Abstract: An x-ray apparatus includes an x-ray tube having a focus, the x-ray tube being contained in a housing and the housing having a mechanical distance-measuring device attache thereto. The mechanical distance-measuring device is suitable for obtaining a measured value which exactly corresponds to the focus-to-skin distance for all types of examinations. The mechanical distance-measuring device, which may be a tape measure, is connected to an electrical signal generator which converts the mechanically measured value into a corresponding electrical signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus employed in an X-ray apparatus for compensating for attenuation caused by a subject to perform an improved X-ray exposure. A table is created comprising entries accessible via power and attenuation values. Each of the entries includes a first value T representing a time for radiation in the system to reach a base ion count, and a second value C representing an offset ion count from the base ion count. A first set of entries in the table are referenced using a first power setting, and a first base ion count is determined based upon the first power setting, and a maximum radiation exposure is determined for the first power setting and a subject's mass. Then, an X-ray emitter is activated until a current ion count from a radiation sampling means has exceeded the base ion count or total radiation emitted has exceeded the maximum radiation allowed for the given mass of a subject.

Abstract: An interactive system for producing X-ray fluoroscopic images determines X-ray tube photon count and voltage for producing acceptable quality images while minimizing X-ray radiation dosage to a subject. An image is created and a signal to noise (S/N) ratio is estimated from the image, assuming a Poisson model is assumed for the X-ray image. The S/N ratio is determined by solving several simultaneous equations and the photon count is estimated to produce an image with a desired S/N ratio. Subsequent X-ray fluoroscopy images are produced with the optimum photon count Q, thereby reducing X-ray dosage. The optimization is repeated periodically to readjust the system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for imaging a desired object by using a panoramic X-ray radiography apparatus equipped with exposure automatics, the apparatus including an X-ray generator (5), an X-ray tube (6), and an image receptor (8) with its holder (10). The detecting of the cone of rays (7) which has passed through the object, for the purpose of determining the exposure value, is carried out during the imaging at points positioned in each given case at different heights (17) in the cone of rays, by using one or more detectors (1). The positioning can be done either by moving the detector or by activating a certain detector in an arrangement of a number of detectors.

Abstract: An automatic x-ray exposure unit for mammography permits a correction of the mAs product dependent on the subject thickness without the need for obtaining a transparency signal, and thus without the need for the double detector normally needed for that purpose. The automatic x-ray exposure unit permits the correction to be undertaken on site, prior to conducting an actual examination, and thus can be used for film/foil systems, such as customized systems for which no previous transparency data has been obtained. This is accomplished in an automatic x-ray exposure unit where the mAs product is obtained for a fraction (1/n) of the total exposure, and a total exposure value is then obtained by multiplying the fractional value by n. These values are used to generate a characteristic curve, which is stored, for the film/foil system being used. If it is then necessary to switch (adjust) the mAs value due to the subject thickness, this can be done using the stored curve.

Abstract: The invention relates to radiology systems and, more particularly in such systems, to a method that enables the effect of non-reciprocity of the radiographic film to be determined. This effect of non-reciprocity is expressed by coefficients CNRD(d.sub.i) which are a function of the photon dose rate (d.sub.i) on the film, the coefficients CNRD(d.sub.i) being obtained from the coefficients CNRT(t.sub.i) and the determination of the reference lumination L.sub.ref received by the film.

Abstract: X-rays enter an airtight chamber through a beam duct, pass through a transmission window, and expose a wafer and mask disposed outside the airtight chamber. The wafer and mask are held by a wafer chuck and a mask holder, respectively. The mask holder includes a pressure sensor, which detects variations in the atmospheric pressure. An output from the pressure sensor is converted into a change in the intensity of the x-rays by an arithmetic unit, and is transmitted to a control unit, which controls a driving unit of a shutter. By thus controlling the moving speed of the shutter in accordance with variations in the atmospheric pressure, it is possible to prevent variations in the amount of x-ray exposure of the wafer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus employed in an X-ray apparatus for compensating for attenuation caused by a subject to perform an improved X-ray exposure. A table is created comprising entries accessible via power and attenuation values. Each of the entries includes a first value T representing a time for radiation in the system to reach a base ion count, and a second value C representing an offset ion count from the base ion count. A first set of entries in the table are referenced using a first power setting, and a first base ion count is determined based upon the first power setting, and a maximum radiation exposure is determined for the first power setting and a subject's mass. Then, an X-ray emitter is activated until a current ion count from a radiation sampling means has exceeded the base ion count or total radiation emitted has exceeded the maximum radiation allowed for the given mass of a subject.

