Abstract: An optical waveguide unit having board unit engaging vertical grooves and a board unit having engagement plate portions to be fitted in the vertical grooves and projections are individually produced, and the engagement plate portions and the projections are brought into fitting engagement with the vertical grooves of the optical waveguide unit. At this time, the projections are deformed to accommodate the tolerances of the components, thereby preventing wobbling and warpage of the board unit. Further, the vertical grooves of the optical waveguide unit are provided in proper positions with respect to a light transmission face of a core, and the engagement plate portions of the board unit are provided in proper positions with respect to the optical element. Therefore, the fitting engagement between the vertical grooves and the engagement plate portions permits proper positioning of the light transmission face of the core and the optical element for self-alignment.

Abstract: An analytical device including an optically opaque cladding, a sequencing layer including a substrate disposed below the cladding, and a waveguide assembly for receiving optical illumination and introducing illumination into the device. The illumination may be received from a top, a side edge, and a bottom of the device. The waveguide assembly may include a nanoscale aperture disposed in the substrate and extending through the cladding. The aperture defines a reaction cell for receiving a set of reactants. In various aspects, the device includes a sensor element and the illumination pathway is through the sensor element. Waveguides and illumination devices, such as plasmonic illumination devices, are also disclosed. Methods for forming and operating the devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a backlight module, light guide plate thereof and ink thereof. The ink includes a base resin and an additive. The additive is dispersed in the base resin for increasing the printability of the ink. The additive comprises a polymer having hydroxy functional group, ester functional group, ether functional group or combination thereof. Use of the ink of the present invention will reduce the color difference and the variation of color temperature of the light guide plate. In addition, the ink has higher flowability, which increases the printability of the ink.

Abstract: A planar lightwave circuit is provided which can be easily fabricated by an existing planar-lightwave-circuit fabrication process, which can lower the propagation loss of signal light and which can convert inputted signal light so as to derive desired signal light. A planar lightwave circuit having a core and a clad which are formed on a substrate, has input optical waveguide(s) (111) which inputs signal light, mode coupling part (112) for coupling a fundamental mode of the inputted signal light to a higher-order mode and/or a radiation mode, or mode re-coupling part (113) for re-coupling the higher-order mode and/or the radiation mode to the fundamental mode, and output optical waveguide(s) (114) which outputs signal light. The mode coupling part or the mode re-coupling part is an optical waveguide which has core width and/or height varied continuously.

Abstract: An optical semiconductor device in which light having a wavelength of 1.25 ?m or greater is waveguided, includes: a first waveguide of embedded type that includes a semiconductor and is lattice-matched with InP, the first waveguide having a region having a first constant width equal to or greater than 1.50 ?m and a first region narrower than the region; and a second waveguide of embedded type that includes another semiconductor having a refractive index different from that of the first waveguide, the second waveguide having a region having a second constant width smaller than 1.50 ?m and a second region wider than said region. The first waveguide and the second waveguide are joined at an intermediate waveguide portion. The intermediate waveguide portion includes the first region and the second region and a joining plane on which the first region and the second region are joined. The joining plane has a width equal to or smaller than 1.35 ?m.

Abstract: An optical device includes a light-transmitting medium positioned on a base. The light-transmitting medium at least partially defines a free propagation region through which light signals travel. A reflective grating includes stepped reflecting surfaces positioned such that light signals that travel through the free propagation region are received by the reflecting surfaces. The reflecting surfaces are configured to reflect the light signal back into the free propagation region such that the light signals associated with different wavelengths separate as the light signals travel through the free propagation region. At least a portion of the reflecting surfaces each includes an overlapping region. Additionally, at least a portion of the reflecting surfaces each includes an overlapped region and un un-overlapped region. The reflecting grating is configured such that the light signals travel toward the overlapped regions and the un-overlapped regions before being reflected.

