Abstract: A SPECT scanner for making images of an object using gamma radiation comprises a collimator that extends along a longitudinal direction around an object space and that comprises a set of pinholes for the gamma radiation, a detection device for gamma radiation that is allowed to pass through from the object space by the pinholes, and an object carrier for bringing the object into the object space along the longitudinal direction. At least one pinhole is provided in a pinhole body that is rotatable in the collimator around an axis of rotation. Because the pinholes themselves rather than the collimator are made rotatable, the entire object space with the object therein can be advantageously scanned without having to move the object. The properties of the collimator can also easily be adjusted, even during scanning.

Abstract: An intraoperative imaging system combines a gamma probe and an ultrasound probe. The probes are linked to provide co-registration of gamma radiation detected by the gamma probe with an image acquired by the ultrasound probe. The gamma probe has a converging collimator made of a metal block having a plurality of channels therein, which converge from an output face toward an input face. Each channel extends between and opens out at the faces such that openings at the input face have smaller cross-sectional areas than openings at the output face so that each channel tapers inwardly from the output face to the input face. The collimator has an external focal point distant from the input face. The system improves identification and localization of cancerous cells, facilitating more accurate biopsy data and more complete surgical resection. The gamma probe increases sensitivity, while maintaining spatial resolution, and increasing depth of view.

Abstract: A system and method for making an anti-scatter grid device is provided. The method may include providing a mold including one or more orientation structures arranged in first positions. The method may also include placing a plurality of plates including a first material into at least one of the orientation structures, and injecting a second material into a first cavity in the mold formed by the plurality of plates and the orientation structures. The method may further include separating the plurality of plates and the hardened second material from the mold to generate a first module.

Abstract: Provided are a collimator, a radiation detection device, and a radiation inspection device that are capable of further removing scattered radiation. This collimator 20 comprises: a radiation blocking section 22; and a radiation transmission section 21 that has a lower radiation blocking rate than the radiation blocking section 22, penetrates the radiation blocking section 22, and is solid. The X-ray transmission section 21 of the collimator 20 is solid therefore X-rays on the low-energy side that have been scattered by a subject B in the X-ray transmission section 21 are absorbed, as a result of this collimator 20. Accordingly, there is little noise contained in X-rays detected by a radiation detection element 30 and a high-resolution X-ray image can be obtained.

Abstract: A pre-imaging control unit of a mammography apparatus selects one pre-imaging focus from plural focuses of a radiation source according to selection conditions which are preset in order to prevent the concentration of load on one of the focuses. Pre-imaging for setting the irradiation conditions of radiation in tomosynthesis imaging is performed using the selected pre-imaging focus. For example, the selection conditions indicate that the pre-imaging focus is changed in each pre-imaging operation and the focus of a radiation tube adjacent to the radiation tube whose focus has been used in the previous pre-imaging is selected as the pre-imaging focus.

Abstract: A treatment planning apparatus include: a quality metric generator configured to electronically generate a first quality metric based on input received via a user interface; an optimizer configured to determine treatment parameters for a treatment plan that is executable by a processing unit of a treatment machine to operate the treatment machine, wherein the optimizer is configured to determine the treatment parameters for the treatment plan based on the first quality metric; and a controller configured to influence how the optimizer performs optimization, wherein the controller is configured to provide a first continuous function for the first quality metric.

