Abstract: Embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein are directed to a system, apparatus, and method for streaming compression of periodic binary data. A data transmitter of an aircraft can receive flight data from a flight data acquisition unit. The data transmitter can store the flight data. The data transmitter can compare words corresponding to a first data frame to words corresponding to a second data frame. The data transmitter can identify a word block of consecutive unchanged words, consecutive changed words, or one changed word and one unchanged word. The data transmitter can generate and transmit a header identifying a number of consecutive unchanged words in a word block. The data transmitter can generate a header identifying a number of consecutive changed words in a word block and transmit the header and the word block. The data transmitter can generate a header identifying two words in a word block and transmit the header and the word block.

Abstract: In one example, a device for coding video data includes a video coder configured to code an intra random access point (IRAP) picture of a partially aligned IRAP access unit of video data, and code data that indicates, when performing random access from the partially aligned IRAP access unit, at least one picture of a video coding layer that is not correctly decodable. When the video coder comprises a video decoder, the video decoder may skip decoding of the pictures that are not correctly decodable, assuming random access has been performed starting from the partially aligned IRAP access unit.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention sets forth a technique for streaming digital media content with transition effects. Audio data may be modulated and received by the streaming device for an audio fade-in effect. Similarly, video data may be modulated to perform various visual effects. Such a technique allows for fading-in of audio and/or video, fading-out of audio and/or video, and effects that blend audio from different content and video from different content during a transition from one digital media content to a different digital media content or within the same digital media content. The modulated audio and video data to generate the audio or video effect during a transition may be precomputed or computed in real-time and transmitted to the streaming device. The streaming device switches between original unmodulated content streams and effect content streams when transitions are detected.

Abstract: A data creation device performing compression encoding on first frame images showing a view from a first viewpoint and second frame images showing a view from a second viewpoint generates a stream in an MPEG-2 format, and base-view/dependent-view video streams in a format conforming to an MPEG-4 MVC format. The stream in the MPEG-2 format is generated by performing compression encoding on the first frame images. The base-view video stream is a stream of dummy data having the same number of frames as and a smaller data amount than the stream in the MPEG-2 format. The dependent-view video stream is obtained by performing compression encoding on each frame of the second frame images, with reference to a frame of the stream in the MPEG-2 format to be presented at the same time as a frame of the base-view video stream corresponding to the frame of the second frame images.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a playback apparatus includes a multimedia processor having a decoding circuit to decode encoded video data and an arithmetic module configured to execute high pixel conversion for increasing a quantity of pixels of the decoded video data, a decoding module configured to decode the encoded video data, an issuing module configured to issue a changeover request for changing over between execution and non-execution of the high pixel conversion, and a changeover module configured to change over a providing destination of the encoded video data from any one of the multimedia processor and the decoding module to the other one thereof such that a picture group structure which is a unit for controlling the encoded video data is not divided, in response to the changeover request issued by the issuing module.

Abstract: A digital signal reproduction device includes an audio decoder configured to decode an audio bit stream to output a resulting audio signal, an audio bit stream analyzer configured to analyze whether or not the audio bit stream contains human voice, a playback speed determiner configured to determine a playback speed based on a result of the analysis by the audio bit stream analyzer, and a variable speed reproducer configured to receive the audio signal and reproduce an audio signal corresponding to the playback speed determined by the playback speed determiner.

Abstract: A system and method for personal video recording (PVR) is provided for recording digitally encoded streams, and for playing back and decoding the recorded streams. The PVR system may receive the digitally encoded streams from a digital cable box or a network server. The system enables trick modes including fast forward and reverse mode displays at various speeds. The system an method for PVR may also be applied to digitally encoded streams without I-pictures, such as, for example, progressive refresh streams or HITS streams. Reverse decode and display may be implemented by starting at a suitable entry point, decoding quickly up to the point of the desired picture, and displaying the result, and repeating the process. Index tables of entry points may be used for proper operation in some modes where the entry points are entry pictures (E-pictures) which start a pattern of progressively refreshing I-slices.