Abstract: An optical fuse or energy-switching-off device includes an optical waveguide having an input section and an output section, the two sections forming a pair of opposed surfaces extending transversely through the axes of the waveguide sections. A substantially transparent material is disposed between the opposed surfaces and comprises an electrically conductive nanotube web immersed in dielectric material, where the nanotubes are not in electrical contact with each other. The substantially transparent material forms a plasma when exposed to optical signals propagating within the optical waveguide with an optical power level above a predetermined threshold, and the plasma damages the opposed surfaces sufficiently to render the surfaces substantially opaque to light propagating within the input section of the optical waveguide so as to prevent the transmission of such light.

Abstract: A structure is presented for use in optic and electro-optic devices. The structure comprises at least one region of an amorphous KLTN-based material in a KLTN-based material. Also provided is a method of processing a KLTN-based material, comprising at least one of the following: bombarding said KLTN-based material with light ions: and etching said KLTN-based material when in amorphous state by an acid; thereby allowing fabrication of one or more optical components within the KLTN-based material.

Abstract: An optical multi-chip module (MCM) is provided. A printed circuit board (PCB) overlies a package bottom and has die contact regions, each having at least one electrical interface. A first die contact region is formed in a PCB top surface recess, and an optical component die has a bottom surface with an area about matching the PCB top surface recess. The optical component die has an optical port with microlens. An electrical component die has a bottom surface with at least one electrical interface connected to the second die electrical interface, which is connected to the first die electrical interface via a PCB trace. A wire bond is connected between the electrical component die and a package interconnection lead. A cover assembly connector has an optical port with a microlens, configured to communicate with the optical component die optical port, and a fiber port to accept an optical fiber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a beam homogenizer being able to form a rectangular beam spot having homogeneous energy distribution in a direction of its major axis without using the optical lens requiring to be manufactured with high accuracy. In addition, the present invention provides a laser irradiation apparatus being able to irradiate the laser beam having homogeneous energy distribution in a direction of its major axis. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device being able to enhance crystallinity in the surface of the substrate and to manufacture TFT with a high operating characteristic. The beam homogenizer, one of the present invention, is to shape the beam spot on the surface to be irradiated into a rectangular spot having an aspect ratio of 10 or more, preferably 100 or more, and comprises an optical waveguide for homogenizing the energy distribution of the rectangular beam spot in the direction of its major axis.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods that compensate for the thermally-induced drift of the resonance frequency of a closed-loop resonator include, in an exemplary embodiment, a waveguide-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and an overcoupled, waveguide-based microring resonator. The temperature-induced red-shifting ring resonance can be balanced by a spectral blueshift with temperature of the MZI. To stabilize the resonance of the ring at a given wavelength, the change in optical path lengths with temperature of the ring and the MZI should be equal and opposite. The interplay of nonlinear change in phase of ring resonator with temperature and linear change in phase of MZI with temperature, along with matching the period of this phase change, gives rise to perfect oscillation in the combined system resonance with temperature.

Abstract: There is provided a planar optical waveguide element including a core, the core including first and second portions and a gap portion that is positioned in a center of a width direction of the core between the first and second portions so as to extend in a light waveguide direction. The gap portion has a lower refractive index than that of the first and second portions, and a single mode propagated in the waveguide element has a span crossing the first and second portions.

Abstract: Some embodiments include communication methods, methods of forming an interconnect, signal interconnects, integrated circuit structures, circuits, and data apparatuses. In one embodiment, a communication method includes accessing an optical signal comprising photons to communicate information, accessing an electrical signal comprising electrical data carriers to communicate information, and using a single interconnect, communicating the optical and electrical signals between a first spatial location and a second spatial location spaced from the first spatial location.

