Abstract: Disclosed herein, among other things, are methods and apparatus for wireless interference diagnostic hearing assistance device systems. One aspect of the present subject matter includes a method for assessing and mitigating wireless interference for hearing assistance device programmers. The method includes measuring wireless interference over wireless communication channels using a wireless programmer configured to communicate with a hearing assistance device. A graphical display in communication with the wireless programmer is used to assist or direct a user to physically move the wireless programmer or the hearing assistance device to minimize the measured wireless interference. In various embodiments, the measured wireless interference is used to identify a source of the wireless interference, and an identity of the source of the wireless interference is displayed on the graphical display.

Abstract: The present application discloses systems and methods for engaging in monitoring of audio signals received and processed by a hearing prosthesis. In accordance with one embodiment, a method includes a monitoring device detecting a trigger event, in response to the detecting, the monitoring device transmitting to a hearing prosthesis an instruction to switch transmission modes, and in response to the transmitting, the monitoring device receiving from the hearing prosthesis an audio stream.

Abstract: A hearing aid (1) adapted for operation in a sound amplification mode and for operation in an occlusion measurement mode, has a microphone (10) adapted for transforming an acoustic sound level external to a hearing aid users ear canal (4) into a first electrical signal which is guided to an A/D converter forming a first digitized electrical signal. The hearing aid has signal processing means with a filter bank (41, 42) with means for splitting an electrical signal into frequency bands, and a receiver (20) adapted for generating acoustic sounds in the ear canal of a user when in said amplification mode, and for transforming the acoustic sound level in the ear canal into a second electrical signal, when in occlusion measurement mode. The invention also provides a system and a method for measuring the occlusion effect.

Abstract: A method for determining a first set of one or more parameters for configuring a system, the method including evaluating a behavior of the system over a predetermined selection of parameter values for a second set of parameters, and deriving a first set of one or more parameters to configure the system based on the evaluated behavior of the system, wherein the number of parameters in the first set is less than the number of parameters in the second set.

Abstract: A portable tone generator includes a connector configurable to couple to an input/output port of a computing device, a memory configured to store data corresponding to a plurality of frequencies, and an output interface configurable to couple to a speaker system. The portable tone generator further includes tone generating circuitry coupled to the input interface, the output interface, and the memory. The tone generating circuitry is configured to receive a control signal from the computing device identifying a selected frequency of the plurality of frequencies, retrieve the data corresponding to the selected frequency, produce an output signal including a tone based on the data in response to receiving the control signal, and provide the output signal to the output interface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the wireless communication of analog and digital information using a modulator adapted to communicate analog information in an analog mode and to communicate digital information in a digital mode using frequency modulated transmissions. A demodulator adapted to receive the modulated information is provided. The present subject matter can be used with hearing assistance devices to communicate voice and data information. Applications of the system include communications with assistive listening devices, hearing aids, and other hearing assistance devices.

Abstract: Hearing device configuration and hearing treatment using categorical perception; systems and methods for categorical perception based configuration of hearing devices and hearing treatment.

Abstract: An audio signal processing system for use in assisting listening devices is disposed in a digital signal processor. The audio signal processing system comprises an input signal conversion unit, a signal compression unit, a hearing curve adjusting unit and an output signal conversion unit. An external audio signal can be converted from an analog format into a digital format by the input signal conversion unit, it is then compressed by the signal compression unit to be output to the hearing curve adjusting unit for adjusting parameters of the audio signal based on a hearing curve preset value, then it is output to the output signal conversion unit for the hearing signal to be amplified and converted from the digital format into the analog format for output, the audio signal is finally converted into music or voice by speakers of an assisting listening device to be output into a user's ears.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses may be used to test devices using a portable device. A portable device is a tablet computer, a smart phone, or other type of device. In embodiments, the different components of the portable device are utilized to perform tests on a medical device such as a hearing prosthesis or other type of medical device. For example, portable device components such as accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, microphones, speakers, etc. are used to provide testing stimuli and/or record the responses from the hearing prosthesis to the testing stimuli. The portable device is used to generate testing stimulus and record the response from the device being tested using the various components of the portable device. Analysis of the output of the medical device can be performed to determine a remedy to improve operation of the device.