Abstract: A metal grid includes: a member which includes a curved principal surface; an anodic oxide film which is formed on the principal surface of the member, and a lattice structure which has an uneven shape periodically formed on the anodic oxide film. A production method for a metal grid includes: a step of forming a valve metal film on a principal surface of a member, a step of forming an anodic oxide film by performing an anodic oxidation treatment on the valve metal film while the principal surface is curved; and a step of forming a lattice structure with a periodic uneven shape on the anodic oxide film by forming an etching mask with a periodic opening on a surface of the anodic oxide film and etching the anodic oxide film through the opening.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for manufacturing a collimator element. The method includes applying a lithographic coating layer. The lithographic coating layer is then exposed using a grid mask. Exposure regions then correspond to a structure of the collimator element. Here, the structure of the collimator element is aligned on a common focus. The lithographic coating layer is then developed to give a pre-structure of the collimator element. Further, an X-ray absorbing layer is applied via cathode sputtering. At least the X-ray absorbing layer is then removed from regions of the pre-structure. A collimator element, a method for manufacturing a scattered-radiation collimator, a scattered-radiation collimator, a radiation detector and a CT device are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is presented for optimizing a treatment plan for irradiation therapy. The method includes determining voxels in a reference frame of a radiation source that rotates at an angular rate of change and emits a beam at a plurality of angles. The beam has a beam intensity and a cross sectional shape based on an aperture of a collimator at each angle. The method includes determining an initial aperture value at each angle and minimizing a single objective function subject to a constraint on an aperture rate of change to determine an aperture and beam intensity at each angle. The method also includes delivering a beam of radiation with controlled intensity at each angle based on the beam intensity and aperture and turning the beam of radiation off at an intervening angle not included in the plurality of angles.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a display panel, a photoelectric detection method, a photoelectric detection device and a computer readable storage medium. The display panel includes a pixel array including a plurality of subpixels, wherein through holes are arranged within gaps among the plurality of subpixels, and a photoelectric detection unit including a photoelectric detection array configured to detect incident light passing through the through holes. The photoelectric detection method includes determining a plurality of target subpixels from the plurality of subpixels; determining a time period when the plurality of target subpixels do not emit light, and during the time period, detecting incident light passing through the through holes by the photoelectric detection array.

Abstract: An apparatus to examine a target in a patient includes an x-ray source configured to deliver a first x-ray beam towards the target, a device having an array of openings, the device located at an angle less than 180 degrees relative to a beam path of the first x-ray beam to receive a second x-ray beam resulted from an interaction between the first x-ray beam and the target, and a detector aligned with the device, the detector located at an angle less than 180 degrees relative to the beam path of the first x-ray beam to receive a part of the second x-ray beam from the device that exits through the openings at the device.

Abstract: Example aspects of a deployed electromagnetic radiation deflector shield and a method for using a deployed electromagnetic radiation deflector shield are disclosed. The deployed electromagnetic radiation deflector shield can comprise a power supply; and an electromagnet configured to generate a magnetic field to deflect radiation; wherein the deployed electromagnetic radiation deflector shield is deployed at a distance away from one of a spacecraft and a base station to minimize an effect of the magnetic field on the one of the spacecraft and base station.

Abstract: A panel having a base portion having at least one sidewall extending therefrom, the sidewall extending away from the base portion at a first predetermined angle, the first predetermined angle formed by a die having a second predetermined angle, the second predetermined angle being 1 to 12 degrees smaller as compared to the first predetermined angle so as to overbend the panel during the forming process, the panel relaxing to the first predetermined angle after the panel as entirely cooled after the forming process.

Abstract: X ray apparatus includes a sample stage (4) for supporting a sample (6), an X-ray source (2) and an energy dispersive X-ray detector (8). A conical X-ray collimator (10) is provided either between the sample and the X-ray source or between the sample and the energy-dispersive X-ray detector, the conical X-ray collimator including a plurality of truncated cones arranged concentrically around a central axis, the truncated cones having a common apex defining a central measurement spot on the sample.

