Abstract: Enhanced targeting systems and methods may be used to visualize trajectories for surgical instruments. Such a targeting system may have a fixture that can be secured at a predetermined location relative to a patient, a first light source attached to the fixture, and a second light source attached to the fixture. The first light source may project first light along a first plane, and the second light source may project second light along a second plane nonparallel to the first plane. At an intersection of the first and second planes, the first light and the second light may cooperate to produce a targeting line that indicates the desired trajectory. A controller may be connected to first and second sets of motors to orient the first and second light sources, respectively. The targeting line may be projected on a visualization aid that guides the surgical instrument along the trajectory.

Abstract: The present invention relates to differential phase-contrast imaging, in particular to a structure of a diffraction grating, e.g. an analyzer grating and a phase grating, for X-ray differential phase-contrast imaging. In order to provide enhanced phase-gradient based image data, a diffraction grating (14, 15) for X-ray differential phase-contrast imaging, is provided with a first sub-area (23) comprising at least one portion (24) of a first grating structure (26) and at least one portion (28) of a second grating structure (30). The first grating structure comprises a plurality of bars (34) and gaps (36) with a first grating orientation GO1 (37), being arranged periodically, wherein the bars are arranged such that they change the phase and/or amplitude of an X-ray radiation and wherein the gaps are X-ray transparent.

Abstract: Provided are a diagnostic medical image system and the like which enable diagnostic medical images generated in either an imaging system used for general imaging or an imaging system which includes a Talbot imaging device to be accurately associated with imaging order information. In the diagnostic medical image system, a controller groups a plurality of types of diagnostic medical images reconstructed and generated on the basis of a plurality of image signals captured by a second imaging system equipped with a Talbot imaging device and transmits the group to a console; and the console associates one diagnostic medical image generated from one image signal acquired from a first imaging system equipped with an X-ray imaging device with the imaging order information corresponding thereto and, by the same associating method, associates the grouped plurality of types of diagnostic medical images transmitted from the controller with the imaging order information corresponding thereto.

Abstract: Embodiments of a solid state photomultiplier are provided herein. In some embodiments, a solid state photomultiplier may include a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel of the plurality of pixels comprises a plurality of subpixels; and a first set of buffer amplifiers, wherein each buffer amplifier of the first set of buffer amplifiers is respectively coupled to a subpixel of the plurality of subpixels.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a method for obtaining a tomogram of an anatomical structure is disclosed. In one step, an anatomical structure is scanned using a scanning source and a scanning detector. Both the scanning source and detector are connected to a gantry. In another step, the speed of the gantry is altered during the scanning process. Additionally or optionally the frame rate of the scan can be modified in such step. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the speed of the gantry is altered in synchronicity with the respiratory signal of a patient. Using such a method, a tomogram of an anatomical structure is obtained.

Abstract: An optimization technique for use with radiation therapy planning that combines stochastic optimization techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with deterministic techniques to solve for optimal and reliable locations for delivery of radiation doses to a targeted tumor while minimizing the radiation dose experienced by the surrounding critical structures such as normal tissues and organs.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a medical image diagnostic apparatus includes an X-ray tube, X-ray detector, image generation circuitry, display, and correction circuitry. The X-ray tube generates X-rays to an object. The X-ray detector detects the X-rays. The image generation circuitry generate an X-ray image based on the detected X-rays. The display displays an incident dose of the X-rays on the object, on an object image indicating the object. The correction circuitry correct a relative positional relationship between the object image and a display area of the incident dose on the object image based on the X-ray image.

Abstract: An X-ray generating tube includes: an anode including a target and an anode member electrically connected to the target; a cathode including an electron emitting source and a cathode member electrically connected to the electron emitting source; and an insulating tube joined at one end to the anode member and joined at the other end to the cathode member so that the target and the electron emitting portion face each other, in which an inner circumferential conductive film is formed on an inner surface of the insulating tube; an end surface conductive film extends from one edge of the inner circumferential conductive film on the one end side onto a surface of the one end of the insulating tube; and the end surface conductive film is sandwiched between the end surface and the anode member to be electrically connected to the anode member.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus includes a pixel array including a plurality of pixels, each including a conversion unit, a holding unit, an output unit, and a reset unit, a control unit configured to control the pixel array to perform a reset operation for concurrently performing resetting on the plurality of pixels and a holding operation for concurrently performing holding on the plurality of pixels, based on a control signal indicating timing of generation of radiation, and a selection unit configured to perform a selection operation for sequentially selecting a pixel. The selection unit selects at least part of the plurality of pixels in a period from when the control unit performs the reset operation to when the control unit performs the holding operation based on a first control signal among a plurality of the control signals.