Abstract: It is disclosed a video processing method for generating a reverse video stream from an original video stream. Coded frames of the original video stream are buffered and decoded, whereby a reverse video stream is generated wherein the decoded frames are organized according to an order which is opposite to the display order of the original video stream. According to the method, a frame to be displayed is selected (602) between frames of the original video stream, selection of the frame being made based on the frames display order of the reverse video stream. The method further provides for checking (702-703) in a list of decoded frames if all reference frames of the original video stream necessary to decode the selected frame have already been decoded and the relative decoded frames are actually buffered.

Abstract: Presented herein are systems, methods, and apparatus for improving performance of video decoders during rewind and fast forward operation. Video decoder performance is improved by avoiding repetitive decoding of prediction pictures. When a decoded prediction picture is stored in a frame buffer, techniques are presented for decoding multiple pictures in the rewind order which are dependent thereon, displaying the picture directly from the frame buffer, and setting one type of prediction picture as another type of prediction picture.

Abstract: In a recording medium on which is recorded a multiplexed stream including a plurality of first packets (V_main) constituting a first I-picture in a first video stream and a plurality of second packets (V_sub) constituting a second I-picture in a second video stream, information for identifying the first I-picture and information for identifying the second I-picture are recorded on the medium. A recording medium can thereby be obtained that enables the rapid detection, from a small amount of information, of a particular picture included in a stream such as a TS in which multiple content streams are multiplexed.

Abstract: An approach provides indexing of media content capable of effectively controlling playback availability of the vast variety of media content. A recording of a video session associated with a media stream is initiated. A portion of the video session is selected. And an index for playback of the selected portion and for playback of the video session is configured, wherein the selected portion is played back when the video session is unavailable for playback.

Abstract: In processing of recording data on a recording medium, three-dimensional image discrimination data representing whether or not there is a possibility of a three-dimensional image being included in recorded data is recorded as management information. The three-dimensional image discrimination data is recorded in a clip information file set in association with a stream file as a storage file of image data, a playlist file including reproduction section designating information for the clip information file, a disc management file which directly or indirectly designates the playlist file, or the like. A reproducing apparatus can thereby easily determine the presence/absence of a three-dimensional image without performing analysis on reproduction target data.

Abstract: A transcoder resource retrieves content stored in a repository. The stored content can be encoded in accordance with a first encoding format. The transcoder resource transcodes the retrieved content into a second encoding format. To increase available capacity, the transcoder resource stores the content in the second encoding format as a replacement to the content encoded according to the first encoding format. The second encoding format can support a higher compression ratio than the first encoding format. Additionally, the transcoding can be performed as one of multiple tasks executed in parallel. In such an instance, during parallel processing, a content management resource interleaves execution of the main processing task and the background task of transcoding the content into the second encoding format. The transcoding task can be assigned a lower execution priority than one or more other tasks executed in parallel.

Abstract: A playback apparatus includes the following elements. An input receives content data and accompanying data formed on the basis of a plurality of first units and used for displaying information accompanying the content data. A first storage section stores, among the plurality of first units forming the accompanying data received by the input section, a first unit in which decoding time information concerning a decoding time is defined. A time information storage section stores the decoding time information. A decoder extracts the first unit from the first storage section and decodes the first unit in accordance with the decoding time information stored in the time information storage section. A second storage section stores the first unit decoded by the decoder. The time information storage section at least has a capacity based on an upper limit of the number of first units stored in the first storage section.

Abstract: A video is recorded on a recording medium so that a reproducing apparatus can faithfully reproduce an original color of the recorded video. An sRGB color space or an extended sRGB color space is specified as the color space of the video to be recorded. A signal processing unit generates a video signal corresponding to the specified color space. An encoding/decoding unit compresses the video signal in accordance with the MPEG4-AVC standard to generate a compressed video signal. A CPU generates a color space identifier including information indicating the color space specified and is configured so that an access unit including an SPS NAL unit in the compressed video signal includes an SEI NAL unit in which the color space identifier is stored. The video recorded on the recording medium includes the color space identifier having information for a color space of that video.

Abstract: A high resolution video signal is divided by video division means into a main signal and a sub signal, and the main signal and the sub signal are MPEG-encoded. The stream of the main signal and the stream of the sub signal are divided into 1 GPO or more of frames. First interleave blocks each including 1 GOP or more of the stream of the main signal and second interleave blocks each including 1 GOP or more of the stream of the sub signal are recorded on an optical disk. A high resolution reproduction apparatus reproduces both the first and second interleave blocks to obtain a high resolution video output. A non-high quality picture reproduction apparatus reproduces only the first or second interleave blocks to obtain a standard resolution video output.