Abstract: A medical X-ray image detecting device arranged such that an X-ray image sensor comprising an x-ray fluorescent element, a solid-state image pickup device and a plurality of optical fiber bundles for optically connecting the fluorescent surface of the X-ray fluorescent element to the image pickup surface of the image pickup device, is housed in an outer casing, the medical image detecting device being characterized in that it further comprises an X-ray intensity detecting element disposed in the casing adjacent to the X-ray fluorescent element. Clear X-ray images with a constant blackening degree can be obtained by controlling X-ray radiation time using the X-ray dose calculated by integrating the X-ray intensity output from the X-ray intensity detecting element with respect to X-ray exposure time.

Abstract: An X-ray exposure apparatus using radiation light as exposure light, wherein the apparatus includes: a display device; a detecting device for detecting in each exposure the amount of exposure absorbed by a mask during the exposure; a memory for memorizing an accumulated dose of the mask; and a controller for causing the display device to display a dose of the mask, wherein the dose to be displayed corresponds to the sum of the accumulated dose memorized in the memory and the amount of exposure detected by the detecting device. Also a mask structure suitably usable in such an exposure apparatus.

Abstract: An interactive system for producing acceptable quality fluoroscopy images determines X-ray tube photon count and voltage while minimizing X-ray radiation dosage to a subject. Parameters of the subject and the type of image to be produced are provided to the system. X-ray tube voltage U and photon count Q are initialized at a fraction of conventional values for a portion of a subject to be imaged. An image is created and sectioned into rectangles. Rectangles having the greatest and least gradient values are used to determine variances indicating signal and noise power respectively. Images are produced and adjusted until the maximum transmitted power is reached, or the signal-to-noise ratio does not increase beyond a quality increment. The process is repeated to optimize X-ray tube voltage. The X-ray fluoroscopy procedure is then performed with the optimum X-ray tube photon count and the optimum X-ray tube voltage thereby reducing X-ray dosage. The optimization is repeated periodically to readjust the system.

Abstract: In a diagnostics system wherein a radiological image is generated of a patient who has been injected with a contrast agent, the arrival of the contrast agent bolus at the imaging site is identified either directly by detecting the contrast agent, or indirectly by detecting a dye injected with the contrast agent, so that a synchronization of the imaging exposures with the arrival of the contrast agent can be assured. If a dye is used, the dye can be an optically detectable dye which is injected via the contrast agent syringe in addition to the contrast agent. A densitometer identifies the arrival of the contrast agent or of the dye at a predetermined location of the patient, and controls triggering of the exposures.

Abstract: An interactive system for producing acceptable quality fluoroscopy images determines X-ray tube photon count and voltage while minimizing X-ray radiation dosage to a subject. Parameters of the subject and the type of image to be produced are provided to the system. X-ray tube voltage and current are initialized at a fraction of conventional values for a portion of a subject to be imaged. An image is then created and transformed. A power ratio of low frequency components to high frequency components is calculated indicating quality of the image. Images are produced and adjusted until the maximum exposure is reached, or the power ratio does not increase beyond a quality increment. The process is repeated to optimize X-ray tube voltage. The X-ray fluoroscopy procedure is performed with the optimum X-ray tube photon count and the optimum voltage thereby reducing X-ray dosage. The optimization is repeated periodically to readjust the system.