Abstract: A radiation imaging system includes: multiple radiation imaging apparatuses each including a radiation detecting panel and an enclosure enveloping the radiation detecting panel. The multiple radiation imaging apparatuses are arrayed so that a part of each of the radiation imaging apparatuses spatially overlap as seen from a radiation irradiation side, and a radiation image is acquired based on image signals from each of the multiple radiation imaging apparatuses. The enclosure of at least one radiation imaging apparatus of the multiple radiation imaging apparatuses is formed so that a radiation transmittance of the enclosure which defines the overlapping region is higher than a radiation transmittance of the enclosure which defines a different region.

Abstract: Systems and methods for X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PCI) are provided. A quasi-periodic phase grating can be positioned between an object being imaged and a detector. An analyzer grating can be disposed between the phase grating and the detector. Second-order approximation models for X-ray phase retrieval using paraxial Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory are also provided. An iterative method can be used to reconstruct a phase-contrast image or a dark-field image.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lung measurement. In order to provide enhanced information about a patient that facilitates further assessment steps, 2D X-ray image data of a patient's chest is provided, and the image data is segmented to identify lung structures to provide segmented image data separated from un-segmented areas. Further, spatial lung volume information is extracted from the image data using the segmented image data derived from the image data. Still further, lungs symmetry information is determined using the extracted spatial lung volume information. Finally, the lungs symmetry information is provided to a user. For example, a 2D X-ray image data of a patient's chest is provided (84) and a lungs mask image is formed (86) after the step of segmenting the input image data. Then, the lungs mask image is used to define areas, within which a predetermined adaptation is applied (88) to the original 2D X-ray image data producing a thorax mask image.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for performing cathode calibration in a detector assembly. In one embodiment, a method comprises adjusting a cathode bias of a detector based on a total number of events occurring in the detector during a time period while maintaining an anode bias at a desired value, the events corresponding to photon energy detected by the detector. In this way, an automated cathode calibration procedure may be applied to calibrate the detector assembly.

Abstract: A method for setting a scanning protocol and an apparatus thereof are provided. The method includes: creating a plain film positioning image; receiving a point or a line or a region of interest on the plain film positioning image input by an operator; generating a region to be matched, based on the point or the line or the region of interest; determining whether there is pre-stored reference image having a matching degree greater than a preset threshold by comparing pre-stored reference images with the region to be matched; obtaining a reference image in the case that the reference image has a matching degree greater than the preset threshold; selecting a scanning protocol corresponding to the reference image based on a preset correspondence between reference images and scanning protocols; and completing a setting of the scanning protocol in the case that there is the scanning protocol corresponding to the reference image.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus and a method for generating X-ray images are provided. The X-ray imaging apparatus includes an X-ray source configured to irradiate X-rays to a subject, and an X-ray detector configured to detect X-rays penetrating the subject, and generate a frame image including pieces of X-ray data for energy bands. The X-ray imaging apparatus further includes an image divider configured to divide the frame image into images of substances, using the pieces of the X-ray data, and an image generator configured to restore the frame image by performing motion compensation on an image of a first substance of the frame image, among the images of the substances of the frame image, and an image of the first substance of a previous frame image.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging system that includes: a radiation detector including an imaging region in which a plurality of pixels are provided, each pixel including a sensor portion that generates charges in accordance with radiation amounts of irradiated radiation and accumulates the generated charges during an accumulation period, and a switching element that reads out the charges from the sensor portion after the accumulation period; an imaging control section that images a radiographic image by sequentially imaging radiographic images during the accumulation period using division regions, into which the imaging region of the radiation detector is plurally divided, one at a time; and a display control section that displays, at a display section, information relating to remaining imaging until the imaging is complete, the information representing a state of progress of the imaging by the imaging control section.