Abstract: A hearing device comprises a receiver, an input buffer and a sample processor, the receiver being adapted to receive samples of a digital audio signal and feed received samples as a digital input signal to the input buffer, the sample processor being adapted to process the buffered samples to provide samples of a digital output signal such that the digital output signal is a sample-rate converted representation of the digital input signal with a predetermined target sample rate. The hearing device further comprises a latency controller adapted to estimate the quality of reception of the digital audio signal and to control the processing of the buffered samples in dependence on the estimated quality of reception.

Abstract: Methods and system for a sealing test comprising the steps of: sealing a predefined volume of gas; sampling a predefined frequency range, whereby there is no need to inject a predefined sound wave while sampling the predefined frequency range; and determining whether the predefined volume of gas is sealed or unsealed according to the sampled frequency range.

Abstract: A method for deploying hearing instrument fitting software wherein the fitting software comprises executable fitting program code (13) configured to process fitting program data (12,14) on a programmable data processor (11), comprises the steps of reading fitting program definition data (3) from data storage means provided in the hearing instrument (1), determining, from the fitting program definition data (3), at least part of least one of the fitting program data (12,14) and the fitting program code (13). The hearing instrument itself comprises the information defining the fitting software—be it the complete fitting software or an update or change to a fitting software residing in an external device.

Abstract: A method of adjusting a signal processing parameter for a first hearing aid and a second hearing aid forming parts of a binaural hearing aid system to be worn by a user is provided. The binaural hearing aid system comprises a user specific model representing a desired asymmetry between a first ear and a second ear of the user. The method includes detecting a request for processing a parameter change at the first hearing aid, adjusting the signal processing parameter in the first hearing aid, and adjusting a processing parameter for the second hearing aid based on the request for processing parameter change and the user specific model.

Abstract: An auditory device according to one embodiment includes a processing unit configurable to determine a noise estimate and a measure for one of a plurality of samples of an audio signal. The measure relates to an upper volume bounds. The processing unit is configured to apply at least one rule using the noise estimate and/or the measure to identify an input dynamic range for mapping the audio signal to a corresponding stimulation signal.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for automatic fitting of all audio signals according to the ear in which a user is using to receive audio signals from a host device. The device may comprise an inquirer configured to query a host device for an in-use audio producing transducer; an electronic mechanism configured to identify an ear which a user is using to receive audio signals from a host device, based on the in-use audio producing transducer; and a notifier configured to instruct the host device, based on the identified ear, to output a channel of audio signals to the in-use audio producing transducer. The ear in use may be deduced from inertial data. The instructions may specify a particular channel of audio signals, or enhancement thereof, based on characteristics of the identified ear and/or a detected or typical signal pathway used to transmit a signal to the identified ear.

Abstract: Adaptation of hearing devices is rendered more convenient and more accurate with a method for adapting a hearing device to a hearing device support. The hearing device is selected on the basis of initial data of several hearing devices with respect to the data relating to hearing loss of the hearing device support. The selected hearing device is preset using a target reinforcement curve and, optionally, a setting of the preset hearing device is finely adjusted. At least one of the mentioned steps of selecting and presetting as well as, optionally, the step of fine adjustment is carried out by means of a single perceptive model which individualizes the hearing loss data projected by the hearing loss of the hearing device support.

Abstract: A hearing aid distribution and service plan based on periodic subscription serves a wide range of hearing aid users with various needs for functionality and considerations for financial or value. One or more codes are provided for each hearing aid to allow for fitting by an authorized professional and enablement of one or more specified functions for a specified period. In various examples, the present hearing aid includes hearing assistance circuitry with a programming lock configured to receive an unlocking signal and a locking signal. In various examples, a hearing aid fitting device for communicating with a hearing aid includes a user interface configured to receive a lock code enabling a lock functionality that allows the hearing aid to be unlocked for fitting and locked for preventing from the fitting. The present application includes variations of a method for subscription-based hearing aid distribution.

Abstract: Improved approaches of designing and fitting hearing aids to make hearing aids more accessible to people with hearing loss are disclosed. The hearing aids can be capable of being fitted by users themselves or by other non-hearing specialists. In one embodiment a hearing aid can be self-calibrating. In another embodiment, hearing aids can be fitted, i.e., configured, for individuals with hearing loss using a simplified procedure that hearing aid users or non-hearing specialists can easily follow.