Abstract: Optical waveguides using segmented periodically-spaced high contrast gratings bounding a hollow core propagation region on at least two sides. Incident light is received in a hollow waveguide (HW) region (core) between opposing HCG faces which provide lateral confinement in response to glancing reflections of the incident light beam from high refractive index segments of the HCG as it traverses the core. Embodiments are described for planar waveguides (1D) having a planar core between two planar HCGs, as well as 2D waveguides, such as having rectangular segments of the HCG through which light is propagated. Additionally, other configurations of HCG-HW, including those having arbitrary incidence and azimuth, angled HCG segments, propagation in a direction which is transverse, or alternatively parallel, to the segments of the HCG.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device includes an optical branch device for branching a first input light and outputting the branched first input light to a first and a second optical waveguides, another optical branch device, arranged between the first and the second optical waveguides, for branching a second input light and outputting the branched second input light to a third and a fourth optical waveguides, an optical coupler which couples the lights traveling along the first and the third optical waveguides, then branches the coupled lights, and outputs them; and another optical coupler which couples the lights traveling along the second and the fourth optical waveguides, then branches the coupled lights, and outputs them, wherein optical path lengths of either a pair of the first and the second optical waveguides or a pair of the third and the fourth optical waveguides are set to be equal.

Abstract: The present application relates to optical fibers having at least one slot. The optical fiber may be used, for example, in various sensing application. In some embodiments, a cross-section of the optical fiber perpendicular to the longitudinal axis has a largest dimension less than or equal to about 4 ?m, and the slot has a width of about 5 nm to about 500 nm and a depth of at least about 10 nm. Also disclosed herein are methods of using the optical fibers and apparatuses including the optical fibers.

Abstract: The invention relates to control of THz radiation in parallel plate waveguides (PPWG) by forming components in the waveguide by use of optical radiation pulses. Patterns of excited regions induced in the PPWG by an optical excitation pulses changes the electromagnetic properties of the waveguide medium in the THz regime, thereby forming transient passive and active components for controlling THz radiation signals. The excitation can be generation of free charge carriers in a semiconductor material in the PPWG, to create metallic regions that form mirrors, lenses or photonic crystal structures in the PPWG. The photo-induced pattern can be modulated in time in response to an incoming signal, to frequency-, phase- or amplitude-modulate the THz signal. The systems can be integrated on chip-scale components and can be applied in e.g. THz communication, digital computing, sensors, and lab-on-a-chip applications. The optical and THz radiation can be ultrashort pulses with picosecond or femtosecond pulse durations.

Abstract: An optical filter or multiplexer/demultiplexer, including a plurality of optical waveguides forming a planar structure. Each optical waveguide has a total length including one or more first segments with a first width and at least one or more second segments with a second width, the first width being larger than the second width. The sum of lengths of the one or more first segments in each optical waveguide is larger than half the total length of the waveguide.

Abstract: A hybrid integrated module includes a semiconductor die mechanically coupled face-to-face to an integrated device in which the substrate has been removed. For example, the integrated circuit may include an optical waveguide that conveys an optical signal, which is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer in which the back-side silicon substrate or handler has been completely removed. Moreover, an optical device may be disposed on the bottom surface of an oxide layer (such as a buried-oxide layer) in the integrated device, and the geometry and materials in the integrated device may be selected and/or defined so that the optical signal is evanescently coupled between the optical waveguide and the optical device.

Abstract: A device for transmitting light signals includes two electrode plates, a spacing structure, a cladding fluid, and a core fluid. The spacing structure, the cladding and core fluids are disposed between the electrode plates. The refractive index of the core fluid is higher than that of the cladding fluid. The core fluid is located on an electrode of one of the electrode plates, and its shape corresponds to the shape of that electrode. The shape and position is changeable and programmable by the electrodes of one of the electrode plates. The core fluid is further surrounded by the cladding fluid, forming an optical waveguide. Via these arrangements, the interface between the core and cladding fluids is much smoother than that between a fluid and a solid, so that the light signals are less likely to scatter while transmitted, in the core fluid. Therefore, the attenuation and reduction of the intensity of the light signals can be decreased. A method for transmitting light signals is also provided.

