restricting radiation range of the pulled-out electrons. At this time, X-rays emitted from the X-ray window spreads radially from opening shape of the opening portion.

Abstract: A convection-free flow-type reactor includes a reactor body. The reactor body includes a reaction chamber to house a fluid. An inlet is in communication with the reaction chamber to allow input of a reactant fluid. An outlet is in communication with the reaction chamber to allow output of a product fluid. An energy beam source device provides an energy beam to irradiate the reactant fluid in the reaction chamber. The disclosure further provides a convection-free flow-type synthesis method.

Abstract: Linear ribs are formed radially with a center at a through-hole on one face of an X-ray transmissive film (radiolucent film) in an X-ray transmissive window (radiolucent window) to be used for an X-ray detector (radiation detector). The X-ray transmissive window faces a sample. A beam for irradiation to the sample passes through the through-hole, and X-rays (radiation) are radially emitted on a line extending through the through-hole and enter the X-ray transmissive window. Since the linear ribs are formed radially with the center at the through-hole, even X-rays entering at shallow angles with respect to the X-ray transmissive window are transmitted through the X-ray transmissive window at a probability equivalent to X-rays entering at deep angles. More X-rays are transmitted through the X-ray transmissive window, and thus the X-ray detector can detect X-rays with high efficiency.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide an X-ray generator having a simple configuration where heat generated in the irradiation window can be prevented from conducting to a desired portion in accordance with the purpose of use, the method of use or the structure of the X-ray tube. In an X-ray generator for releasing X-rays generated by irradiating a target placed in a vacuumed atmosphere within an X-ray tube with an electron beam from an electron source through an irradiation window of the X-ray tube, the irradiation window has thermal anisotropy where the thermal conductivity is different between the direction in which the irradiation window spreads and the direction of the thickness of the irradiation window, and therefore, the thermal conductivity in the direction in which the heat from the irradiation window is desired not to conduct is made relatively smaller.

Abstract: In an X-ray generation apparatus of transmission type including an electron emission source, and a target generating an X-ray with collision of electrons emitted from the electron emission source against the target, the X-ray generation apparatus further includes a secondary X-ray generation portion generating an X-ray with collision of electrons reflected by the target against the secondary X-ray generation portion, and the secondary X-ray generation portion and the target are arranged such that the X-ray generated with the direct collision of the electrons against the target and the X-ray generated with the collision of the electrons reflected by the target against the secondary X-ray generation portion are both radiated to an outside. X-ray generation efficiency is increased by effectively utilizing the electrons reflected by the target.

Abstract: An X-ray emitting target including a diamond substrate, a first layer disposed on the diamond substrate and including a first metal, and a second layer disposed on the first layer and including a second metal whose atomic number is 42 or more and which has a thermal conductivity higher than that of the first metal. Carbide of the first metal is present at a boundary between the diamond substrate and the first layer. The target is prevented from overheating, so that output variation due to rising temperature is suppressed. Thus it is possible to emit stable and high output X-rays.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a mobile X-ray unit. The mobile X-ray unit may include a base and an arm associated with the base. The arm may be configured to support an X-ray applicator having an X-ray tube. The X-ray tube may be configured to generate an X-ray beam. The X-ray applicator may include an exit surface through which the X-ray beam passes in use. The X-ray unit may further include an applicator cap for covering at least the exit surface of the X-ray applicator.

Abstract: A radiation generating tube includes a vacuum envelope formed by an insulating tube, a cathode and an anode. At least one of the cathode and the anode is bonded to the insulating tube via a conductive bonding material disposed between bonded surfaces facing each other. The conductive bonding material is partially protruding from between the bonded surfaces to an outer peripheral surface or an inner peripheral surface of the insulating tube. A concave portion is formed on the outer peripheral surface or the inner peripheral surface of the insulating tube adjacent to a bonded surface on an insulating tube side, and a distal end of a conductive bonding material protruding from between bonded surfaces is accommodated in the concave portion.

Abstract: A radiation generating apparatus 30 according to the present invention including: a radiation generating tube 10 having a target 14, a tubular shielding member 18 that shields a part of a radiation generated from the target 14 and also has an aperture 21 through which the radiation generated from the target 14 passes, and an envelope 1 that has the target 14 so as to be brought into contact with the internal space thereof and also has the tubular shielding member 18 so as to protrude toward an external space thereof; a storage container 1 for storing the radiation generating tube 3 therein; and an insulating liquid 8 that comes in contact with the tubular shielding member 18 and the storage container 1, wherein the tubular shielding member 18 has a protruding portion P, and the protruding portion P is covered with a solid insulating member 9.