Abstract: A communication system reduces power consumption of a radio receiver and/or ensures quality of signal transmission by using various modes of receiver operation. In one embodiment, the communication system is part of a hearing assistance system with a hearing aid including the radio receiver. In one embodiment, a mode of reception is selected during signal transmission based on a detected parameter indicative of quality of the signal transmission. In one embodiment, a hearing aid includes a radio receiver using independent sidebands to receive signals transmitted using each of an upper-sideband and a lower-sideband.

Abstract: A hearing device and a method of the hearing aid are provided considering an external environment surrounding a user. The hearing device includes an external environment determination unit, an inquiry unit, and a parameter set unit. The external environment determination unit is configured to determine an external environment surrounding a user wearing the hearing device. The inquiry unit is configured to select a question corresponding to the external environment and inquire the question to the user. The parameter set unit is configured to set a parameter of the hearing device based on a response to the question and hearing loss information of the user.

Abstract: Systems and methods may be used to modify a controllable stimulus generated by a digital audio device in communication with a human user. An input signal is provided to the digital audio device. In turn, the digital audio device sends a stimulus based on that input signal to the human user, who takes an action, usually in the form of an output signal, to characterize the stimulus that the user receives, based on the user's perception. An algorithm, lookup table, or other procedure then determines a difference between the input signal and the output signal, and a perceptual model is constructed based at least in part on the difference. Thereafter, a new value for the parameter of the digital audio device is suggested based at least in part on the perceptual model. This process continues iteratively until the user's optimal device parameters are determined.

Abstract: The sound pressure level at the eardrum may be determined by constructing an optimized model of the ear canal and then calculating the simulated sound pressure level at the eardrum. The model is obtained by comparing real-ear-to-coupler differences between the sound pressure level measured at a fixed distance from a hearing instrument and a simulation of the measurement, optimizing the model by varying the length and/or diameter of the canal model, repeating the simulation and determination of simulated real-ear-to-coupler difference until the differences between the measured and simulated values are minimized. The optimized real-ear-to-coupler difference at the eardrum may then be determined and in turn the sound pressure level at the eardrum may be calculated. The sound pressure level at the eardrum may then be used to acoustically fit the hearing instrument to the person.

Abstract: Electronic devices and accessories for electronic devices such as headsets are provided. The electronic devices may produce audio output. The headsets may include earbuds with speakers that play the audio output for a user while the earbuds are located in the user's ears. Circuitry in an electronic device and a headset may be used in evaluating how well the earbuds are sealed to the user's ears. In response to seal quality measurements, informative messages can be generated for the user, overall earbud volume may be increased, balance adjustments may be made to correct for mismatched balance between left and right earbuds, equalization settings may be adjusted, and noise cancellation circuitry settings can be changed. Electrical impedance measurements and acoustic measurements can be used in evaluating seal quality.

Abstract: In a speech discrimination ability determination system, an MMN determination section acquires, with respect to each of the first and second speech sounds, difference information between the event-related potential acquired during its output with the first occurrence frequency and the event-related potential acquired during its output with the second occurrence frequency, and determines whether a negative component exists in the difference information in predetermined time ranges after the first and second speech sounds are output. When the determination result indicates that the negative component exists, a discrimination ability determination section determines that the user discriminates the first and second speech sounds.

Abstract: A method for testing a wireless communication system is disclosed comprising a fitting device (1; IF, PC) and at least one of a hearing device (HD1, HD2) and an accessory device (ACC) to the hearing device (HD1, HD2). The fitting device (1; IF, PC) comprising means for communicating with at least one of the hearing device (HD1, HD2) and the accessory device (ACC). The method comprises the steps of: testing at least one of the following elements: a transceiver of the hearing device (HD1, HD2); a transceiver of the accessory device (ACC); a transceiver of the fitting device (1; IF, PC); quality of a link between two transceivers; comparing results of the testing with predefined values, presenting a result of the comparison to the user of the fitting device (1; IF, PC) by indicating failure or non-failure for the corresponding element tested, wherein the step of testing is controlled by the fitting device (1; IF, PC).