Abstract: A CT scanner has multiple X-ray sources on a first rotatable gantry disposed to illuminate an X-ray detector array. An image processor receives data from the detector array, machine readable instructions in the memory include instructions for energizing K>=2 X-ray sources simultaneously while rotating the gantry through multiple positions and recording measurements at each gantry position. Some measurements correspond to sums of line integrals of radiation from two or more of the X-ray sources as attenuated by passage through an imaging zone to detector array cells, including a first measurement Nmp1 at a first gantry position and a second measurement Nmp2 at a second gantry position represent a sum of line integrals comprising a line integral of attenuation of radiation along a same line L. Instructions determine individual line integrals along the line L from the measurements Nmp1 and Nmp2 that include sums of line integrals along the line L.

Abstract: A method and a device for analyzing a region of interest in an object is proposed. The method comprises: (a) providing measurement data by a differential phase contrast X-ray imaging system, and (b) analyzing characteristics of the object in the region of interest. Therein, the measurement data comprise a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional set of pixels wherein for each pixel the measurement data comprises three types of image data spatially aligned with each other, including (i) absorption representing image data A, (ii) differential phase contrast representing image data D, and (iii) coherence representing image data C. The analyzing step is based, for each pixel, on a combination of at least two of information comprised in the absorption representing image data A and information comprised in the differential phase contrast representing image data D and information comprised in the coherence representing image data C.

Abstract: A method includes re-sampling current image data representing a reference motion state into a plurality of different groups, each group corresponding to a different motion state of moving tissue of interest, forward projecting each of the plurality of groups, generating a plurality of groups of forward projected data, each group of forward projected data corresponding to a group of the re-sampled current image data, determining update projection data based on a comparison between the forward projected data and the measured projection data, grouping the update projection data into a plurality of groups, each group corresponding to a different motion state of the moving tissue of interest, back projecting each of the plurality of groups, generating a plurality of groups of update image data, re-sampling each group of update image data to the reference motion state of the current image, and generating new current image data based on the current image data and the re-sampled update image data.

Abstract: A method controls for a planned radiographic exposure the spatial position of a portable digital direct x-ray detector in a medical imaging system including multiple radiographic exposure stands. The method includes creating a three-dimensional spatial model of the medical imaging system, determining within the model the spatial position of the detector based on input received from three gravity sensors installed thereon, determining a three-dimensional volume space for each radiographic exposure stand, and checking whether the spatial position of the detector fits within the three-dimensional volume space of the radiographic exposure stand.

Abstract: A medical image obtaining apparatus includes: an image obtainer, which comprises an X-ray emitter configured to emit X-rays toward an object and an X-ray detector configured to detect X-rays that have penetrated the object, and is configured to obtain an image of a portion of the object based on the detected X-rays; a controller configured to generate a virtual ruler which indicates information about a location of the image, based on a rotation angle of the X-ray emitter; and a display configured to display the virtual ruler on the image.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing infant monitoring and support avoid image degradation, for x-ray imaging, related to sensors used for infant monitoring by separating an infant-supporting body from a sensor-carrying body. The sensor-carrying body, and with it any number of related sensors, is moved out of the way during x-ray imaging.

Abstract: A noise-reduction processing device including: a part that calculates an edge strength indicating the edge amount at the pixel of interest based on the pixel of interest and surrounding pixels that surround the pixel of interest; a part that discriminates the edge direction at the pixel of interest; a first filter-processing part that subjects the pixel of interest to smoothing processing along a direction that is based on a direction-discrimination result and outputs a first filter-processing result; a second filter-processing part that subjects the pixel of interest to smoothing processing producing a lower low-pass effect than that of the first filter-processing part and outputs a second filter-processing result and a part that synthesizes the first and second filter-processing results, with the ratio of the first filter-processing result increased as the edge strength becomes higher and the ratio of the second filter-processing result increased as the edge strength becomes lower.

