Abstract: An optical fiber distribution or breakout cable for serving multiple customer premises in a multi-dwelling unit (MDU) building. The cable contains a number of bend insensitive fibers each having a different colored coating for identification. A jacket of a flame-retardant polymer compound is extruded to surround the fibers. The jacket is sufficiently opaque to hide the color coated fibers at least partially from view, and the outer diameter of the jacket is not more than about 3.5 mm. A procedure for installing the cable through a hallway of a MDU building so as to lessen any negative visual impact of the installation on observers nearby is also disclosed.

Abstract: An articulate joint mechanism includes a first link (L1, A1, M1, U1), a second link (L2, A2, M2, U2), a coupling (KR, KR1, ER, ER1, ER2, MR, UR) mechanically connecting the first link with the second link in a mutually moveable manner at least with one degree of freedom, and an optical fiber cable (11, 21, 31, 41) extending from the first link to the second link via the coupling, the optical fiber cable including a fiber cable core (F1, F2, F3, F4) and a sheath (C1, C2, C3, C4) surrounding the fiber cable core.

Abstract: An optical fiber unit for air-blown installations includes a plurality of optical fiber sub-units and a central member, wherein the optical fiber sub-units are stranded around the central member; wherein each of the optical fiber sub-units includes a number of optical fibers, an inner layer which is radially outer to the optical fibers, and an outer layer which is radially outer to the inner layer, wherein the outer layer includes particulate material which is partially embedded into the outer layer; and wherein the optical fiber unit further includes a binder for keeping the stranded optical fiber sub-units in a proper arrangement.

Abstract: The present embodiment relates to an MCF in which the strength of mode coupling or power coupling between adjacent cores included in one coupled-core group is set to an appropriate level to reduce a DGD. The MCF includes at least one coupled-core group. A core interval ? between adjacent cores included in the coupled-core group is set such that a mode coupling coefficient between the adjacent cores at a wavelength of 1550 nm satisfies 2.6×100 [m?1] to 1.6×102 [m?1] or a power coupling coefficient between the adjacent cores at the wavelength of 1550 nm satisfies 1.3×10?3 [m?1] to 8.1×100 [m?1].

Abstract: A self-cleaning optical fiber connector system for ensuring dust or contaminants are cleared from an optical connection interface is disclosed. In one aspect, the optical fiber connector system includes a connector joining first and second connectors. The adapter has a main body defining a central opening within which the connectors are received. The connectors each include a fiber optic cable secured by a ferrule. In one aspect, the ferrule defines an airflow passageway that narrows between a second opening and a first opening proximate an end face of the cable optical core and cladding. The connectors are constructed such that, as each connector is being inserted into the connector, an air flow is generated through the ferrule airflow passageway, and optionally through an exhaust airflow passageway in the connector. The generated airflow clears debris from the exposed end faces. Electrostatic precipitation may also be used to aid in clearing dust and debris, alone or in combination with air flow effects.

Abstract: A micro-duct cable includes a center member and a plurality of buffer tubes surrounding the center member. A plurality of fibers are disposed in each of the plurality of buffer tubes. Each of the plurality of buffer tubes contains greater than or equal to 24 fibers. The micro-duct cable further includes a cable jacket surrounding the plurality of buffer tubes and the center member. A maximum outer diameter of the cable is less than 13 millimeters and a modulus of elasticity of the cable is greater than or equal to 800 kpsi.

Abstract: There is provided a cable television (CATV) cable tap device comprising a cable tap unit having a front section with electrical circuitry connected to a plurality of tap ports and a rear section connectable to a broadband network, wherein an amplifier unit is disposed between the front section and the rear section and is in electrical communication with both the front section and the rear section. The amplifier unit is a separate module and comprises one or more amplification circuits for upstream and/or downstream amplification of signals.

Abstract: Fiber optic cable demarcations inhibiting movements of optical fibers relative to strength members, and related cable assemblies and methods, are disclosed. By bonding optical fibers to strength members with a bonding agent received into at least one cavity, a demarcation may be formed inside the cable jacket at a cable jacket interface. The at least one cavity may be disposed within a cable jacket of a fiber optic cable and at the cable jacket interface. The demarcation may bond at least one optical fiber and at least one strength member together to inhibit longitudinal movement of the at least one optical fiber relative to the at least one strength member. In this manner, the demarcation may inhibit optical fiber movement within the fiber optic connector, which may cause tensile forces and/or buckling of the optical fiber resulting in optical fiber damage and/or optical attenuation.