Abstract: A profile measuring method used to measure a profile of an object-under-test includes the following steps. A light source, a light-transmissive projection film, and an image capturing device are provided, where the light-transmissive projection film is located between the light source and the image capturing device. The object-under-test is placed between the light source and the light-transmissive projection film, and a light beam is provided toward the light-transmissive projection film by the light source, to form an object-under-test projection of the object-under-test on the light-transmissive projection film. An image of the object-under-test projection is captured by the image capturing device, to obtain a projection size of the object-under-test projection. A measuring size of the object-under-test is calculated according to the projection size of the object-under-test projection. In addition, a profile measuring apparatus and a deformation detecting apparatus are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an X-ray generating apparatus and an X-ray fluoroscopy imaging system comprising the same. The X-ray generating apparatus comprises: an electron accelerator, an electron emission unit, and a target; and a shielding and collimating device, including a shielding structure and multiple collimators arranged in the shielding structure, wherein the collimators are thin gaps extending from the target to an exterior surface of the shielding structure and having an axis transverse an electron beam shooting the target, and at least two collimators forming different angles with the electron beam are arranged on the same side of a plane contains the electron beam shooting the target, and the planes where the collimators locate form angles from 30 degrees to 150 degrees with the electron beam shooting the target, to draw out planar beams having different draw-out angles, each having uniform intensity distribution in its respective plane.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system including an X-ray source, a motorless real-time controllable 3D X-ray collimator, a digital X-ray detector, and a system controller coupled to the X-ray radiation source, the motorless real-time controllable 3D X-ray collimator, and the digital X-ray detector for controlling the motorless real-time 3D X-ray collimator to reduce X-ray radiation dose and improve image quality. The motorless real-time controllable 3D X-ray collimator includes a top panel, a bottom panel, at least one sidewall joining the top panel to the bottom panel, an open area between the top panel, bottom panel, and at least one 2D pixel array coupled to at least one of the top panel and the bottom panel, the at least one 2D pixel array having a plurality of pixels of thin film electric coils and switching thin film field-effect transistors, wherein the open area is at least partially filled with a mixture of ferromagnetic material and high X-ray attenuation material.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system including an X-ray source, an X-ray collimator, a real-time controllable 3D X-ray attenuator, a digital X-ray detector, and a system controller coupled to the X-ray radiation source, the collimator, the real-time controllable 3D X-ray attenuator, and the digital X-ray detector for controlling the real-time controllable 3D X-ray attenuator to reduce X-ray radiation dose and improve image quality. The real-time controllable 3D X-ray attenuator includes a top panel, a bottom panel, at least one sidewall joining the top panel to the bottom panel, an open area between the top panel, bottom panel, and at least one 2D pixel array coupled to at least one of the top panel and the bottom panel, the at least one 2D pixel array having a plurality of pixels of thin film electric coils and switching thin film field-effect transistors, wherein the open area is at least partially filled with a mixture of ferromagnetic material and medium X-ray attenuation material.

Abstract: An X-ray emitting device (200) with an attenuating element (1) for an X-ray imaging device (100) is proposed. The attenuating element comprises a perforated sheet (3) of strongly X-ray absorbing material such as e.g. tungsten or molybdenum with a sheet thickness of e.g. less than 1 mm. The sheet (3) comprises multiple pinhole openings (5). Therein, a density of pinhole openings is higher at a center region of the sheet than at border regions of the sheet. Accordingly, a transparency to X-rays is higher at the center region than at the border regions. The pinhole openings (5) have geometries such that most parts of contours of the pinhole openings are non-parallel to edges of a focal spot (15) of an X-ray source (101) comprised in the X-ray emitting device. For example, the pinhole openings may have a circular, oval or any other cross-sectional geometry with non-linear edges.

Abstract: An array chip design is provided where the chip includes a field region arranged with sites according to a first pitch and at least one track region having a one-dimensional site pattern arranged according to a second pitch that is less dense and is an integer multiple of the first pitch so that observation through pixel-based sensors using one-dimensional quad-cell averaging can be applied in the track region, thereby to attain alignment of the chip to pixel-based optical instrumentation with a higher density of sites.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for obtaining pointing directions for every channel of a collimator which can then be used during the image reconstruction process to more accurately estimate the direction from which radiation has been received. The disclosed system and method provide for photographic measurement and analysis of individual collimator channel to determine the pointing directions for every channel in the collimator. This information is obtained by photographing the front and back sides of the collimator, and analyzing the digital image data to obtain the pointing angle of each channel. The resulting information, referred to as a “vector map” is included in the firmware of the collimator so that it can be called on during the projection and back-projection steps of the algorithm.

Abstract: A vehicle pulling device, a system for passing a vehicle in two modes, and an inspection system for scanning a vehicle by radiation are disclosed. The vehicle pulling device comprises a movable chassis disposed in a passage for a vehicle and being movable in a first direction; and a support beam disposed to the movable chassis and being rotatable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the support beam is located substantially in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction, such that wheels of the vehicle are interacted with the support beam of the vehicle pulling device so that the vehicle is pulled to pass through the passage; and in the second position, the support beam is located substantially parallel to the first direction such that the wheels of the vehicle are not interacted with the support beam of the vehicle pulling device so that the vehicle travels by itself to pass through the passage.

Abstract: A system and method includes a matrix of elements, each of the elements comprising a respective radiation-attenuating material providing a respective radiation attenuation profile over a respective area of the matrix, and wherein at least one of the elements is independently-controllable to change its respective radiation attenuation profile over its respective area.