Abstract: Provided are an X-ray imaging apparatus that is capable of tracking a position of an object of interest using a Kalman filter so as to reduce the amount of X-ray radiation exposure of a subject, calculating covariance indicative of accuracy of the tracing, and controlling a collimator so that the position of the object of interest and calculated covariance may be correlated with a position and an area of a region into which X-rays are radiated, and a method of controlling the X-ray imaging apparatus.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus and control method for the X-ray imaging apparatus are provided. The X-ray imaging apparatus includes an X-ray source configured to generate and emit X-rays having a preset broadband, an X-ray detector including a plurality of raw pixels configured to detect an average of ten photons or less in response to the X-rays which are emitted and convert the detected photons into an electrical signal, and an image processor configured to produce a plurality of single-energy images corresponding respectively to a plurality of preset energy bands by separating the plurality of raw pixels for each of the plurality of preset energy bands based on the electrical signal, and to produce a multi-energy image using the single-energy images.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new joint estimation framework employing MAP estimation based on pixel-based latent variables for tissue types. The method combines the geometrical information described by latent MRF, statistical relation between tissue types and P-C coefficients, and Poisson noise models of PCD data, and makes possible the continuous Baysian estimation from detected photon counts. The proposed method has better accuracy and RMSE than the method using FBP and thresholding. The joint estimation framework has the potential to further improve the accuracy by introducing more information about tissues in human body, e.g., the location, size, and number of tissues, or limited variation of neighboring tissues, which will be easily formulated by pixel-based latent variables.

Abstract: A radiation image capturing system capable of improving image quality of a radiation image is provided. A position of a joint of a grid is determined in consideration of displacement of an angle of incidence of radiation on a grid unit and a radiation detector group, and a joint image caused by the joint of the grid is prevented from being included in a search range of a position of a boundary in the radiation image captured by the radiation detector. The joint of the grid is provided in a position away ±(y1+2×y2)×tan? or more from a position of a step of the radiation detector.

Abstract: An image processing device of the present invention determines the pixel values of background pixels based on a pixel value histogram of a target image to be segmented into a foreground and a background, determines pixels of the target image having pixel values equivalent to the pixel values of these background pixels, as a portion of the background pixels, and determines other background pixels and foreground pixels in the target image by use of the pixel value of each pixel in the target image and the positional information of this portion of the background pixels.

Abstract: A radiation signal processing device including: a reception section that receives as a digital signal a signal representing a detection result from a radiation imaging device that captures an image according to irradiated radiation, and that detects a radiation irradiation amount and outputs the signal representing the detection result; and a conversion section that converts the digital signal representing the detection result received by the reception section into an analog signal recognizable by a radiation irradiation device that irradiates radiation onto the radiation imaging device and stops radiation irradiation in cases in which radiation has reached a specific irradiation amount.

Abstract: A method for generating an energy-resolved X-ray image is proposed, usable e.g. for mammography or CT applications. First, a preferably low-dose X-ray beam (5) is directed through a region of interest of an object (15) such as a female breast and initial X-ray intensity values are acquired. Based on these initial X-ray intensity values, energy threshold values of for example a photon-counting energy-resolving X-ray detector (9) are specifically adapted to local properties and features of the object (15). With such adapted energy threshold values, energy-resolved main X-ray intensity values are acquired for finally generating the energy-resolved X-ray image.

Abstract: An X-ray exposure control device comprises: an X-ray detection element including a plurality of pixels for dose detection each detecting a dose during X-ray radiation; a region setting unit configured to set a use pixel region including pixels for use in dose detection from the plurality of pixels for dose detection during the X-ray radiation; a signal generating unit configured to generate a stop signal for stopping the X-ray radiation from an X-ray source according to the dose detected by each of the pixels for use in the dose detection within the use pixel region set by the region setting unit; and a transmission unit configured to transmit to the X-ray source the stop signal to stop the X-ray radiation as generated by the signal generating unit.

Abstract: Provided is a radiation imaging apparatus, including: a first conversion element arranged to convert a radiation ray into electric charge in order to obtain a radiographic image; a first amplifier arranged to output a voltage corresponding to the electric charge of the first conversion element; a second conversion element arranged to convert the radiation ray into electric charge in order to detect radiation irradiation; a second amplifier arranged to output a voltage corresponding to the electric charge of the second conversion element; and a control circuit configured to control the first amplifier and the second amplifier, in which the control circuit is capable of controlling the second amplifier independently of control that is exerted over the first amplifier.