Abstract: A backshell assembly with a strain relief member. The backshell assembly includes an enclosure member for positioning over a connector. The enclosure member has a wire receiving portion which extends from a surface of the enclosure member. A strain relief mounting member extends from the enclosure. The strain relief member is movably mounted to the strain relief mounting member. The strain relief member is movable between 0 degrees and 90 degrees as measured between a center axis a wire mounting opening of the wire receiving portion to a center axis of a wire receiving opening of the strain relief member.

Abstract: A multicore fiber includes a plurality of unit multicore fibers each including: a plurality of core portions; and a clad portion which is formed in an outer circumference of the core portions and has a refractive index lower than a maximum refractive index of the core portions. The plurality of the core portions have substantially same refractive index profile and different group delays at same wavelength in same propagation mode. The core portions of the multicore fiber are configured so that the core portions of the plurality of the unit multicore fibers are connected in cascade, a maximum value of differential group delays between the core portions of the multicore fiber is smaller than a reduced value of a maximum value of differential group delays between the core portions of each unit multicore fiber as a value in terms of a length of the multicore fiber.

Abstract: A cable comprising a central member with a coating that is soft, and which deforms under compression. Ribbon stacks are then placed atop the soft material so that the bottoms of the ribbon stacks are in direct contact with the soft material, thereby causing the soft material to conform to the shape of the bottoms of the ribbon stacks.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor photo-receiving device includes a substrate, a light propagation layer and a semiconductor layer including a lowest layer and upper layers. The upper layers include an optical absorption layer. The light propagation layer includes a first light input layer, a first annular layer at a desired distance from the first light input layer, and a first optical waveguide connecting the first light input layer and annular layer. The lowest layer of the semiconductor layer includes a second light input layer, a second annular layer at a desired distance from the second light input layer, and a second optical waveguide connecting the second light input layer and annular layer.

Abstract: An optical fiber connector for connecting to an optical fiber cable includes a shell, a hollow guiding device, and a socket device. The hollow guiding device is connected to the shell. The socket device includes a hollow socket unit and a ferrule. The socket unit is formed as one piece and is detachably connected to an end of the guiding device opposite to the shell such that the optical fiber cable extends through the guiding device and the shell into the socket unit. The ferrule is disposed in the socket unit and is for connecting to one end of the optical fiber cable.

Abstract: An optical fiber comprises a glass fiber which comprises a core and a cladding, a primary resin coating layer which covers the periphery of the glass fiber, and a secondary resin coating layer which covers the periphery of the primary resin coating layer. The glass fiber is a multimode fiber having a core diameter of 40-60 ?m and a cladding diameter of 90-110 ?m, and the primary resin coating layer is a layer formed by curing a curable resin composition which comprises oligomers, monomers, and a reaction initiator, the curable resin composition containing a one-end-capped oligomer in an amount of 30% by mass or larger based on all the oligomers.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed for implementing power buses. Apparatus may include a first plurality of connectors, a second plurality of connectors, and a first plurality of conductive sheets configured to electrically couple the first plurality of connectors with the second plurality of connectors. The first plurality of conductive sheets may include a first conductive sheet and a second conductive sheet. The first conductive sheet may conduct a first current in a first direction. The second conductive sheet may provide a return path for the first current in a second direction. The apparatus may also include a second plurality of conductive sheets. The second plurality of conductive sheets may include a third conductive sheet and a fourth conductive sheet. The third conductive sheet may conduct a second current in the first direction. The fourth conductive sheet may provide a return path for the second current in the second direction.