Abstract: An optical sensor module is provided which reduces variations in optical coupling loss between a core in an optical waveguide unit and an optical element in a substrate unit and which reduces the optical coupling loss. The optical waveguide unit including vertical groove portions for fitting engagement with the substrate unit and the substrate unit including fitting plate portions for fitting engagement with the vertical groove portions are produced individually. The fitting plate portions in the substrate unit are brought into fitting engagement with the vertical groove portions in the optical waveguide unit, so that the substrate unit and the optical waveguide unit are integrated together. The vertical groove portions in the optical waveguide unit are in an appropriate position relative to a light-transmissive surface of the core. The fitting plate portions in the substrate unit are in an appropriate position relative to the optical element.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor integrated circuit. The semiconductor integrated circuit includes a semiconductor pattern disposed on a substrate and including an optical waveguide part and a pair of recessed portions. The optical waveguide part has a thickness ranging from about 0.05 ?m to about 0.5 ?m. The recessed portions are disposed on both sides of the optical waveguide part and have a thinner thickness than the optical waveguide part. A first doped region and a second doped region are disposed in the recessed portions, respectively. The first and second doped regions are doped with a first conductive type dopant and a second conductive type dopant, respectively. An intrinsic region is formed in at least the optical waveguide part to contact the first and second doped regions.

Abstract: A method for producing a Group III-V semiconductor device, includes forming, on a base, a plurality of semiconductor devices isolated from one another, forming, through ion implantation, a high-resistance region in a surface layer of a side surface of each semiconductor device, after formation of the high-resistance region, forming a p-electrode and a low-melting-point metal diffusion prevention layer on the top surface of the semiconductor device, bonding the semiconductor device to a conductive support substrate via a low-melting-point metal layer, and removing the base through the laser lift-off process.

Abstract: A light guide of the tapered-waveguide type includes an input slab for expanding a projected image between an input end and an output end, and an output slab arranged to receive rays from the said output end, and to emit them at a point on its face that corresponds to the angle at which the ray is received. The input slab and output waveguide are matched so that all rays injected into the input end undergo the same number of reflections before leaving the output surface. With the invention, the input slab is itself tapered slightly towards the output waveguide. This means that input and output waveguides can be made the same length, in the direction of ray travel, and can therefore be folded over each other with no wasted space.

Abstract: A leaky travelling wave array of optical elements provide a solar wavelength rectenna.

Abstract: Provided are a structure color of photonic crystals in which a new structure of a structure color of photonic crystals is provided so that a nanoimprint process can be performed and mass productivity is improved, a method of manufacturing thereof, and a manufacturing apparatus thereof. The method of manufacturing a structure color of photonic crystals includes: forming a plurality of basic element layers by using nanoimprinting, the plurality of basic element layers comprising a plurality of basic unit bodies each having a symmetrical cross-section and thin film connecting portions connecting the basic unit bodies! sequentially stacking the basic element layers! removing the thin film connecting portions by using etching; and determining whether the structure color of photonic crystals is completed, wherein, when it is determined that the structure color of photonic crystals is not completed, the forming, the stacking, and the removing are repeatedly performed.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a photosensitive resin composition for optical waveguide formation, which has low transmission loss and can form a waveguide pattern with high shape accuracy at low cost; an optical waveguide; and a method for producing an optical waveguide. The present invention provides a photosensitive resin composition for optical waveguide formation comprising at least: a polymer containing at least a (meth)acrylate structure unit having an epoxy structure, and a (meth)acrylate structure unit having a lactone structure and/or a vinyl monomer structure unit having an aromatic structure; and a photoacid generator, of which one or both of a core layer and a cladding layer are formed of a cured product.

Abstract: A detector surface which is based on optical signals and arranged as a flexible enveloping surface around the body in order to detect whether and where the illuminated indicator strikes the body. The detector surface composed of one or more planar optical fibers, wherein at least one layer of a planar optical fiber has photoluminescent properties, and wherein photodetectors are arranged on the planar optical fiber such that they can decouple light from the optical fiber and detect it. The planar optical fiber is designed as a film made of a transparent polymer having a thickness of 30 to 500 ?m and the photodetector is arranged at a distance from all edges of the optical fiber on the optical fiber.