Abstract: Method in x-ray diagnostics for regulating the exposure of a film or equivalent to an optimal level. The radiation that has passed through an object is measured by detectors and, based on this measurement, the time of exposure regulated. The measurement signals are passed from the detector or from different detectors to an amplifier associated with each detector. The amplifications of the amplifiers are initially calibrated by exposing a reference object to a predetermined dosage, passing the amplified signals from the detectors one at a time to an integrator for an initial switching period, comparing each amplified and integrated signal with a reference value, and independently adjusting the switching period of each amplified signal to produce amplification values so that each detector and amplifier gives an integrated signal equal to the reference value.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns radiology instruments that include an X-ray source, a receiver of the film or film-screen type, a detection cell and means to compute the yield at the cell. The method consists of performing measurements of the yield at instants t.sub.1, t.sub.2, . . . t.sub.3 during the exposure, so as to determine the lumination or luminous exposure (the quantity of the light received multiplied by the exposure time) on the film and then computing the lumination remaining to be acquired to obtain the chosen optical density on the film.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided an X-ray diagnostic system comprising, an X-ray generator irradiating X-ray toward a patient, an image intensifier transforming the X-ray which has passed the patient to fluorescent light, a CCD for converting the fluorescent light to picture signal under a predetermined optimum quantity of light, a photodiode for detecting quantity of the fluorescent light, a quantity-of-light controller for judging whether the quantity of the fluorescent light detected reaches the predetermined optimum quantity of light at the CCD, an X-ray controller for cutting off the X-ray when the quantity of the fluorescent light reaches the predetermined optimum quantity of light, and a television monitor for displaying an X-ray picture based on the picture signal.

Abstract: An exposure control circuit captures an X-ray generator exposure time for a master exposure and replicates that time for subsequent exposures in a series. In one preferred circuit an read counter bank counts down clock pulses during the master exposure time, and then this count is held and is used by a write counter bank which counts up during subsequent exposures. A control circuit controls loading an enabling functions of the read and write counters. For the subsequent exposures, an output relay circuit terminates the X-ray generator exposure when the write counter bank reaches a predetermined count. This arrangement is used favorably with digital subtractive angiography (DSA).

Abstract: The invention concerns radiology systems and, more particularly, in such systems, to a method to determine and calibrate the lumination (namely the quantity of light received multiplied by the exposure time) received by the radiographic film in order to obtain a given blackening of the film. This method consists in carrying out a certain number of calibrations of the radiology system, and then in making a sensitogram of the type of film used. Then, a radiographic shot is taken with an object of a known thickness E.sub.o and, to obtain a reference optical density DO.sub.refo, the optical density DO.sub.m of the shot obtained is measured and compared with DO.sub.refo on the sensitogram to determine L.sub.ref.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus usable with synchrotron radiation source wherein the synchrotron radiation is generated by electron injection into a ring. The exposure apparatus is to transfer a semiconductor element pattern of a mask onto a semiconductor wafer by the synchrotron radiation. The apparatus includes a shutter for controlling the exposure of the wafer. The shutter controls the exposure with the illuminance distribution on the wafer surface taken into account. The illuminance distribution is determined in response to the electron injection, and thereafter, the illuminance distribution is corrected in a predetermined manner. By this, the illuminance distribution data for controlling the shutter always correspond to the actual illuminance distribution. The entire shot areas of the semiconductor wafer are exposed with high precision.

Abstract: An output monitoring circuit for a radiation generator apparatus includes a pulse integrator circuit 37 for integrating each pulse of the output of the detector 10 supplied via a pulse amplifier 36. Further, a triangular waveform generator 34 outputs a sawtooth waveform E which is reset to the ground level at each rising edge of the trigger pulses D generated by the pulse trigger generating circuit 1 for the radiation generator apparatus, and a sample hold circuit 35 holds each peak value of the waveform E of the triangular waveform generator 34 and outputs waveform F the level of which is proportional to the pulse repetition period of the pulses of the detector 10. A divider circuit 39, having a numerator input coupled via an amplifier 38 to the pulse integrator circuit 37 and a denominator input coupled to the sample hold circuit 35, outputs a signal the level of which corresponds to the temporal average of the intensity of the radiation pulses generated by the radiation generator apparatus.

Abstract: An x-ray diagnostics installation has an image intensifier video chain with a detector for obtaining an actual value of the brightness of a dominant region within the image at the output screen of the x-ray image intensifier, this actual value being compared with a rated value for controlling the overall brightness of the image. For this purpose, the output image of x-ray image intensifier is directed onto a chip having electrically driveable micromirrors, which can be individually driven, so that by selected individual drive of the micromirrors the individual micromirrors can be oriented as needed to direct a selectable image portion onto a light detector, for use in controlling the brightness.