Abstract: In a recording medium on which is recorded a multiplexed stream including a plurality of first packets (V_main) constituting a first I-picture in a first video stream and a plurality of second packets (V_sub) constituting a second I-picture in a second video stream, information for identifying the first I-picture and information for identifying the second I-picture are recorded on the medium. A recording medium can thereby be obtained that enables the rapid detection, from a small amount of information, of a particular picture included in a stream such as a TS in which multiple content streams are multiplexed.

Abstract: In a recording medium on which is recorded a multiplexed stream including a plurality of first packets (V_main) constituting a first I-picture in a first video stream and a plurality of second packets (V_sub) constituting a second I-picture in a second video stream, information for identifying the first I-picture and information for identifying the second I-picture are recorded on the medium. A recording medium can thereby be obtained that enables the rapid detection, from a small amount of information, of a particular picture included in a stream such as a TS in which multiple content streams are multiplexed.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments that facilitate recording to a storage medium in a personal video recorder (PVR) system. In one embodiment, a transport stream is received. The transport stream is stored into a memory. An index table is generated that provides information for locating particular frames recorded in the memory.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a video recording device for capturing a video clip. The video recording device receives a selection of a non-temporally compressed encoding scheme from several different encoding schemes for encoding the video clip. The different encoding schemes include at least one temporally compressed encoding scheme and at least the selected non-temporally compressed encoding scheme. The video recording device captures the video clip as several frames. The video recording device non-temporally encodes each of the frames as several slices. The slices of a particular frame are for decoding by several processing units of a video decoding device. The video recording device stores the video clip in a storage.

Abstract: In the method, video data is reproduced from the recording medium, and an I-picture and a number of P-pictures are output as a still picture based on the reproduced video data. The output data may then be received and decoded for display.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a video reproducing apparatus includes a video data generating device generating reproduction control video data for displaying a reproduction control image of video contents in a constant cycle on an occasion of reproducing the video contents; and an update cycle adjusting device making an update cycle in which the reproduction control video data is updated longer than the constant cycle, within a range in which all the reproduction control images which should be displayed by the reproduction control video data are displayed.

Abstract: AVClip recorded in BD-ROM is obtained by multiplexing a graphics stream and a video stream. The graphics stream is a PES packet sequence that includes 1) PES packets storing graphics data (ODS) and 2) PES packets storing control information (PCS). In each ODS, values of DTS and PTS indicate a timing of decoding start for corresponding graphics data, and a timing of decoding end for corresponding graphics data, respectively. In each PCS, a value of PTS indicates a display timing of corresponding decoded graphics data combined with the video stream.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for implementing special mode playback operations in a digital video recorder. The apparatus comprises an Intra frame indexing device capable of receiving an incoming MPEG video stream and identifying therein data packets associated with Intra frames, wherein the Intra frame indexing device modifies header information in a first data packet associated with a first Intra frame to include location information identifying a storage address of a second data packet associated with a second Intra frame.

Abstract: A drop sensor detects a drop of a device. When the drop of the device is detected, a sub CPU allows a counter to count a drop time. When the device drops for a predetermined time or more, the sub CPU controls a regulator so that the regulator forcibly disconnects an electric power to be supplied to a hard disc, and writes a drop occurrence flag into a nonvolatile memory. When the power supply is again turned on, a main CPU allows a display section to display information indicating that the power supply is disconnected due to the drop of the device.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an integrated circuit comprises a decrypt unit configured to decrypt an encrypted, compressed video stream; an on-chip buffer; and a decompressor coupled to the decrypt unit and the on-chip buffer. The decompressor is configured decompress the video stream, and to store a first portion of each of a first plurality of frames decompressed from the video stream in the on-chip buffer. The decompressor is further configured to store a remaining portion of each of the first plurality of frames in an external memory, wherein each frame as stored in the external memory is incomplete because the first portion is not stored in the external memory.