Abstract: A Mach-Zehnder interferometer type optical modulator includes first and third optical waveguides; input and output optical couplers; and a phase shifting section disposed between the input and output optical couplers. The phase shifting section includes first and second optical waveguide structures each including an n-type semiconductor section, a core layer and a cladding layer. The cladding layer of the first optical waveguide structure includes a first section disposed on the core layer, and second and third sections disposed on the first section. The second and third sections are juxtaposed to each other in a direction that intersects a waveguiding direction. The first and second sections are composed of a p-type semiconductor, and the third section is composed of an undoped semiconductor.

Abstract: A semiconductor optical device includes a first optical waveguide including first, second, and third sections; a second optical waveguide including fourth, fifth, and sixth sections; an input optical coupler; and an output optical coupler. The first and second optical waveguides and the input and output optical couplers each include a first cladding layer composed of an n-type semiconductor and a core layer. The second and fifth sections each include an intermediate semiconductor layer on the core layer, and a second cladding layer composed of an n-type semiconductor. The first, third, fourth, and sixth sections and the input and output optical couplers each further include a third cladding layer on the core layer. At least one of the third cladding layers includes a first cladding section on the core layer and a second cladding section on the first cladding section. The second cladding section is composed of a semi-insulating semiconductor.

Abstract: A transform spectrometer measurement apparatus and method for a planar waveguide circuit (PLC). The spectrometer typically includes an input optical signal waveguide carrying an input optical signal; a plurality of couplers, each connected to the input optical signal waveguide, and each including a coupler output for carrying a coupled optical signal related to the input optical signal; and an array of interleaved, waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI), each having at least one input MZI waveguide, each MZI input waveguide receiving a coupled optical signal from a respective coupler output. A phase shifting circuit is applied to at least one arm of the MZIs to induce an active phase shift on the arm to thereby measure phase error in the MZIs. Light output from the MZIs is measured under intrinsic phase error conditions and after an active phase shift by the phase shifting circuit.

Abstract: A photoelectric composite wiring module, being superior in performances and mass-productivity thereof, and a transmission apparatus of applying that therein are provided. Optical devices 2a and 2b are disposed on a circuit board 1, so that they are optically coupled with optical guides 11 formed on the circuit board 1, wherein a filet-like resin is formed on a side surface of a bump, which is formed on side surfaces or/and upper portions of the optical devices, on an upper layer thereof being compressed a resin film to be adhered thereon, thereby forming an insulation film 31, and an electric wiring layer 3 is laminated, so that the electrodes of the optical devices 2 and wirings of the electric wiring layer are electrically connected with, and further thereon is mounted a semiconductor element 4; thereby obtaining the structure for brining the transmission speed to be high per channel, and for preventing the power consumption from increasing.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a planar optical waveguide device of which a core includes a plurality of alternatively arranged fin portions and valley portions to form a grating structure, in which the core widths of the valley portions vary along the longitudinal direction, the method including: a high refractive index material layer forming step of forming a high refractive index material layer; a photoresist layer forming step of forming a photoresist layer on the high refractive index material layer; a first exposure step of forming shaded portions on the photoresist layer using a phase-shifting photomask; a second exposure step of forming shaded portions on the photoresist layer using a binary photomask; a development step of developing the photoresist layer; and an etching step of etching the high refractive index material layer using the photoresist pattern resulted from the development step.

Abstract: A virtual image display device with an optical waveguide to guide, by internal total reflection, parallel pencil groups meeting a condition of internal total reflection, a first reflection volume hologram grating to diffract and reflect the parallel pencil groups incident upon the optical waveguide from outside and traveling in different directions as they are so as to meet the condition of internal total reflection inside the optical waveguide and a second reflection volume hologram grating to project the parallel pencil groups guided by internal total reflection inside the optical waveguide as they are from the optical waveguide by diffraction and reflection thereof so as to depart from the condition of internal total reflection inside the optical waveguide.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for fabricating an optical filter based on polymer asymmetric bragg couplers using holographic interference techniques, soft lithography, and micro molding, which comprises following steps: prepare a UV polymer with gratings; coating photo-resister film on the UV polymer, and exposed by UV light to obtain a photo-resister mold with two grooves each having gratings; coating diluted PDMS film on the photo-resister mold, and baking the PDMS film to obtain a PDMS mold having two waveguides with gratings; placing glass substrate over the PDMS mold to form a first tunnel; injecting a precure UV polymer into the first tunnel to from a cladding layer with two grooves having gratings pattern at its bottom; placing glass slide over the cladding layer and injecting a mixed UV polymer into the grooves to form waveguide cores; placing a second glass substrate over the cladding layer, and injecting UV polymer to form an upper cladding layer laminated with the cladding layer to obtai