Abstract: Fiber optic cable demarcations inhibiting movements of optical fibers relative to strength members, and related cable assemblies and methods, are disclosed. By bonding optical fibers to strength members with a bonding agent received into at least one cavity, a demarcation may be formed inside the cable jacket at a cable jacket interface. The at least one cavity may be disposed within a cable jacket of a fiber optic cable and at the cable jacket interface. The demarcation may bond at least one optical fiber and at least one strength member together to inhibit longitudinal movement of the at least one optical fiber relative to the at least one strength member. In this manner, the demarcation may inhibit optical fiber movement within the fiber optic connector, which may cause tensile forces and/or buckling of the optical fiber resulting in optical fiber damage and/or optical attenuation.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to the mitigation of multi-path interference from quasi-single-mode fiber using hybrid span configuration and digital signal processing wherein a hybrid span of quasi-single mode fibers and single-mode fibers are used to configure the hybrid span. Additional aspects are directed to introducing a low-baud rate sub-banding signal to reduce the number of DD-LMS taps required when compensating the multi-path interference as the low-baud rate signal requires fewer taps to cover a given range of MPI as compared to a high-baud rate signal. Finally further aspects are directed to an ALMS equalizer which further reduces the number of equalizer taps by shifting its center tap towards the right if higher-order modes transmit slower than a fundamental mode, otherwise the center tap is shifted to the left.

Abstract: An adapter for a fiber optic connector has provides strain relief for a jacketed cable connected to the adapter and the connector. The adapter preferably has two portions that act together to engage the jacketed cable and a boot that applies pressure to the adapter to secure the adapter. The two portions of the adapter may also be rotatably connected to one another. The boot has a projection that cooperates with an optical component to seal the adapter and optical component from outside particulates.

Abstract: Buffered optical fibers are formed by extruding discontinuities in the buffer layer. The discontinuities allow the buffer layer to be torn to provide access to the buffered optical fiber. The discontinuities can be longitudinally extending strips of material in the buffer layer, and can be introduced into the extrudate material flow used to form the first section of the buffer layer in the extrusion head.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a presentation device having a controller that performs operations including enabling a supply of power to a portable battery operated device from a presentation port where the presentation port is a high definition multimedia interface port by trickle charging a rechargeable battery of the portable battery operated device through the presentation port, and receiving from the portable battery operated device an audio-visual signal for presentation at the presentation device through the presentation port. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A lighting system includes a housing. The housing includes a light source portion, an electronic component portion, and a partition wall that is disposed between the light source portion and the electronic component portion. Further, the housing includes a channel that extends at an angle downwards from a portion of the partition wall to the light source portion. The channel provides a passageway from the electronic component portion to the light source portion of the housing. A grommet is disposed in the inclined channel to prevent external environmental elements, such as dust, water, etc., from entering the electronic component portion from the light source portion. Further, the lighting system includes a mounting bracket on which one or more electronic components associated with the lighting system are mounted. The mounting bracket is disposed within the electronic component portion and coupled to a surface of the electronic component portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ethylene/1-hexene or ethylene/1-butene copolymer having excellent processibility. The ethylene/1-hexene or ethylene/1-butene copolymer according to the present invention has high molecular weight and wide molecular weight distribution, and thus excellent processibility, and has excellent environmental stress crack resistance, and thus, may be applied for a high inner pressure heating pipe, a mining pipe, or a large-diameter pipe, and the like.

Abstract: Cables are constructed with embedded discontinuities in the cable jacket that allow the jacket to be torn to provide access to the cable core. The discontinuities can be longitudinally extending strips of polymer material coextruded in the cable jacket.

Abstract: A method of connecting multicore fibers 2 includes a shaping step S2 and a fusing step S3. The multicore fibers 2 satisfy Y?20, where a distance from a center of a core 11 located on the outer periphery side of a clad 20 to a side surface of the clad 20 is defined as Y ?m. The shaping step S2 includes heating a end surfaces 50 to satisfy 0<X/Y?0.0054Y+0.268, where a distance in a longitudinal direction from a portion of each multicore fiber 2 located at an end in the longitudinal direction on each shaped end surface 50 to a position at which the end surface 50 and the side surface of the clad 20 meet each other is defined as X ?m.

Abstract: A fiber optic cable assembly includes a fiber optic cable and a connector assembly. The fiber optic cable includes an optical fiber, having a core surrounded by a cladding, and a jacket, which surrounds the optical fiber. The jacket includes a plurality of reinforcement members integrated into a matrix material of the jacket. The connector assembly includes a rear housing having a connector end that is directly engaged with an end portion of the jacket. A fiber optic cable includes an optical fiber with a core surrounded by a cladding. The fiber optic cable also includes a jacket that surrounds the optical fiber. The jacket includes about 40% to about 70% by weight of a plurality of reinforcement members integrated into a matrix material of the jacket.