Abstract: A photon collimator, suitable for use in medical imaging equipment, is constructed from a block of photon-attenuating material, such as solid tungsten or molybdenum alloy that defines a plurality of integrally formed septa slats. Each slat has an elongated length dimension greater than thickness and depth dimensions, and is oriented in an opposed pattern array that is laterally spaced relative to its respective thickness dimension. An aperture channel is defined between each pair of opposed slats. Rows of integrally formed slats in one block or separately affixed blocks may be stacked on each other at skewed angles to form two-dimensional grids of apertures having polygonal cross sections. The slats may be formed by electric discharge or laser thermal ablation machining, such as by a sequential passing of an EDM wire cutting head along the pattern array, repeating sequential cutting of respective channel depth and width.

Abstract: A method is provided for assembling a collimator module including a plurality of first collimator plates arrayed in a first direction, each first collimator plate having a plurality of slots formed on a plate surface, and a plurality of second collimator plates arrayed in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein each second collimator plate penetrates respective slots along the first direction so as to form a lattice-shape. The method includes positioning the plurality of first collimator plates by moving a first collimator plate in one direction along the second direction, so that a side wall of a first cutout formed on an edge of a radiation incident side or a radiation output side of the first collimator plate contacts a member extending in the first direction.

Abstract: An x-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) system includes a plurality of x-ray sources configured to generate x-rays directed toward an object. The XDI system also includes a primary collimator positioned a distance from the plurality of x-ray sources. A plurality of nodes are defined within the primary collimator at a plurality of node distances from the plurality of x-ray sources. Each node of the plurality of nodes defines an x-ray intersection region. The XDI system further includes a supermirror assembly including a plurality of mounting rails positioned adjacent the plurality of nodes.

Abstract: An improved complementary metal oxide semiconductor image sensor for time delay and integration imaging is provided that utilizes rolling shutter pixels. Columns of rolling shutter pixels in the CMOS image array are provided with a space between adjacent pixels to provide synchronization with movement of the subject in the along track direction. Preferably, the physical offset between the pixels is 1/Nth of a pixel pitch for a column having N rows.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus comprises a grating configured to form an interference pattern by diffracting X-rays from an X-ray source, a amplitude grating configured to partly shield X-rays forming the interference pattern, and an X-ray detector configured to detect an intensity distribution of X-rays from the amplitude grating. The amplitude grating is comprised of a central area and a peripheral area and the peripheral area shows an X-ray transmittance higher than the central area relative to X-rays perpendicularly entering the amplitude grating.

Abstract: A photon-guiding device for a radiotherapy apparatus, consists of a central frustum, made up of a plurality of metal channels, and an outer casing that encloses the central frustum and consists of microchannels. The channels and microchannels have a frusto-conical shape and a common apex.

Abstract: An adjusting method of an X-ray apparatus has a reflection structure, wherein assuming that one end plane of the reflection structure is an inlet port of the X-ray and the other end plane is an outlet port of the X-ray, a pitch of the reflection substrates at the outlet port is wider than that at the inlet port. When the X-ray source exists at a position where a glancing angle at the time when the X-ray enters the inlet port exceeds a critical angle, an intensity of the X-ray emitted from each passage is detected. On the basis of the detected X-ray intensity, a relative position of the X-ray source and the reflection structure is adjusted.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus which includes: an X-ray source; and a reflective structure where at least three reflective substrate arranged with an interval and X-rays which are incident into a plurality of passages whose both sides are put between the reflective substrates are reflected and parallelized by the reflective substrate at both sides of each passage to be emitted from the passage. When one edge of the reflective structure is an inlet of the X-ray and the other edge is an outlet of the X-ray, a pitch of the reflective substrates at the outlet side is larger than a pitch at the inlet side. The method comprises adjusting the relative positions of the X-ray source and the reflective structure so as to reduce a penumbra amount formed by the X-ray emitted from each of the passages.

Abstract: A versatile beam scanner for generating a far-field scanned pencil beam, and, alternatively, a far-field pencil beam. An angle selector limits the angular extent of an inner fan beam emitted by a source of penetrating radiation. The source and angle selector may be translated, along a direction parallel to a central axis of a multi-aperture unit, in such a manner as to generate a scanned far-field pencil beam, when rings of apertures are interposed between the source and an inspected target, or, alternatively, a far-field fan beam, when no ring of apertures is interposed.