Abstract: A digital video recorder stores digital video streams having sequences of encoded frames that are predominantly non-keyframes. The digital video recorder synthesizes keyframes for the digital video stream by decoding the frames in sequence and occasionally capturing the state of the decoder as it decodes the frames. The decoder states are stored in a state index in association with the frames. During playback at normal or accelerated speeds, the digital video recorder is capable of random accelerated access of any frame in the digital video stream. A decoder state associated with the accessed frame is retrieved from the state index and used to begin decoding at or near the accessed frame. The decoder state initializes a playback decoder to the state that enables complete decoding and rendering of the accessed frame without having to decode multiple frames previous to the accessed frame, thereby minimizing time delays in playback.

Abstract: In a digital broadcasting signal receiving/recording/reproducing apparatus, a recorded program can be immediately reproduced without performing complicated operations. Only a desired program and information related to the desired program are separated to be extracted from the digital broadcasting signal. Then, the separated/extracted broadcasting signal is supplied to a recording/reproducing apparatus. In the recording/reproducing apparatus, the supplied broadcasting signal is recorded, and the recorded program can be immediately reproduced without complicated manipulating operations during the signal reproducing operation.

Abstract: To record a video signal on a recording medium for faithful reproduction A signal processing unit generates a video signal corresponding to a specified color space. An encoding/decoding unit performs data compression on the video signal in accordance with the MPEG4-AVC standard to generate a compressed video signal to be recorded on a recording medium. A CPU generates a color space identifier including information indicating the specified color space and is configured so that an access unit including an SPS NAL unit in the compressed video signal includes an SEI NAL unit in which the color space identifier is stored. The video signal recorded on the recording medium is a signal to which a color space identifier having information for a color space of that video signal is added.

Abstract: Upon receipt of an MPEG stream, a time information converter modifies the PTSs of the audio data in the stream so that the timing for outputting the audio sound is delayed by the amount of time that is required for the processing of the video signal to be performed in a video signal processor while keeping the PTSs of the video data in the stream unchanged.

Abstract: A playback control section 5 obtains identification information (an extension) of compressed coded data recorded on a recording medium 1 or input information designating a decoding scheme from outside; tries decoding, unless the decoding performed in accordance with the identification information obtained or with the decoding scheme corresponding to the input information is carried out normally, with successively switching to other compatible decoding schemes; and performs playback based on the decoding scheme that enables normal decoding.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and an information recording medium for storing and reproducing an interactive service capable of efficiently storing and processing interactive signaling information are provided. The information recording medium has recorded thereon interactive signaling information of a digital broadcast and includes a first region storing information on a time when the interactive signaling information occurs, a second region storing a type of the interactive signaling information and identification information; and a third region storing signaling items of the interactive signaling information. In the method and apparatus, filtering and monitoring using hardware or software to acquire interactive signaling information on a service stream for reproducing an interactive service is unnecessary because the signaling information is separately stored.

Abstract: A video-audio processing method includes acquiring encoded audio data, decoding the acquired encoded audio data and thereby creating audio data; causing an audio output unit to output the created audio data, capturing a video image of an object in synchronization with an output of the audio data by the audio output unit and thereby creating first video data, encoding the created first video data and thereby creating first encoded video data, holding the first encoded video data, and multiplexing the encoded audio data and the first encoded video data and thereby creating a first stream.

Abstract: A data creation device performing compression encoding on first frame images showing a view from a first viewpoint and second frame images showing a view from a second viewpoint generates a stream in an MPEG-2 format, and base-view/dependent-view video streams in a format conforming to an MPEG-4 MVC format. The stream in the MPEG-2 format is generated by performing compression encoding on the first frame images. The base-view video stream is a stream of dummy data having the same number of frames as and a smaller data amount than the stream in the MPEG-2 format. The dependent-view video stream is obtained by performing compression encoding on each frame of the second frame images, with reference to a frame of the stream in the MPEG-2 format to be presented at the same time as a frame of the base-view video stream corresponding to the frame of the second frame images.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for switching between a live video decoding and a recorded playback in a digital video and recording system. A received video data stream is transmitted to a first-in first-out video decoder buffer without first looping the video data stream through a playback buffer. The video data stream is transmitted from the video decoder buffer to a video decoder. If a “pause” command is received, the video data stream is transmitted to a first-in first-out playback buffer, while continuing to transmit the video data stream to the video decoder buffer. Transmission of the video data stream to the video decoder buffer is halted when the video decoder buffer fills up. The last byte of the video data stream that was transmitted to the video decoder buffer is marked. If a “play” command is received, the video data stored in the video decoder buffer is transmitted to the video decoder.