Abstract: A flexible optical substrate allows incident light or optical signals to be propagated or transmitted the flexible optical substrate. The flexible optical substrate includes unitary elastic structures. Each of the unitary elastic structures includes a film-like resin material that has a central portion and one or more strips provided outwardly of the central portion. One end of each of the one or more strips is connected to the central portion. Each of the unitary elastic structures has a clearance. Two adjacent unitary elastic structures are linked by at least part of the strips of the two adjacent unitary elastic structures.

Abstract: Optical cable components fabricated from an extrudable polymeric blend of crystalline polypropylene modified with one or more impact-modifying polymers. The impact-modifying polymers are selected from an olefin multi-block interpolymer, an olefin block composite, and combinations thereof. Optionally, the polymeric blend can further comprise an elastomer other than the impact-modifying polymer. The polymeric blend may also contain one or more additives. The optical fiber cable components can be selected from buffer tubes, core tubes, and slotted core tubes.

Abstract: In a feed line switching apparatus, a situation in which the feed line switching apparatus cannot work when feed lines have a predetermined connection relationship is prevented. The feed line switching apparatus includes a command acquisition unit which acquires a feed line switching command which designates a connection relationship of feed lines, a switching execution unit which switches the connection relationship of the feed lines in accordance with the feed line switching command acquired by the command acquisition unit, and a switching control unit which suppresses switching of the connection relationship of the feed lines in the switching execution unit for a predetermined feed line switching command.

Abstract: An optical cable has a cable core including at least one tube loosely accommodating optical fibers, the at least one tube being accommodated within a jacket embedding at least two strength members, the cable core and the jacket comprising combustible material. A ratio of core combustible material/jacket combustible material is lower than 60 vol %. The jacket is made of a composition having hardness of at least 60 Shore D and a LOI higher than 35%.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a light module having an excitation radiation source, a rotatable color wheel having a plurality of sectors which can be irradiated sequentially by the excitation radiation source upon a rotation of the color wheel. In this case, a wavelength conversion element is arranged in a first region at least in one of the sectors. Furthermore, at least one subregion of a second region of the color wheel is embodied as at least partly light-transmissive, and at least one part of the light emitted by the at least one wavelength conversion element can be guided through said subregion to an output of the light module.

Abstract: An optical coupling device includes a multi-core fiber alignment station, a single-mode fiber alignment station, and a furcation lens assembly. The multi-core fiber alignment station and single-mode fiber alignment station include alignment hardware configured to position optical fibers at fixed positions relative to an optical axis of the furcation lens assembly. The furcation lens assembly includes a furcating and projecting axicon surfaces that are rotationally invariant and are configured such that optical modes of an optical fiber aligned in one of the fiber alignment stations are spatially separated and substantially telecentrically mapped to corresponding optical modes of optical fibers aligned in the other fiber alignment station.

Abstract: A method for cutting to length a piece of tube having an inner tube and an outer tube sheathing, the piece of tube being detached with the aid of a cutting tool at a cutting site in a plane oriented transversely to the longitudinal extent of the tube. The tube sheathing is surrounded by a severable tube fixing element, which covers over the intended cutting site before the piece of tube is detached using the cutting tool at the cutting site, and the tube fixing element completely encloses the outer tube sheathing in the circumferential direction. The tube fixing element is fixed on the tube sheathing and/or the tube enclosed by the tube fixing element is severed with the cutting tool such that a relative displacement of the tube fixing element with respect to the tube sheathing or of the tube sheathing with respect to the inner tube is prevented.

Abstract: An optoelectronic assembly connectorizing light through an optical fiber. A housing includes an axially extending cavity. A transparent window is located at a first end of the cavity. A termination part is located at a second end of the cavity. The cavity forms a cooling chamber being fed by a flowing coolant surrounding an envelope surface of the optical fiber. The optical fiber is in optical contact with the window and extends out of the assembly through the termination part. The optical fiber is fixed in the termination part with a guiding glue.