Abstract: A radiation tomography system is provided. The radiation tomography system includes a radiation source configured to rotate around a subject and apply radiation to the subject, a plurality of radiation detecting elements disposed opposite the radiation source, a plurality of collimator plates partitioning the radiation detecting elements in a channel direction, the collimator plates erected such that plate surfaces of each of the plurality of collimator plates extend along a direction of radiation from the radiation source, and an aperture-width changing unit configured to change a width of each aperture formed by the plurality of collimator plates by moving a plurality of radiation absorbing members along respective end sides of the collimator plates close to the radiation source, the plurality of radiation absorbing members moveable between a first position at which the end sides are covered and a second position at which the end sides are exposed.

Abstract: Apparatus for interrupting and/or scanning a beam of penetrating radiation, such as for purposes of inspecting contents of a container. A source, such as an x-ray tube, generates a fan beam of radiation effectively emanating from a source axis, with the width of the fan beam collimated by a width collimator, such as a clamshell collimator. An angular collimator, stationary during the course of scanning, limits the extent of the scan, and a multi-aperture unit, such as a hoop, or a nested pair of hoops, is rotated about a central axis, and structured in such a manner that beam flux incident on a target is conserved for different fields of view of the beam on the target. The central axis of hoop rotation need not coincide with the source axis.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for providing a distance indication using an x-ray apparatus. According to various embodiments, an x-ray apparatus may be provided comprising an x-ray generator and a visible light generator. The apparatus may further comprise a projection member, such as a reticle, comprising a material at least partially transparent to visible light, wherein the projection member comprises an image positioned within the path of the visible light so as to project a secondary image comprising a shadow defined by the image. A LASER configured to deliver a LASER beam at an angle relative to the visible light may be provided such that the LASER beam intersects at least a portion of the secondary image at a predetermined distance from the LASER to allow a user to determine precisely a distance from the apparatus to an object to be exposed to x-ray radiation.

Abstract: An x-ray scanner includes an x-ray source producing a fan of x-rays, an x-ray detector array, a collimator between the source and array, fixed to the source, and defining one or more slits collimating the x-ray fan into a linear x-ray beam. The array is spaced from the source such that a linear extent of the linear x-ray beam is no greater than a detector dimension of the array. An x-ray processing unit processes detection of the linear x-ray beam by the array. A processor-controlled motor moves the x-ray source about a source movement axis to pan the linear x-ray beam and create an x-ray emission cone and moves the array correspondingly with the source. The x-ray processing unit form an x-ray scanned image of an object disposed between the collimator and the array within the x-ray emission cone when the linear x-ray beam is panned across the object.

Abstract: The collimator for backscattered radiation imaging has a plurality of parallel, arrayed passages formed therethrough. The collimator is positioned in front of a radiographic imaging device, such as a radiographic plate, radiographic film or the like, such that the plurality of parallel, arrayed passages are positioned orthogonal to a plane of the radiographic imaging device. An object, such as a wall of an insulated pipe, for example, is then exposed to gamma or X-ray radiation, and image exposures are made on the radiographic imaging device of backscattered radiation from the wall of the insulated pipe or other object. The collimator is shifted in between each of the exposures. The collimator may have a parallelepiped body, or, alternatively, may have a cylindrical body. The parallelepiped collimator is shifted linearly in front of the radiographic imaging device, and the cylindrical collimator is rotated in front of the radiographic imaging device.

Abstract: A collimator grid and a method of fabricating the collimator grid are disclosed. The method includes molding a plurality of plates, each plate includes a plurality of grooves in a first surface, a plurality of fin tips in a second surface disposed opposite to the first surface, plurality of ribs on a first pair of peripheral sides, a plurality of first fiducials formed on the plurality of ribs, and a plurality of second fiducials formed on a second pair of peripheral sides. The method includes machining the second surface to form the plurality of fins having predefined dimensions. Further, the method includes stacking the plurality of plates overlapping each other based on the plurality of first fiducials, and machining the plurality of ribs and first fiducials to form the collimator grid.

Abstract: Use of a reference detector to characterize an X-ray emission focal spot is disclosed. In certain embodiments, the reference detector may contain one or more openings or apertures that may be used to acquire localized X-ray intensity information used to derive the focal spot characteristics. In certain embodiments, the reference detector is on the source-side of the imaged volume.