Abstract: A digital video recorder (DVR) system with an integrated DVD recording device accepts TV input streams in a multitude of forms. Analog TV streams are converted to an MPEG formatted stream for internal transfer and manipulation, while pre-formatted MPEG streams are extracted from the digital TV signal and presented in a similar format. Indexes within the MPEG stream are determined and saved at predefined intervals and are stored on a hard disk along with the MPEG program material and used to create navigation packets when writing to a DVD inserted in an integrated DVD player/recorder. When a program is requested for display from the hard disk or the integrated DVD player/recorder, the program material are extracted from the appropriate source and reassembled into an MPEG stream which is sent to a decoder. The decoder converts the MPEG stream into TV output signals and delivers the TV output signals to a TV monitor.

Abstract: A system and method for personal video recording (PVR) is provided for recording digitally encoded streams, and for playing back and decoding the recorded streams. The PVR system may receive the digitally encoded streams from a digital cable box or a network server. The system enables trick modes including fast forward and reverse mode displays at various speeds. The system an method for PVR may also be applied to digitally encoded streams without I-pictures, such as, for example, progressive refresh streams or HITS streams. Reverse decode and display may be implemented by starting at a suitable entry point, decoding quickly up to the point of the desired picture, and displaying the result, and repeating the process. Index tables of entry points may be used for proper operation in some modes where the entry points are entry pictures (E-pictures) which start a pattern of progressively refreshing I-slices.

Abstract: A digital video recorder stores digital video streams having sequences of encoded frames that are predominantly non-keyframes. The digital video recorder synthesizes keyframes for the digital video stream by decoding the frames in sequence and occasionally capturing the state of the decoder as it decodes the frames. The decoder states are stored in a state index in association with the frames. During playback at normal or accelerated speeds, the digital video recorder is capable of random accelerated access of any frame in the digital video stream. A decoder state associated with the accessed frame is retrieved from the state index and used to begin decoding at or near the accessed frame. The decoder state initializes a playback decoder to the state that enables complete decoding and rendering of the accessed frame without having to decode multiple frames previous to the accessed frame, thereby minimizing time delays in playback.

Abstract: A recording medium for storing real time recording/reproduction information, a real time recording and reproducing method and apparatus, and a file operating method using the information. Real time recording/reproduction information for ensuring real time recording/reproduction is stored in a file control information area, in each real time file, or in a separate file, and real time recording/reproduction attributes are assigned to the file. Thus, real time recorded files can be continuously reproduced without interruption. Also, there are methods of creating a file to which real time recording/reproduction attributes are assigned, extending a data area, and recording and reproducing the file to which real time recording/reproduction attributes are assigned.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus receives a first packet group of a stream of content data. The apparatus includes a first detector, a second detector and an index generator. The first detector detects a first packet of the first packet group, the first packet including program information. The second detector detects a start packet of a second packet group from the first packet group, the second packet group carrying a randomly accessible video frame. The second detector detects a time stamp from the start packet or another packet having the same packet ID. The index generator generates index information indicating a storage position of the first packet in a buffer and the time stamp.

Abstract: In a mobile terminal provided with an encoded data recording function, there is assumed a condition in which a picture frame transmitted from the terminal of a communication partner is reproduced by means of decoding processing and is displayed on a LCD (34) during wireless TV phone communication. In this condition, when a user carries out a picture recording start operation, display picture data reproduced by means of decoding processing in the multimedia processing section (24) to be displayed on the LCD (34) are recorded in a main recording section (26).

Abstract: A signaling unit of a display terminal establishes communication with a content server, video communication terminal, and PC server through a communication unit, and transmits/receives image data compressed by MPEG2, MPEG4, and JPEG. A media control unit switches compression schemes for decoding in a media processing unit on the basis of the received image data. The media processing unit performs decoding processing including inverse orthogonal transformation processing and dequantization processing in accordance with the switched compression scheme. At this time, a single processing circuit performs inverse orthogonal transformation processing and dequantization processing.