Abstract: An optical connector apparatus includes a connector which is connected to an electro-optical composite cable including an optical fiber and a metal conductor, and a connection object to be connected. The connector is provided with a ferrule which has a conductive portion on at least a part of the surface thereof. The connection object to be connected is provided with an electrically conductive connection member to be connected to the ferrule. The ferrule and the cable are connected by a crimping structure. When the ferrule is inserted in the connection member, the connector and the connection object to be connected are electrically and optically connected to each other.

Abstract: A fiber optic ribbon cable includes a jacket of the cable, the jacket having a cavity defined therein, an optical element including an optical fiber and extending within the cavity of the jacket, and a dry water-blocking element extending along the optical element within the cavity. The dry water-blocking element is wrapped around the optical element with at least a portion of the dry water-blocking element disposed between another portion of the dry water-blocking element and the optical element, thereby defining an overlapping portion of the dry water-blocking element. The optical element interfaces with the overlapping portion to provide direct or indirect coupling between the optical element and the jacket.

Abstract: In a C band and an L band, the effective refractive indices of light propagating through the cores 11 and 21 adjacent to each other are different from each other such that a magnitude of crosstalk of light of a highest-order LP mode commonly propagating through the cores 11 and 21 adjacent to each other between the cores 11 and 21 adjacent to each other becomes a peak at a bending diameter smaller than a diameter of 100 mm, and the core has a higher refractive index in a center portion than in an outer circumferential portion such that a differential mode group delay of the cores 11 and 12 is 700 picoseconds/km or less.

Abstract: A cable including two metal conductor wires, and a coating that is made of a transparent material or a translucent material, covers the two metal conductor wires in a state of being arranged in parallel at an interval, and is shaped in a manner that one of two surfaces existing along a direction substantially parallel to a direction between the two metal conductor wires is a plane and the other surface is a curved surface with a convex cross section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an end cap for terminating a transmission cable containing at least one transmission line, the end cap comprising at least one lead-through opening for guiding the at least one line from a rear side to a front side of the end cap. Further, the invention relates to a terminating arrangement terminating a transmission cable containing at least one transmission line. Moreover, the invention relates to a kit for a terminating arrangement for terminating a transmission cable. In order to facilitate the termination of a transmission cable, the present invention provides that a passage extending from the rear side to the front side is formed at the end cap, the passage being adapted for accommodating a central strength member of the cable.

Abstract: An optical communication cable is provided. The optical communication cable includes an outer cable layer and a plurality of optical fiber bundles surrounded by the outer cable layer. Each optical fiber bundle includes a bundle jacket surrounding a plurality of optical fiber subunits located within the bundle passage. The plurality of optical subunits are wrapped around each other within the bundle passage forming a wrapped pattern. Each optical fiber subunit includes a subunit jacket surrounding a elongate optical fiber located within the subunit passage. The cable jacket, bundle jacket and subunit jacket may be fire resistant, and strength strands of differing lengths may be located in the bundles and the subunits.

Abstract: A micro-duct cable includes a center member and a plurality of buffer tubes surrounding the center member. A plurality of fibers are disposed in each of the plurality of buffer tubes. Each of the plurality of buffer tubes contains greater than or equal to 24 fibers. The micro-duct cable further includes a cable jacket surrounding the plurality of buffer tubes and the center member. A maximum outer diameter of the cable is less than 13 millimeters and a modulus of elasticity of the cable is greater than or equal to 800 kpsi.

Abstract: A fiber optic network for a multiple dwelling unit (MDU) is disclosed. The fiber optic network comprises a riser cable preconnectorized with a first riser optical connector. The riser cable is optically connected to a feeder cable providing optical communication service to the MDU. The riser cable has one or more preset mid-span access points along the length of the riser cable. One or more optical fibers of the riser cable extend from the riser cable at the one or more preset mid-span access points and are preconnectorized with a second riser optical connector. A payout reel is adapted to pay out the riser cable such that the riser cable extends between the lower level and at least one of the one or more distribution levels. The payout reel is adapted to store a length of the riser.