Abstract: The present invention relates to a phenoxy resin for an optical material obtained by subjecting at least one selected from specific difunctional epoxy resins and at least one selected from specific difunctional phenols to polyaddition reaction, wherein a film comprising the above phenoxy resin has a refractive index of 1.580 or less at 25° C. and a wavelength of 830 nm, a resin composition for an optical material containing the above phenoxy resin, a resin film for an optical material comprising the above resin composition and an optical waveguide produced by using the above resin composition and/or the above resin film.

Abstract: Described is an optical element for guiding electromagnetic radiation. The optical element includes a base body and at least one film, wherein the film is configured to adhere to the base body and to form an intimate connection with the base body without using an adhesion and is arranged such that the electromagnetic radiation passes through it.

Abstract: To provide an optical nanofiber resonator having an optical waveguide whose diameter is equal to or smaller than the wavelength of a propagation light, a light emitter disposed at a predetermined position of the optical waveguide, and a first reflector and a second reflector formed in the optical waveguide with the light emitter interposed therebetween, wherein at least one of the first reflector and the second reflector transmits a part of the propagation light. With such a configuration, the channeling efficiency of the light emitted from the light emitter and the propagation mode of the optical waveguide is dramatically improved.

Abstract: Included are a semiconductor device unit in which a semiconductor optical amplifier and a first semiconductor photo detector being configured to monitor a part of an input light input to the semiconductor optical amplifier or a part of an output light output from the semiconductor optical amplifier are integrated on a mutually same substrate, and a passive waveguide unit connected to the semiconductor device unit and in which a first passive waveguide being configured to cause the input light to be input to the semiconductor optical amplifier or to cause the output light to be output from the semiconductor optical amplifier and a second passive waveguide branching from the first passive waveguide and being configured to cause a part of the input light or a part of the output light to be input to the first semiconductor photo detector are provided on a mutually same substrate.

Abstract: The planar optical structure forms an evanescent-field measuring platform. A body is made from the thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface, wherein molding is performed directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without deposition of further coatings on a surface of the master. The planar optical structure forming an evanescent-field measuring platform has a first essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with a refractive index n1 and a second essentially optical transparent layer (b) with refractive index n2, where n1>n2, in a case of an embodiment of a planar optical film waveguide, or a metal layer (a?) and a second layer (b), in a case of an embodiment for generating a surface plasmon resonance, wherein the second layer (b) includes a material from a group of cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a light emitting package, comprising: a base; a light emitting device on the base; an electrical circuit layer electrically connected to the light emitting device; a gold layer on the electrical circuit layer; a wire electrically connected between the light emitting device and the gold layer; a screen member having an opening and disposed on the base adjacent to the light emitting device; and a lens covering the light emitting device, wherein a bottom surface of the screen member is positioned higher than the light emitting device, and wherein an entire uppermost surface of the screen member is in contact with the lens.

Abstract: A waveguide structure includes core 1 formed of a semiconductor such as Si, two external regions 2 which are not optically connected to the core but arranged at a certain distance from the core and bridges 3 which electrically connect the external regions to the core. Light propagating in the waveguide core is strongly confined in the waveguide core and optically disconnected from (i.e. not coupled with) the external regions, so that light can propagate in the waveguide without being affected by the existence of the external regions. Furthermore, the waveguide core is electrically connected to the external regions through the bridges, so that a voltage can be applied and a current can be caused to flow to the core from the external regions.