Abstract: There is disclosed an assembly for slit radiography with image equalization, comprising an X-ray source which can scan a body for examination via a slit of a slit diaphragm with a flat, fan-shaped X-ray beam over a scanning path in a direction transverse to the lengthwise direction of the slit for forming an X-ray shadowgraph on an X-ray detector; an absorption device which under the control of control signals can influence the fan-shaped X-ray beam per sector thereof, in order to permit control of the X-ray radiation falling in each sector on the body to be examined; and detection assembly which is designed to detect the quantity of X-ray radiation transmitted by the body instantaneously per sector during a scanning movement of the X-ray beam and to convert it into corresponding signals.

Abstract: An X-ray aligner provided with a radiation gauge for detecting an intensity of the X-ray radiation. The sensitivity of the radiation gauge is influenced by the passed exposure, the passed non-exposure period and/or the time elapsed. The sensitivity change is compensated by the present invention. Thus, the correct exposure can be provided.

Abstract: The brightness of an X-ray video image during fluorography is maintained at a substantially constant level by a control circuit which varies the X-ray dose in relation to changes in the average brightness of the X-ray image. As the X-ray system approaches the limits of its imaging capability, varying the X-ray dose alone may not yield the desired brightness level. At this point, the gain applied to the video signal is increased to improve the brightness. A linear brightness taper function is used such that, as the level of video gain required to maintain constant brightness increases, the actual video gain increases by a smaller proportional amount. This function results in the brightness of the video image decreasing somewhat as the video gain is required to provide a greater degree of brightness compensation.

Abstract: An x-ray tube (A) is powered by a control circuit (C) for selectively irradiating a sheet of x-ray film (B). An operator selects the operating anode current mA for the x-ray tube, an exposure or dose value (preferably an mAs value), and a tube voltage kV on a keyboard (20). For a fixed operating voltage and selected mAs value, the film should be exposed to the same density regardless of whether a low mA and a long time or a high mA and a short time are selected. Particularly in single phase inverter control circuit and power supplies, the high current and short time exposure tend to be underdeveloped relative to low mA and long time exposures for the same mAs value. To standardize the exposure for any current and time combination of the selected mAs value, a look up table (60) is provided. The look up table is addressed by the selected kV, mA, and mAs values to retrieve an appropriate current boost value which boosts the actual current such that the film is exposed to the selected density.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray tube which emits X-rays that are converted to visible light image by an image intensifier. This system can be operated in either a fluoroscopic mode in which the visible light image is viewed by a video camera and displayed on a monitor, or a film camera mode in which the visible light image is recorded on film. The X-ray system is calibrated for a selected fluoroscopic dose rate by producing an exposure and sensing the current through a photocathode of the image intensifier. The actual dose rate is derived from the sensed photocathode current. The excitation of the X-ray tube is the adjusted until the actual dose rate is within a given tolerance range of the selected dose rate. The system parameters are then stored for use when the same dose rate is selected again. Parameters for other selectable fluoroscopic dose rates are calculated from the stored parameters. The dose rates for the film camera mode then are calibrated using a fluoroscopic mode exposure.

Abstract: In a system for exposing X-ray film to X-rays, to adequate density, X-rays emitted from a X-ray tube and passing through an object are incident on a X-ray film through a X-ray pickup device. A X-ray pickup device having a plurality of pickup fields comprises an intensifying screen for converting X-rays into light rays. In each of the pickup fields, a bundle of optical fibers are extended and end faces of the fibers are so arranged as to occupy each of the pickup field with segment pickup field of the optical fibers. The optical fiber bundles are optically coupled to photodetectors, respectively so that light rays are converted into electrical signals.

Abstract: An X-ray radiographic apparatus including a solid-state image sensor having a photoelectric conversion member and a transfer member. A system controller stops supplying field shift pulses, and a electric charge is not transferred from the photoelectric conversion member to the transfer member, during X-ray irradiation until a quantity of X-rays reaches predetermined value. One frame image data from the solid-state image sensor just after X-ray irradiating term is obtained. It is easy to obtain data corresponding to one frame image which is of proper density. The electric signal is read from the transfer member while the system controller has stopped the supplying of field shift pulses. It is possible to suppress an increase of dark current noise, and obtain high quality X-ray image data.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring progress of a radiographic exposure is disclosed. The system samples the cumulative radiation as an exposure progresses, and aborts the exposure if the rate of rise in cumulative radiation is insufficiently low to cause a good exposure. Similarly, the system will terminate an exposure early, at a properly timed out interval, even if the radiation accumulation rises excessively fast due to an erroneous system set up.