Abstract: A collimator for an imaging system includes a first region comprising a first one-dimensional array of apertures along a channel direction, and a second region comprising a second one-dimensional array of apertures along the channel direction, wherein an aspect ratio of the apertures of the first region is greater than an aspect ratio of the second region.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus is provided. The radiation imaging apparatus includes a radiation source configured to emit radiation from a first focal point, a plurality of radiation detecting elements disposed opposite to the radiation source and arranged in a channel direction, a plurality of collimator plates provided along the channel direction so as to separate the radiation detecting elements, the collimator plates including radiation absorption members at surfaces of at least one first collimator plate located on a first end side and at least one second collimator plate located on a second end side such that radiation shielding effects of the first and second collimator plates become substantially equivalent when the surfaces of the first and second collimator plates are located along a radial direction from a second focal point, and a data acquisition unit configured to acquire radiation projection data from the radiation detecting elements.

Abstract: A system and method for collimation in diagnostic imaging systems is provided. One collimator includes a plurality of parallel hole segments and a plurality of collimator bores within each of the plurality of parallel hole segments. Additionally, all of the plurality of collimator bores in at least one of the plurality of parallel hole segments have a first pointing direction and all of the plurality of collimator bores in at least one other of the plurality of parallel hole segments have a second pointing direction, wherein the plurality of parallel hole segments are arranged in a fanbeam collimation configuration. Further, the first pointing direction is different than the second pointing direction.

Abstract: An X-ray lens is provided. The lens is located behind an X-ray tube and a collimator, the collimator located behind the X-ray tube, such that X-rays emitted from the X-ray tube pass through the collimator and then pass through the X-ray lens, wherein the X-ray lens is a monolithic capillary parallel lens configured to transform a cone emanant beam penetrating the collimator into parallel X-rays.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system that generates a large amount of X-rays sufficient for X-ray imaging and collimates X-rays in a direction parallel to each other at high density. The X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray generating apparatus to generate and emit X-rays, a detector to detect the X-rays emitted from the X-ray generating apparatus, and at least one collimator disposed between the X-ray generating apparatus and the detector to prevent dispersion of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray generating apparatus.

Abstract: According to some aspects, a hybrid optic is provided. The hybrid optic comprises a capillary optic for receiving x-rays from an x-ray source at an entrance portion of the capillary optic and for providing x-rays at an exit portion of the capillary optic, and a grazing incidence multi-shell optic (GIMSO) coupled, at an entrance portion of the GIMSO, to the exit portion of the capillary optic to receive x-rays emerging from the exit portion of the capillary optic, the GIMSO including an exit portion for providing x-rays.

Abstract: A collimator for an imaging system includes a first region comprising a first one-dimensional array of apertures along a channel direction, and a second region comprising a second one-dimensional array of apertures along the channel direction, wherein an aspect ratio of the apertures of the first region is greater than an aspect ratio of the second region.

Abstract: This device comprises a single radioactive source (44), capable of creating an incident beam (120), and a target (48) placed opposite the source (44). The target (48) is capable of creating the second beam (130) by interacting with a first part of the incident beam (120), a second part of the incident beam (120) passing through the target (48) to form the first beam (124).

Abstract: A ray emission device and an imaging system with the ray emission device are disclosed. The ray emission device comprises: a cylinder; a ray source disposed in the cylinder for emitting a ray; and a collimator disposed in the cylinder. The collimator enables the ray emitted by the ray source to form sectorial ray beams at a plurality of positions in an axial direction of the cylinder. The cylinder has a pencil beam forming part arranged over an axial length of the cylinder corresponding to the plurality of positions. The sectorial ray beams form pencil beams through the pencil beam forming part when the cylinder rotates around a rotation axis.

Abstract: In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, three-dimensional micro-mechanical devices and/or micro-structures can be made using a production casting process. As part of this process, an intermediate mold can be made from or derived from a precision stack lamination and used to fabricate the devices and/or structures. Further, the micro-devices and/or micro-structures can be fabricated on planar or nonplanar surfaces through use of a series of production casting processes and intermediate molds. The use of precision stack lamination can allow the fabrication of high aspect ratio structures. Moreover, via certain molding and/or casting materials, molds having cavities with protruding undercuts also can be fabricated.

Abstract: An X-ray phase grating used for X-ray phase-contrast imaging based on Talbot interference includes a first substrate and a second substrate. The first substrate and the second substrate are combined so as to be shifted from each other by one half period. The first substrate has a first pattern in which first faces and second faces making an angle of ? (where ??0 and ??90°) with the first faces are periodically arranged. The second substrate has a second pattern in which third faces corresponding to the first faces and fourth faces corresponding to the second faces and making an angle of ? with the third faces are periodically arranged.