Abstract: A mobile X-ray radiographic device has an extended operable time by employing a regenerative energy system and assembly. A regenerative brake circuit acts to provide a braking force for a rear wheel set during a circumstance and an adaptive use wherein a driving force is cut off to the rear wheels, and a second battery system charges with the generated electric power for adaptive use. The regenerative brake circuit further acts to provide the braking force for a rotary anode under the circumstance in which the driving force is cut off to the rotary anode and also the second battery charges with the generated electric power.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an X-ray image apparatus and a control method for the same. The X-ray image apparatus includes an X-ray generator configured to sequentially irradiate an object with a plurality of X-rays of mutually different energy bands, an X-ray detector configured to acquire a plurality of pieces of X-ray data corresponding to the plurality of mutually different energy bands by detecting X-rays transmitted through the object, an image processor configured to convert the acquired plurality of pieces of X-ray data into a plurality of X-ray images and separate blood vessel X-ray images of the object from the plurality of X-ray images, and a controller configured to control operations of the X-ray generator so that the sequentially irradiated plurality of X-rays of the mutually different energy bands are repeatedly irradiated for fixed cycles.

Abstract: Certain aspects of an apparatus and method for automatic ER/PR scoring of tissue samples may include for determining a cancer diagnosis score comprising identifying a positive stained nucleus in a slide image of the tissue sample, identifying a negative stained nucleus in the slide image, computing a proportion score based on number of the positive stained nucleus identified and number of the negative stained nucleus identified and determining the cancer diagnosis score based on the proportion.

Abstract: A method includes moving a radiation source and a radiation detector along a scan path substantially transverse to a longitudinal axis of a patient. A beam of radiation is emitted from the radiation source. The beam of radiation is detected at the radiation detector. The detected beam is processed so as to form a first image of a first area of the patient along the scan path.

Abstract: A differential phase contrast X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray illumination system, a beam splitter arranged in a radiation path of the X-ray illumination system, and a detection system arranged in a radiation path to detect X-rays after passing through the beam splitter.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system includes a digital X-ray detector configured to acquire X-ray image data without communication from a source controller and to send the X-ray image data to a portable detector control device for processing and image preview. The source controller is configured to command X-ray emissions of X-rays from an X-ray radiation source for image exposures.

Abstract: A method of tomographic imaging the real part of the refractive index of the internal structure of an image volume and a corresponding apparatus for performing the method. The method includes a two-step process of first retrieving phase projections of an image volume from projective intensity measurements through the image volume. The second step of the method includes iterative image reconstruction of an image of the image volume using phase projections taken at multiple projection angles. The first step of intensity measurements and subsequent phase retrieval can use one of many possible phase retrieval methods including the Bronnikov phase retrieval method. The second step of iterative image reconstruction can be performed using the total variation minimization method, the algebraic reconstruction technique method, or any other iterative image reconstruction method.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed that relate to touch input detection in a touch sensor. One example provides a method comprising establishing a first reference sequence, starting with a first set of candidate reference sequences each differing from the first reference sequence, reducing the first set of candidate reference sequences by applying a rule set to the first set to derive a relatively smaller second set of candidate reference sequences, for each candidate reference sequence in the second set of candidate reference sequences, calculating a touch detection performance score of a combined reference sequence, and configuring at least a portion of a receive circuit to correlate signals to at least one of the touch detection conditions by using the first reference sequence in a combined correlation operation with at least a selected candidate reference sequence from the second set of candidate reference sequences.

Abstract: An X ray diagnostic apparatus includes an X ray tube generating X rays, a first detector detecting the X rays, at least one second detector arranged in front of a first detection surface of the first detector and including a second detection surface narrower than the first detection surface and indicator points provided on a rear surface of the second detection surface, a projection data generation unit generating first projection data based on an output from the first detector, and a positional shift detection unit detecting a positional shift of the second detector relative to the first detector in accordance with an imaging direction by using the first projection data and a predetermined positional relationship between the points and detection elements in the second detector.