Abstract: A MAS regulating system for high frequency medical X-ray generator produces a control signal to stop the exposure when the milliamp-seconds delivered by the X-ray tube becomes equal to or greater than a desired maximum amount set by an operator. The system comprises a converter circuit for converting a signal corresponding to a desired MAS value set in by the operator into a first digital signal having a predetermined format. A digital integrator circuit integrates and converts the actual MA current in the X-ray tube to a digital MAS signal corresponding to the actual MAS value of the current in the X-ray tube and in the same predetermined format as the first digital signal. A comparing circuit compares the first and second digital signals and produces a control signal to stop the exposure when the second digital signal is greater than the first digital signal.

Abstract: An x-ray diagnostics installation for radiographs has a secondary radiation grid disposed in front of a holder for x-ray film. The secondary radiation grid is moveable during an exposure. Control circuitry controls the speed of movement of the secondary radiation grid dependent on the anticipated exposure time, such that imaging of the lamellae of the secondary radiation grid on the x-ray film is reliably prevented for all exposure times.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing delay times between successive x-ray images in a medical x-ray diagnostic system in which delay times are a function of the time required to transport film in a camera apparatus. The camera is used to record images on an image display apparatus. The delay time is reduced by determining the time at which an image on the apparatus will reach a predetermined intensity level and initiating the camera film transport cycle at a predetermined time prior to the image reaching the predetermined intensity level. Apparatus is disclosed for determining the rate of image development and for providing a signal to initiate the camera film transport at a fixed time prior to completion of image development regardless of the rate of image development. The predetermined time period is selected such that actual film motion is not initiated until the image is fully developed on the image display apparatus.

Abstract: An improved phototimer control and compensation scheme is provided. The control monitors electrical signals produced by a plurality of photomultiplier tubes. PMT dark current is sampled prior to exposure and is compensated for as exposure begins. Each PMT produces a signal proportional to incident radiation which is integrated by separate integrator means to produce first ramp signals. Switching means are provided for selecting any one or combination of first ramp signals. Mixing means combines selected first ramp signals. Amplifier means amplifies mixed signals as a function signals selected to produce a second ramp signal. Gain selection means compensates the gain of the second ramp signal to the speed with the film-screen combination chosen. An exposure compensation scheme produces an exposure reference signal defining the net effect of system variables. Equations defining kV reference curves are stored in a first storage means.

Abstract: The exposure of a radiographic film to x-radiation transmitted through an intensifying screen during a period of exposure T is determined automatically in accordance with a method which achieves compensation for the effect of deviation from the reciprocity law by comparing a value representing the exposure attained by the screen-film pair with a reference value which is variable as a function of time in accordance with a predetermined law.

Abstract: An X-ray detector consists of a substrate, a light reflecting layer, an optical fiber group, a light-shielding layer, an intensifying screen, a light-shielding member, and an optical detector. A coarse portion is formed on at least one surface of the optical fiber group, which is arranged to be substantially flat so as to correspond to a detection area. The light reflecting layer, the optical fiber group having the coarse portion, the light-shielding layer having an opening corresponding to the detection area, and the intensifying screen are disposed on the substrate in the order named. A laminated layer of the substrate, the light reflecting layer, the optical fiber group, the light-shielding layer, and the intensifying screen, excluding an extension of the optical fiber group, is covered with the light-shielding member. The distal end of the extension of the optical fiber is coupled to the optical detector.