Abstract: A support structure for an x-ray window comprising a support frame defining a perimeter and an aperture, a plurality of ribs extending across the aperture of the support frame and carried by the support frame, and openings between the plurality of ribs. A rib taper region can extend from a central portion of the ribs to the support frame. The taper region can include a non-circular, arcuate pair of fillets on opposing sides of the ribs and an increasing of rib width from the central portion to the support frame.

Abstract: An x-ray system includes x-ray tube containing a cathode which supplies electrons and an anode which can be maintained at high positive electrical potential to the cathode and has a target area which is impacted by electrons from the cathode when the positive potential is maintained generating x-rays. The x-ray tube is enclosed in a radiation resistant casing. The radiation resistant casing has a window which allows some of the x-rays generated at the target area to exit the system. The window has a vapor deposited layer of a filtering metal of sufficient thickness to effectively condition the x-rays passing through the window and located to intercept the x-rays passing through the window.

Abstract: An X-ray window includes a primary and a secondary window element. In order to evaporate debris by ohmic heating, current flows through the secondary (upstream) window element. Meanwhile, electric charge originating from electron irradiation and/or depositing charged particles is to be drained off the secondary window element via a charge-drain layer. To prevent large debris particles from short-circuiting the secondary window element, the current for heating the window element flows through heating circuitry which is electrically insulated from the charge-drain layer.

Abstract: An x-ray housing can include: a finned housing member having a tubular body with an external fin array on a finned external surface and an internal fin array on a finned internal surface, the finned internal surface defining a finned housing lumen, the internal fin array and external fin array cooperatively forming a heat exchanger; and an apertured housing member having a tubular body with an x-ray window aperture extending therethrough from an external surface to an internal surface, the internal surface defining an apertured housing lumen, the finned housing member having an annular end integrally coupled with an annular end of the apertured housing member to form a tubular x-ray housing having an x-ray housing lumen.

Abstract: In a construction having a radiation tube in an envelope filled with an insulating liquid, a radiation generating apparatus which realizes a miniaturization of the apparatus, an improvement of a withstanding voltage between the envelope and the radiation tube, and a decrease in attenuation amount of the radiation and a radiation imaging apparatus using the radiation generating apparatus are provided. The radiation generating apparatus has an envelope 12 having a first window 27 for transmitting the radiation, a radiation tube 14 enclosed in the envelope 12 and having a second window 19 for transmitting the radiation at a position in opposition to the first window 27, and an insulating liquid 13 filled between the envelope 12 and the radiation tube 14. A solid-state insulating member 28 is placed between the first window 27 and its periphery and the second window 19 and its periphery.

Abstract: The present invention provides a transmission type X-ray tube and a reflection type X-ray tube. The transmission type X-ray tube comprises a target and a filter material. The target has at least one element which produces X-rays as being excited. The X-rays comprise characteristic K? and K? emission energies of the element for producing images of an object impinged by the X-rays. The filter material through which the X-rays pass has a k-edge absorption energy that is higher than the K? emission energies and is lower than the K? emission energies. The thickness of the filter material is at least 10 microns and less than 3 millimeters.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a mobile X-ray unit. The mobile X-ray unit may include a base and an arm associated with the base. The arm may be configured to support an X-ray applicator having an X-ray tube. The X-ray tube may be configured to generate an X-ray beam. The X-ray applicator may include an exit surface through which the X-ray beam passes in use. The X-ray unit may further include an applicator cap for covering at least the exit surface of the X-ray applicator.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus includes: an X-ray source including an electron source and a target, the target having a plurality of projections, each having an emitting surface; a diffraction grating configured to diffract X rays emitted from the X-ray source; and a detector configured to detect the X rays diffracted by the diffraction grating. Electron beams output from the electron source are incident on the emitting surfaces so that X rays are emitted from the emitting surfaces and are output to the diffraction grating. The X rays emitted from the emitting surfaces are diffracted by the diffraction grating so as to form a plurality of interference patterns. The projections are arranged such that bright portions of the interference patterns overlap each other and such that dark portions thereof overlap each other. Distances from the emitting surfaces to the diffraction grating are equal to each other.