Abstract: A visualization of an X-ray region during the production of an X-ray recording of an object is produced. In order to reduce radiation exposure for a physician and/or the patient during X-ray recordings, a proposal is made to record a video image of a region, which is captured by a beam from the X-ray source, of the object, to display the video image and to represent at least a portion of the beam in the displayed video image.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus producing distributed X-ray, and in particular to a cathode control multi-cathode distributed X-ray apparatus, which produces X-ray that changes focal position in a predetermined order by arranging multiple independent hot cathodes and controlling cathodes in an X-ray source device, and a CT device having said X-ray apparatus.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus and control method thereof precisely designates an imaging region and reduces user fatigue by designating a segmentation imaging region using an image of a target object captured by a camera and automatically controlling an X-ray generator according to the designated segmentation imaging region. The X-ray imaging apparatus includes an X-ray generator to perform X-ray imaging of a target object by generating and irradiating X-rays, an image capturer to capture an image of the target object, an image display to display the image captured by the image capturer, an input part to receive designation of a region for which segmentation imaging is to be performed on the image displayed on the image display, and a controller to control the X-ray generator to perform segmentation imaging with respect to the designated region.

Abstract: A multi-source radiation generator in which plural radiation sources are arranged in series includes a control unit that controls a dose of radiation emitted from each of the radiation sources depending on positions of the radiation sources, and reduces variation in a radiation dose resulting from differences in positions of the radiation sources by changing an irradiation time, an anodic current value of each of the radiation sources depending on a distance from each of the radiation sources to a subject.

Abstract: A medical imaging system creates three kinds of reconstructed images of a diagnosis target site in a subject through X-ray imaging of the diagnosis target site with a Talbot or Talbot-Lau imaging apparatus, the three kinds of reconstructed images being an absorption image, a differential phase image, and a small-angle scattering image. The medical imaging system includes: an input unit to receive an input of diagnosis target information for specifying the diagnosis target site, or the diagnosis target site and a disease to be diagnosed in the diagnosis target site; and a control unit to create a combined image of two kinds of reconstructed images among the three kinds of reconstructed images on the basis of the diagnosis target information input through the input unit, and to control a displaying unit to display the combined image.

Abstract: A first and a second accumulated value calculating units are provided which, in a location where foil shadows by grid foil strips straddle pixels, identify this location based on geometry, and calculate straddle accumulated values of the foil shadows in the identified location. Even when the foil shadows by the grid foil strips straddle the pixels due to twisting and bending of the grid foil strips, such location is identified based on geometry and the straddle accumulated values of the foil shadows in the identified location are calculated. Therefore, even when changes are made in the pitches or pixel sizes of an X-ray grid and a flat panel X-ray detector (FPD), the foil shadows will be removed based on the straddle accumulated values. As a result, the foil shadows can be removed taking twisting and bending of the grid foil strips into consideration, and in a way to accommodate X-ray grids and FPDs of various sizes.

Abstract: A mammography or tomosynthesis apparatus, comprising a mechanism configured to move a paddle, relative to a detector platform fixed to a main body of the apparatus, to compress a patient's breast against the detector platform to form a surface. The mechanism comprises a post that is mobile relative to the detector platform and/or to the body and configured so that maximum extension of the post relative to the surface follows the movements of the paddle relative to the detector platform.

Abstract: An automatic selected human portion identification and adjustment device for medical treatment equipment is disclosed, in which an automatic selected human portion identification and adjustment device is included in the medical treatment equipment. The automatic selected human portion identification and adjustment device includes a depth camera, an image characteristic identification unit, and an X-ray detector position adjustment mechanism. The image characteristic identification unit performs image characteristic comparison between an instant image pixel depth signal with a predetermined image pixel depth signal for identification and generates, in response thereto, an X-ray detector position adjustment signal. Then, the X-ray detector position adjustment mechanism drives the X-ray detector to move in order to adjust the X-ray detector to correspond to the predetermined human body portion of a target human body.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and an apparatus for generating a representation of an internal structure of an object. The method comprises the steps of providing radiation that is arranged to traverse through at least a portion of the object and directing the radiation from different angular directions through at least a portion of the object and towards an optical element, such as a lens or pin-hole. The method also comprises the step of forming a radiation exposure pattern using the optical element, the radiation exposure pattern comprising information indicative of the propagation directions and intensities of component radiation that form the radiation exposure pattern. In addition, the method comprises calculating the representation of the internal structure from the radiation exposure pattern. The method is conducted such that the radiation exposure pattern corresponds to a respective point of view of the object.