Abstract: A cable mount for fixing a strength member of a fiber optic cable to a fixture includes a front end, a rear end, and a longitudinal channel therebetween, the channel defined by upper and lower transverse walls and a vertical divider wall. The channel receives a portion of the cable. A strength member pocket receives the strength member of the cable, the pocket located on an opposite side of the divider wall from the longitudinal channel, the pocket communicating with the longitudinal channel through an opening on the divider wall. A strength member clamp fixes the strength member of the cable against axial pull. Cable management structures in the form of spools define at least one notch that communicates with the longitudinal channel for guiding optical fibers extending from a jacket either upwardly or downwardly therethrough. The cable mount also allows routing of the optical fibers through the longitudinal channel all the way from the rear end to the front end.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an insulating wire and, more particularly, to an insulating wire having partial discharge resistance that exhibits excellent partial discharge resistance and high partial discharge inception voltage and also excellences in the adhesion between the conductor and the insulation layer and the flexibility of the insulation layer, which insulating wire can be prepared by a simple process at a low production cost.

Abstract: A multi-fiber optical fiber connector including a connector housing having a front portion and a rear portion is disclosed. A multi-fiber ferrule is disposed in the connector housing such that it projects from the front portion of the connector housing. The rear portion of the connector housing includes at least a first channel configured to receive a plurality of optical fibers of an optical cable and to couple the optical fibers to the ferrule, and a second channel configured to receive a strength member of the optical cable. The multi-fiber optical fiber connector may be an ingress protected optical fiber connector, and may have an outside diameter less than about 15.8 mm, such as about 14 mm.

Abstract: A high-temperature and crack resistant optical communication cable is provided. The cable includes an extruded cable body formed from a polymer material defining a channel within the cable body. The cable includes a plurality of optical transmission elements located within the channel. The cable includes a reinforcement sheet wrapped around the plurality of optical transmission elements. The cable includes an adhesion barrier wrapped around the wrapped reinforcement sheet. The adhesion barrier layer is a substantially uninterrupted adhesion barrier layer such that the adhesion barrier layer acts to prevent substantial adhesion between the polymer material of the cable body and an outer surface of the wrapped reinforcement sheet.

Abstract: A fiber optic cable is disclosed, wherein the cable includes a plurality of optical fibers, a tensile-strength layer, and a protective cover surrounding the tensile-strength layer and having an outside diameter Do?5 mm, wherein under a crush load of 100N/cm for 10 minutes, the optical fibers exhibit a delta attenuation of less than 0.8 decibels at a wavelength of 1300 nanometers. A method of forming a fiber optic cable includes extruding a protective cover longitudinally around a plurality of optical fibers and a tensile-strength layer such that the protective cover has an outside diameter Do?5 mm and the optical fibers exhibit a delta attenuation of less than 0.8 decibels at a wavelength of 1300 nanometers when placed under a crush load of 100N/cm for 10 minutes.

Abstract: A cable assembly may include a plurality of cable connectors and a cable jacket. Each cable connector may include a ferrule and a cable boot. Each ferrule may have a ferrule passage between a leading end and a trailing end and may be configured to receive an optical fiber. Each cable boot may include a first end with a recess configured to receive at least a portion of the ferrule and a second end having a boot passage connected to the recess and configured to receive at least a portion of the optical fiber. The cable jacket may include a jacket passage between a first portion and a second portion and may be configured to selectively release the plurality of cable connectors in the first configuration and receive the plurality of cable connectors in the second configuration.

Abstract: Disclosed are buffer tubes of various colors having reduced stress whitening while retaining compliance with standard color requirements. In this regard, each buffer tube includes a polymeric tube that typically has a small amount of titanium dioxide. Each buffer tube typically demonstrates color compliance with the EIA Standard EIA-359-A.

Abstract: Trunk gland adapters include an adapter body having an internal bore that is sized to receive a trunk cable gland so that a front end of the trunk cable gland extends through a front opening of the internal bore and a plurality of attachment clips that are configured to releasably attach the adapter body to a mounting aperture in a wall of a fiber optic enclosure. Related trunk gland units and methods of routing a trunk cable into an enclosure are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is an optical element having an optical waveguide region that can propagate azimuthally polarized light or radially polarized light while maintaining the direction of polarization. The optical element has a resin layer and an optical waveguide region that is formed in the resin layer and guides light in the lengthwise direction of the resin layer. Liquid crystal molecules are oriented in an approximately radiating shape in a cross section perpendicular to the lengthwise direction in the optical waveguide region, and the refractive index of the optical waveguide region is greater than that of the resin layer.