Abstract: We disclose a compact source for high brightness x-ray generation. The higher brightness is achieved through electron beam bombardment of multiple regions aligned with each other to achieve a linear accumulation of x-rays. This may be achieved by aligning discrete x-ray sources, or through the use of novel x-ray targets that comprise a number of microstructures of x-ray generating materials fabricated in close thermal contact with a substrate with high thermal conductivity. This allows heat to be more efficiently drawn out of the x-ray generating material, and in turn allows bombardment of the x-ray generating material with higher electron density and/or higher energy electrons, leading to greater x-ray brightness. The orientation of the microstructures allows the use of an on-axis collection angle, allowing the accumulation of x-rays from several microstructures to be aligned to appear to have a single origin, also known as “zero-angle” x-ray emission.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide an X-ray generator having a simple configuration where heat generated in the irradiation window can be prevented from conducting to a desired portion in accordance with the purpose of use, the method of use or the structure of the X-ray tube. In an X-ray generator for releasing X-rays generated by irradiating a target placed in a vacuumed atmosphere within an X-ray tube with an electron beam from an electron source through an irradiation window of the X-ray tube, the irradiation window has thermal anisotropy where the thermal conductivity is different between the direction in which the irradiation window spreads and the direction of the thickness of the irradiation window, and therefore, the thermal conductivity in the direction in which the heat from the irradiation window is desired not to conduct is made relatively smaller.

Abstract: An x-ray device utilizes a band of material to exchange charge through tribocharging within a chamber maintained at low fluid pressure. The charge is utilized to generate x-rays within the housing, which may pass through a window of the housing. Various contact rods may be used as part of the tribocharging process.

Abstract: An X-ray tube is disclosed. The X-ray tube includes a substrate, a box-shaped case attached to the substrate and being in a high-vacuum state, an X-ray target arranged in the opening of the first substrate in the inside of the case, and a cathode arranged in the case and supplying an electron to the X-ray target. The substrate includes first and second substrates made of 426 alloy and respectively having an opening of honeycomb structure, and an X-ray transmissive window sandwiched between the first and second substrates which is made of a titanium foil and close the opening. The X-ray transmissive window is reinforced by a honeycomb structure of the substrate from both surfaces. Thus, the substrate and the X-ray transmissive window are not deformed, and strength of the package is improved.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an X-ray source is provided that includes one or more electron emitters configured to emit one or more electron beams and one or more source targets configured to receive the one or more electron beams emitted by the one or more electron emitters and, as a result of receiving the one or more electron beams, to emit X-rays. Each source target of the X-ray source includes a first layer having one or more first materials; and a second layer in thermal communication with the first layer and having one or more second materials. The first layer is positioned closer to the one or more emitters than the second layer, the first material has a higher overall thermal conductivity than the second layer, and the second layer produces the majority of the X-rays emitted by the source target.

Abstract: In an X-ray radiation source, a lid part is fastened to a main part with screws, so that an X-ray tube is secured to a housing while being pressed against an inner surface of the wall part a by a first circuit board. The X-ray tube can be secured stably within the housing by thus being held between the first circuit board and the wall part. The X-ray radiation source uses the first circuit board incorporated in the housing itself for pressing the X-ray tube. This makes it unnecessary to provide new members for pressing the X-ray tube and can prevent the device structure from becoming complicated.

Abstract: An x-ray window including a support frame with a perimeter and an aperture. A plurality of ribs can extend across the aperture of the support frame and can be supported or carried by the support frame. Openings exist between ribs to allow transmission of x-rays through such openings with no attenuation of x-rays by the ribs. A film can be disposed over and span the ribs and openings. The ribs can have at least two different cross-sectional sizes including at least one larger sized rib with a cross-sectional area that is at least 5% larger than a cross-sectional area of at least one smaller sized rib.

Abstract: A fracture-safe viewport for a pressure system having a pressure port which is pumped by said pressure system to a pressure above or below atmospheric pressure, comprising a plurality of panes each capable of passing electromagnetic radiation therethrough, each pane being mounted inside a tubular structure and being hermetically sealed to the wall of the pressure chamber. Each of the panes may be a different material or any combination of materials may be used from the group comprising sapphire, glass and quartz or any other material through which a high powered laser or other electromagnetic beam may be directed without adverse consequences. Highly pure, defect-free, ultra-polished, single-crystal sapphire is preferred. Spacing between the panes is used in most embodiments to avoid shrapnel damage in case of catastrophic failure of a pane.

Abstract: A device for generating X-rays includes at least one electron source for the emission of an electron beam that defines a plane having a predetermined width value in a width dimension and a predetermined length value in a length dimension. The width dimension is substantially perpendicular to the length dimension. The device also includes at least one window frame at least partially defining at least one liquid metal flow path. The device further includes at least one electron window coupled to the at least one window frame. The at least one electron window is positioned within the at least one liquid metal flow path and is configured to receive the electron beam. The at least one electron window emits X-rays in response to an incidence of electrons thereon. The at least one electron window includes a surface curved in at least one of the width dimension and the length dimension.