Abstract: An optical waveguide is provided. The optical waveguide includes: a layered structure including: a first cladding layer; a second cladding layer; and a core layer that is sandwiched between the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer, wherein an inclined surface is formed on at least one longitudinal end of the layered structure; and an outer cladding layer that seals at least a portion of the inclined surface corresponding to the core layer, wherein a refractive index of the outer cladding layer is smaller than that of the core layer.

Abstract: An optical wavelength multiplexing/de-multiplexing circuit having a low loss and a flat transmission spectrum is provided. The optical wavelength multiplexing/de-multiplexing circuit compensates a temperature dependence of a center transmission wavelength which remains in an athermal AWG, and has an excellent accuracy of the center transmission wavelength in a whole operating temperature range or has a comparatively wide operable temperature range. The temperature dependence of the transmission wavelength in the athermal MZI is modulated and set so as to cancel the temperature dependence of the center wavelength which remains in the athermal AWG. The present invention focuses particularly on an optical coupler in the MZI and modulates the temperature dependence of the transmission wavelength in the MZI by providing the optical coupler itself with a mechanism which changes a phase difference between two outputs by temperature.

Abstract: The application relates to methods for producing islands of functionality within nanoscale apertures. Islands of functionality can be produced by growing an aperture constriction layer from the walls, functionalizing the exposed base of the aperture, then removing the aperture constriction layer. The aperture constriction layer can be produced, for example, by anodically growing an oxide layer onto a cladding through which the aperture extends. The islands of functionality can be used to bind a single molecule of interest, such as an enzyme within the nanoscale aperture.

Abstract: Optical devices for guiding illumination are provided each having a body of optical material with staircase or acutely angled ramp structures on its top surface for distributing light inputted from one end of the device from the front exit faces of such structures along certain angular orientations, while at least a substantial portion of the light is totally internally reflected within the body until distributed from such front exit faces. Optical devices are also provided each have a body of optical material having a bottom surface with acutely angled ramp structures and falling structures which alternate with each other, such that light is totally internally reflected within the device until reflected by such ramp structures along the bottom surface to exit the top surface of the device or transmitted through the ramp structures to an adjacent falling structure back into the device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a printed circuit board for an optical waveguide, including: a substrate; an insulation layer having a through hole and formed on the substrate; a lower clad layer formed on a bottom of the through hole; core part formed on the lower clad layer; and an upper clad layer formed on the lower clad layer and the core part and thus covering an exposed surface of the core part.

Abstract: 2-pattern photonic crystal and the associated photonic devices are described here. A 2-pattern photonic crystal has a large, complete photonic band gap. It includes a TM sub-structure providing a large TM photonic band gap superimposed on a TE sub-structure providing a large TE photonic band gap. The resulting 2-pattern photonic crystals have complete photonic band gaps larger than 15%, By altering the respective sub-structures, optical devices for different polarizations (TE, TM or both) can be readily designed, and those optical devices can be integrated on the same plane.

Abstract: A light guide apparatus includes a light guide layer and an injection layer further including light injection elements and respective light bypass elements disposed optically upstream of the light injection elements. The light injection elements and/or the bypass elements may take the form of air prisms. There is an axial index of refraction variation between the light guide layer and the injection layer. The axial index of refraction variation may be discrete or may be an axial gradient index variation.

Abstract: A keypad assembly using a waveguide for guiding lights emitted from light emitting devices is disclosed. The keypad assembly includes a switch board having a plurality of dome switches. The keypad also includes a plurality of key buttons; a plurality of light emitting devices included in the switch board; a waveguide formed under the key buttons, the waveguide having a predetermined refractive index to allow lights emitted from the light emitting devices to travel according to an internal total reflection condition; a plurality of reflecting patterns formed in the waveguide to reflect the light traveling through the waveguide toward the key buttons; and an auxiliary layer formed on the surface of the waveguide, the auxiliary layer having lower refractive index than that of the waveguide to make a constant total reflection condition.