Abstract: The present invention contemplates providing an experience platform within a CDN, as well as sentio or experience codecs, and experience agents for supporting the experience platform. The experience platform may be provided by a service provider to enable an experience provider to compose and direct a participant experience. The service provider monetizes the experience by charging the experience provider and/or the participants for services. Alternatively, the experience platform may be provided by the CDN, either as an integrated component of the CDN, or a supplemental complimentary aspect. The participant experience can involve one or more experience participants. The experience provider can create an experience with a variety of dimensions and features. As will be appreciated, the following description provides one paradigm for understanding the multi-dimensional experience available to the participants.

Abstract: In a system for reproducing AV information from a recording medium, such as a DVD, not only are usual titles reproduced, but also related information relevant to specific stream information is acquired easily by making use of resources on a computer network. In a reproducing system with the function of reproducing the title information recorded on a DVD and displaying it on the screen of a display section, when the user clicks a Web mark on the screen, the CPU links to a Web server on the Internet via a modem and accesses the Web page related to the stream information on the screen. At that time, the related Web page is the selected information conforming to parental information, or attribute information, set in the system.

Abstract: Video streams and an entry map are recorded on a BD-ROM in association with each other. The video stream constituting a slide show includes a plurality of IDR pictures. The entry map (EP_map) associated with the IDR pictures indicates an entry time (PTS_EP_start) of each IDR picture included in the video stream in association with an entry point (SPN_EP_start). Application_type indicates that entry information of each of pieces of picture data constituting the video stream exists in the EP_map and each piece of picture data is to be decoded independently. When a time-based slideshow has been identified all of the pieces of picture data are repeatedly pointed to by entries in the entry map.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a video processing apparatus includes a decoding module, a detection module, a frame rate calculation module, and a display timing determining module. The decoding module decodes encoded moving image data including processing units each of which includes pictures for a predetermined reproduction time. The detection module detects picture group information of a reproduction target processing unit, the information indicative of the number of pictures and the ratio of progressive frame pictures to interlaced field pictures. The frame rate calculation module calculates a frame rate corresponding to a reproduced processing unit preceding the target unit based on picture group information detected when the preceding unit is decoded, if the target unit includes no timing information indicating display timing of pictures. The display timing determining module determines display timings for the pictures in the target unit based on the frame rate.

Abstract: A recording/reproducing apparatus includes a synchronization signal generating part outputting a frame synchronization signal defining a period of a video frame; a timer part measuring a time during a period where a main power supply is being turned off; a time code production part generating a time code based on the frame synchronization signal; a time code storage processing part storing a time code value and time information output from the timer part, when main power supply is turned off; and a time code reconstruction processing part reconstructing the time code, when the main power supply is turned on, by stepping the time code value by an amount corresponding to a period where the main power supply is being turned off based on the time code value and the time information stored and time information at the time of turning on the main power supply.

Abstract: Video streams and an entry map are recorded on a BD-ROM in association with each other. The video stream constituting a slide show includes a plurality of IDR pictures. The entry map (EP_map) associated with the IDR pictures indicates an entry time (PTS_EP_start) of each IDR picture included in the video stream in association with an entry point (SPN_EP_start). Application_type indicates that entry information of each of pieces of picture data constituting the video stream exists in the EP_map and each piece of picture data is to be decoded independently.

Abstract: A system for playing digital video at varying playback speeds can include a fetcher module configured to retrieve encoded pictures from a data store and an allocator module configured to selectively delete encoded pictures from an input cache. The system further can include a decoder module and an output cache module. The decoder module can decode pictures received from the input cache. The output cache module can store a plurality of decoded pictures and provide selected ones of the pictures as output. Pictures are processed within each of the modules according to a priority corresponding to each picture.

Abstract: A file for storing digital data with high compression rate stores digital data for video and audio signals in multiple streams interleaved with each other. Each track has a stream descriptor list and a stream data list. The stream descriptor list includes a stream header chunk, a stream format chunk, and a stream name chunk. For a video stream, the stream descriptor list also includes a stream header data chunk if the video stream is under digital rights management (DRM) protection. The file format is compatible with high level data compressing algorithms, such as MPEG-4, which provide data compression ratio about six to ten times higher than a standard DVD format.