Abstract: A structure for use in determining the amount of radiation, e.g., X-ray radiation, received at one or more selected regions of an object, which structure includes a housing having front and rear covers and an image producing component, e.g., an X-ray film and one or more scintillating screens associated therewith positioned within the housing in alignment with such one or more regions. One or more detector arrays are fixedly positioned with respect to the housing in alignment with the image producing component and the one or more detector arrays respond to the one or more images produced to provide one or more output signals the values of which can be used to determine the amount of radiation received by the selected regions of the object.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment including a dose rate control device for fluoroscopy and an automatic control for x-ray exposures, a memory device is provided in which a respective pair of values for the x-ray tube output and for the exposure time is stored for each patient transparency and further exposure values. Further, a detector is provided which changes the pair of values called up when the exposure time switched by the exposure control deviates from the exposure time called up by a prescribed measure.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, an X-ray image intensifier and a camera for photographing the X-ray image intensifier-output image, an automatic exposure timer which includes an integrator for detection of the light quantity per image and a threshold value switch for shut off of the X-ray tube upon attainment of a setpoint light quantity. The threshold value switch possesses a control input for determining the switch-off threshold which is connected to a correction circuit for comparing the actual value and the setpoint value of the light quantity and which so determines the threshold that the actual value is adapted to the setpoint value. The afterglow of the X-ray image intensifier following the occurrence of a switch-off signal is thereby compensated.

Abstract: A combination portable ionization chamber and support for mounting and adjustably aligning the chamber to an X-ray cassette so that the ionization chamber is accurately positioned in line with a source of radiation and a body part or object being X-rayed wherein the support is suspended from the X-ray cassette and retains the ionization chamber in position abutting the rear surface of the X-ray cassette so that when sufficient radiation has been detected by the ionization chamber to insure an acceptable radiograph, power to the radiation source will be automatically terminated.

Abstract: In an X-ray examination apparatus comprising an image intensifier tube and an optical light distribution system there is included an image field selector, by means of which, using a subbeam diverted from the imaging beam, a measurement field can be selected and by means of which this measurement field or a boundary outline thereof can be projected back into the imaging radiation path. Thus, it is achieved that during an examination stage an indication of the extent and location of a measurement field which is considered to be relevant for controlling the desired exposure for pictures to be produced, can be constantly displayed on the image screen of the television monitor.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, two radiation detectors are arranged behind the radiography subject. One of the detectors is covered by a radiation filter. A different radiation attenuation along the radiation paths of the respective detectors thereby takes place, so that, through division of the output signals of the detectors, a quotient signal can be obtained which corresponds to the radiation transparency of the radiography subject.

Abstract: An automatic x-ray exposure time control wherein compensation curves representative of plots and reference signal voltages versus integrated x-ray dose signals can be reconfigured to account for the variable effects on x-ray film density resulting from the specific image receptor, collimator field area, x-ray intensity sensor and density factor used in any x-ray exposure technique over a range of operator-selected x-ray tube kilovoltage (kV) and current (mA). Data for a relatively small number of basic compensation curves are obtained and stored in ROMs. These curves are plots of exposure times versus integrated x-ray dose signals which resulted in producing a constant predetermined and desired film density for whatever amount of x-ray attenuating material is in the x-ray beam. Each basic curve is obtained with the x-ray tube operating at a particular kV and mA.

Abstract: This invention relates to a mobile ionization chamber assembly for monitoring the amount of radiation delivered to an X-ray film from an X-ray source. The ionization chamber together with a portable power supply therefor are encased in an insulated housing for reducing electrical hazards to the patient and operator involved in the X-ray procedure.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, two radiation detectors are present which are covered on their inlet sides for the radiation by two x-ray filters of different absorption. A divider divides the two output signals of the radiation detectors so that its output signal is a measure of the time variation of x-ray tube voltage during an exposure. The output signal of the divider is supplied to a time measurement circuit which provides a measure of the exposure time during which the x-ray tube voltage is greater than or equal to a predetermined value.

Abstract: A power supply provides high voltage for a grid controlled x-ray tube. In the supply an oscillator generates a high frequency signal which is amplified and transformed to kilovoltage. A voltage multiplier increases the kilovoltage to a potential suitable for the tube. The voltage multiplier includes a bank of series capacitors which tends to maintain a constant high voltage when the tube is not conducting.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, a timing device sets the fluoroscopy time, and a program setting and display device displays the instantaneous values of the fluoroscopy voltage and current. An arithmetic unit is provided to which signals are supplied which correspond to the fluoroscopy voltage, the fluoroscopy current, and the fluoroscopy time, and which is so designed that it forms the arithmetic mean values of these quantities and brings them to display.