Abstract: Provided is an X-ray tube which can perform stable X-ray radiation under a desired condition in a radiation region extending in a predetermined direction. Included are a base plate having an opening portion and made of alloy 426, an X-ray transmission window made of titanium foil and arranged to close the opening portion of the base plate, a flat box-like vessel portion attached to the base plate and inside of which is in a vacuum state, an X-ray target provided at the opening portion in the vessel portion, and an electron source injecting electrons to the X-ray target in the vessel portion. The electron source includes a liner cathode, a first control electrode pulling out electrons from the cathode and a second control electrode restricting radiation range of the pulled-out electrons. At this time, X-rays emitted from the X-ray window spreads radially from opening shape of the opening portion.

Abstract: An assembly of a support plate and an exit window foil for use in an electron beam generating device. The support plate is designed to reduce wrinkles in the foil. The foil is bonded to the support plate along a closed bonding line bounding an area in which the support plate is provided with a pattern of apertures and foil support portions alternately. When vacuum is created in the housing the pattern is adapted to form a topographical profile of the foil substantially absorbing any surplus foil. Another aspect involves a method in a filling machine for sterilizing a packaging material web.

Abstract: A transmission x-ray tube comprising an end window hermetically sealed to a flexible coupling. The flexible coupling can allow the window to shift or tilt in one direction or another direction to allow an electron beam to impinge upon one region of the window or another region of the window. A method of utilizing different regions of an x-ray tube target by tilting an x-ray tube window at an acute angle with respect to an electron beam axis to cause an electron beam to impinge on a selected region of the window and tilting the window in a different direction to allow the electron beam to impinge on a different selected region of the window.

Abstract: An x-ray device utilizes a band of material to exchange charge through tribocharging within a chamber maintained at low fluid pressure. The charge is utilized to generate x-rays within the housing, which may pass through a window of the housing. Various contact rods may be used as part of the tribocharging process.

Abstract: An x-ray transmitter, which may be compact, may be in the form of a housing with an x-ray transparent window sputtered with a metal on one wall, and tribocharging electron source on another wall.

Abstract: A radiation transmission type target to be used for a radiation tube has a target metal 12 placed on a substrate 13, and has an antistatic member 14 placed on a surface of the substrate 13 opposite to a surface on which the target metal 12 is placed. The target suppresses its electrostatic charge, and enables the radiation tube to stable operate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an X-ray source having cooling and shielding functions. The X-ray source includes an X-ray generation unit (100) which has one or more insulation columns (160) and emits X-rays in a vacuum; a cooling unit (180) which is provided around a periphery of the X-ray generation unit and removes heat generated from the X-ray generation unit; and a shielding unit (190) which is provided around a periphery of the cooling unit and shields an area exposed to X-rays other than the areas related to the emission of the X-rays.

Abstract: An x-ray system includes x-ray tube containing a cathode which supplies electrons and an anode which can be maintained at high positive electrical potential to the cathode and has a target area which is impacted by electrons from the cathode when the positive potential is maintained generating x-rays. The x-ray tube is enclosed in a radiation resistant casing. The radiation resistant casing has a window which allows some of the x-rays generated at the target area to exit the system. The window has a vapor deposited layer of a filtering metal of sufficient thickness to effectively condition the x-rays passing through the window and located to intercept the x-rays passing through the window.

Abstract: An X-ray tube has a cathode, an anode target to emit X-rays, and a vacuum envelope which houses the cathode and the anode target. The vacuum envelope has a first metal member connected to the anode target, a second metal member which is connected to the first metal member and has a coefficient of thermal expansion lower than that of the first metal member, and an electrically insulating annular ceramic member connected to the second metal member and the cathode. In addition, the X-ray tube has a cooling system which is connected to the first metal member and forms a cooling passage. Furthermore, the X-ray tube has an adapter which is in contact with the first metal member, surrounds the second metal member and has a thermal conductivity higher than that of the second metal member, and a heat-transfer medium placed between the ceramic member and the adapter.

Abstract: An integrated X-ray source is provided. The integrated X-ray source includes a target for emitting X-rays upon being struck by one or more excitation beams, and one or more total internal reflection multilayer optic devices in physical contact with the target to transmit at least a portion of the X rays through total internal reflection to produce X-ray beams, wherein the optic device comprises an input face for receiving the X rays and an output face through which the X-ray beams exit the integrated X-ray source.