Abstract: A method is proposed for testing a hearing device (1) located at a first location (L1), said hearing device (1) comprising a microphone (2) and a receiver (3) operationally connected to said microphone (2). The proposed method comprises the steps of providing a test signal to a first loudspeaker (4), providing with said first loudspeaker (4) an input audio signal to said microphone (2), sensing with a second microphone (5) an output audio signal from said receiver (3) to provide a second microphone signal, transmitting said second microphone signal from said first location (L1) to a second location (L2) distant from said first location (L1) via a communication network (6) to provide a received second microphone signal, and providing said received second microphone signal to an individual (7) located at said second location (L2). Furthermore, a system is proposed for performing such a method for remotely testing a hearing device (1).

Abstract: A method for adjusting a hearing system to the hearing preferences of a user of said hearing system is disclosed, wherein said hearing system is capable of carrying out frequency transposition of audio signals, which frequency transposition depends on at least one parameter. The method comprises the steps of A) carrying out a distinction test for examining said user's ability to distinguish between two stimulus signals which differ in their frequency contents; B) adjusting said at least one parameter in dependence of the result of said distinction test. The distinction test comprises the steps a2) consecutively playing said two stimulus signals to said user; b2) receiving from said user information indicative of whether said user perceived said two stimulus signals as two times the same sound or as two different sounds; c2) deriving a value from said information received from said user; wherein said result of said distinction test is dependent on said value.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to measurement of maximum stable gain of a hearing assistance device, including but not limited to hearing aids, as a function of frequency. In various approaches an adaptive filter with a variable step size is used to determine maximum stable gain as a function of frequency. In various approaches, the determination is done in process steps performed by the hearing assistance device. In various approaches, the determination is done in process steps performed by the hearing assistance device and by a host computer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and computing devices for fitting bilateral hearing prostheses. An example method includes sending a signal to a first hearing prosthesis and a second hearing prosthesis. The signal causes the first hearing prosthesis to deliver a first stimulus to a body part in a left auditory pathway of a user. The signal also causes the second hearing prosthesis to deliver a second stimulus to a body part in a right auditory pathway of the user. The first stimulus and the second stimulus cause the user to perceive a sound and are delivered simultaneously. The method also includes receiving an indication of a perception of the sound by the user. The method further includes determining an adjustment to at least one of the first stimulus or the second stimulus based on the perception of the sound by the user.

Abstract: Methods and systems for fitting a bone conduction device are provided herein. These methods and systems comprise determining a gain to be used by the bone conduction device in providing signals at a particular frequency. In determining the gain, a fitting system may provide a test sound that is modulated between a first signal provided to a speaker and a second audible signal provided to a bone conduction device. The first and second audible signal may comprise properties such that when the two signals are added together they produce a constant amplitude output. In an embodiment, each of the first and second audible signals may comprise substantially identical frequency characteristics and signal amplitudes, such as, for example, equal amplitude sinusoids centered on the particular frequency for the measurement.

Abstract: An exemplary method includes 1) detecting, by an auditory prosthesis configured to be implanted in a patient, a communicative coupling of a sound processor to the auditory prosthesis, the sound processor configured to be located external to the patient, and 2) logging, by the auditory prosthesis, data associated with an operation of the sound processor while the sound processor is communicatively coupled to the auditory prosthesis. Corresponding auditory prostheses and systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, among other things, is a system for customizing a hearing assistance device for a wearer. According to various embodiments, data corresponding to the wearer's acoustic environment is logged using the hearing assistance device. In various embodiments, the hearing assistance device is fitted by an adaptive fitting process controlled by the wearer, the adaptive fitting process having access to the data logged by the hearing assistance device to customize settings of the hearing assistance device for the wearer. In an embodiment, data related to fitting the hearing assistance device is sent via a network connection to a location accessible by the wearer's audiologist and/or device manufacturer. The sent data is used to create an interactive database, and the database is used for fitting hearing assistance devices for one or more wearers, in various embodiments.

Abstract: A system collects information on performance of short-range wireless communication in local hearing aid systems. The information is analyzed, for example, to inform local users to adjust the local hearing aid systems, to adjust operational parameters for improving wireless communication in the local hearing aid systems, and/or to improve wireless connectivity and reliability in future products.

Abstract: The method of manufacturing a firmware-updated programmable hearing device comprising at least one processor and a memory unit in which hearing device firmware is stored, comprises the step of executing an update application in said processor installing an updated version of at least a portion of the hearing device firmware in said memory unit. The system for updating the firmware of a programmable hearing device as described above comprises: an update apparatus comprising a communication interface for communication via a wireless communication link and a storage unit in which an update application is stored, which is designed to be executed in said processor installing an updated version of at least a portion of the hearing device firmware in said memory unit.

Abstract: A system and method for using an audiogram and audio filters to provide improved audio characteristics for hearing impaired listeners by equalizing the received sound level of the signal across the frequency spectrum. The system and method further provide for modifying an audio signal based on the personal hearing characteristics of a listener to compensate for hearing loss.

Abstract: The present application discloses systems, methods, and articles of manufacture for fitting a hearing prosthesis to a hearing prosthesis recipient. Some embodiments include generating a first set of two or more stimulation signals via a corresponding set of two or more channels of a hearing prosthesis, reducing the corresponding stimulation levels of the stimulation signals of the first set of two or more stimulation signals in response to receiving an indication that a sound sensation corresponding to the first set of two or more stimulation signals is uncomfortably loud, and generating a second set of one or more stimulation signals at the reduced stimulation levels via a first subset of one or more channels.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for determining an operating state of an earpiece of a personal acoustic device and/or the entirety of the personal acoustic device through tests to determine the current operating state, wherein the tests differ depending on a current power mode of the personal acoustic device, and wherein at least one lower power test is employed during at least one lower power mode.

Abstract: A method is presented of evaluating a wireless connection while fitting a hearing aid. The method comprises the steps of sending a signal via the wireless connection from a computer system (103) to a portable device (102), receiving the signal in the computer system via the wireless connection from the portable device, thereby obtaining information about the wireless connection, evaluating the information in the computer system through retrieving a current value representative of the quality of the wireless communication, smoothing the current value thereby obtaining a smoothed value, and providing a quality parameter based on the smoothed value. Also a system for fitting a hearing aid, a computer program, and a computer system adapted to the use of such a method are presented.

Abstract: A system for in-situ evaluation of the performance of an actuator of a hearing instrument to be implanted in a middle ear cavity of a patient and to be mechanically coupled to an ossicle or to the cochlea includes: a reference output transducer assembly for generating sound waves in the middle ear cavity, means for providing test audio signals as input to the actuator and to the reference transducer assembly, a microphone assembly for being inserted at least in part into the middle ear cavity for picking up sound waves in the middle ear cavity generated by vibrations of the actuator and by the reference output transducer assembly according to the test audio signals and for providing for an output signal corresponding to the picked-up sound waves, and means for analyzing the output signals of the microphone assembly in order to evaluate the actuator performance.

Abstract: An ear-level hearing device and a handheld computer with a graphical user interface determines a subject's own hearing threshold. Hardware includes the smartphone, viewing screen of the smartphone, smartphone software, ear level hearing device, transmitter on the smartphone and receiver on the ear level device (ELD) communicating with the graphical user interface on the smartphone to the ear level hearing device. The interface on the smartphone may include an automatic routine or buttons to vary frequency and amplitude of a frequency dependent sound presentation to the earpiece. Software installed on the hand-held smartphone system sends wireless signals to the ELD changing acoustic parameters in the listening device. The ELD stores frequency/amplitude parameters of the thresholds and wirelessly delivers them to the smartphone. The smartphone uses the threshold data to derive the appropriate amplified acoustical signal (relative to the thresholds) to the subject.

Abstract: An exemplary uncomfortable sound pressure estimation system includes: a sound stimulation scheduling section configured to determine points in time of outputting a group of sound stimulations so that times of measurement for event-related potentials in response to the second sound and third sound arrive after a predetermined noise-lingering time has elapsed since a next point of occurrence of periodic noise; an event-related potential characteristic amount extraction section configured to receive the points in time of outputting the sound stimulation group, and extract a characteristic amount of an event-related potential of the electroencephalogram signal based on each point of outputting the group of sound stimulations as a starting point; and an uncomfortable sound pressure determination section configured to determine an uncomfortable sound pressure for the frequency of the sound stimulation group.

Abstract: The inventor has found that a considerable portion of hearing system users have a considerable lack of understanding the effect of adjusting adjustable audio processing parameters of the hearing system. Therefore, the method according to the invention comprises the steps of a) playing a first test sound to a user of a hearing system; r) receiving user input from said user in reaction to step a); s) interpreting said user input as a request for selecting and/or adjusting at least one audio processing parameter of a signal processing unit; h) calculating—based on said request obtained in step s), and in dependence of said first test sound played to said user—at least one value, which is related to said user's ability to make use of one or more adjustable audio processing parameters of said hearing system. This method can be used for improving said user's ability to make use of one or more adjustable audio processing parameters of said hearing system. A corresponding arrangement is disclosed, too.

Abstract: Wearers of hearing apparatuses and in particular of hearing device systems having two speakers are to be able to enjoy the experience of spatial multi-channel reproduction. Provision is accordingly made to generate a dual-channel audio signal for a binaural hearing apparatus comprising a multi-channel audio signal having at least three individual channels. Accordingly at least one spatial impression-influencing signal level in at least one of the individual channels is changed, and a signal of at least one of the individual channels is connected with signals of the remaining individual channels to the dual-channel audio signal. A corresponding hearing apparatus and in particular a corresponding hearing device have a transformation system that takes over this preprocessing from the multi-channel audio signal to the dual-channel audio signal.

Abstract: An assisting listening device having audiometry function includes an earphone, a testing signal generator, a feedback generator and a control box. The testing signal generator is controlled by a digital signal processor of the control box to provide a testing signal to a speaker of the earphone. The feedback generator will generate a feedback signal to the digital signal processor of the control box subject to the testing signal, enabling the digital signal processor to evaluate the user's hearing threshold level so that the user can adjust the functioning of the assisting listening device optimally subject to the evaluation result.

Abstract: An amplification factor for a hearing aid device is generated by way of the following steps: forming a numerator, wherein the numerator includes a total with a first total component which is formed by means of multiplication of a strength of an approximately undisturbed signal with a first weighting and a second total component, which is formed by multiplication of a strength of a disturbed signal with a second weighting; forming a denominator, which includes the numerator as a first summand and a strength of an interference signal as a second summand. The amplification factor is finally determined by forming a quotient from the numerator divided by the denominator. An apparatus is configured to implement and carry out the novel method.

Abstract: System and method for remotely obtaining audiometric measurements and adjusting hearing aids via the Internet, using telematic means such as video conferencing and e-mail to establish a remote connection between the patient who may be at home, in a medical center or in a pharmacy and a hearing aid specialist at an audiometry laboratory or clinic, whereby the specialist remotely provides the patient with instructions for carrying out an audiometry test and, depending on the results, subsequently transmits adjustment signals via the Internet to the patient's hearing aid which is connected to a computer to which the patient has access.

Abstract: A hearing aid includes a microphone to convert sound into an electrical signal and a processor coupled to the microphone. The processor is configured to apply a selected one of a sequence of incremental hearing corrections to the electrical signal to produce a modulated output signal to at least partially compensate for a hearing impairment of a user. The hearing aid further includes a speaker coupled to the processor and configured to convert the modulated output signal into an audible sound.

Abstract: A speech sound intelligibility assessment system includes: a biological signal measurement section for measuring an electroencephalogram signal of a user; a presented-speech sound control section for determining a speech sound to be presented by referring to a speech sound database retaining a plurality of monosyllabic speech sounds; an audio output section for presenting the speech sound determined by the presented-speech sound control section as an audio; a characteristic component detection section for utilizing the electroencephalogram signal of the user measured by the biological signal measurement section to determine presence or absence of a characteristic component of an event-related potential at 800 ms±100 ms from a point of presenting the audio; and a speech sound intelligibility assessment section for, based on a result of determination by the characteristic component detection section, determining whether the user has aurally comprehended the speech sound or not.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method and system includes: synchronizing the timing of the change of a clock frequency based on the state of an output subsystem for driving an output transducer.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates generally to the method and apparatus for using haptics for fitting hearing aids. The application of haptics technology to hearing aid fitting system software is provided. A graphical user interface with a touch screen for hearing aid fitting provides tactile response to a user adjusting hearing aid parameters using the touch screen. The interface provides feedback to assist the user in rapid and accurate hearing aid fitting. Other variations include using a touch pad for the tactile response.