Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a charging roller in which detachment of particles from a surface layer as well as abrasion and scraping of the particles, which are caused by contact and the like with other member such as a photoreceptor during the use, are unlikely to occur. The charging roller includes: a shaft 1; and an elastic layer 2 and a surface layer 3, which are sequentially formed on the outer circumference of the shaft 1. The surface layer 3 is composed of a mixture of a surface layer resin composition and particles, the surface layer resin composition has a tensile elongation at break of 51% or greater, and the particles have a reaction force of 1.0 to 10.3 mN under 1-?m compression.

Abstract: A cartridge includes a photosensitive member, a roller including a core metal shaft and a coating layer, roller supporting portions, and a regulating portion for regulating a position of the roller with respect to a longitudinal direction of the roller. The roller supporting portions are provided so as to support one end portion and an other end potion of the core metal shaft, respectively, with respect to a direction of a rotational axis of the roller. The roller is further provided with cylindrical holes disposed at respective ends of the core metal shaft with respect to the direction of the rotational axis and extending in the direction of the rotational axis with the rotational axis as a center. The roller is supported by the roller supporting portions at inner peripheral surfaces of the holes.

Abstract: A charge roller includes, in a surface thereof, recesses that have sizes that are equivalent to or larger than a volume average particle diameter of a toner accommodated in a developing unit and that are capable of collecting the toner retransferred to a photosensitive drum.

Abstract: An image carrying member unit has an image carrying member, a charging member, a pair of first bearing members, a biasing member, and a supporting frame. The image carrying member is rotatable, and an electrostatic latent image is formed on it. The charging member is arranged in contact or close to the image carrying member, and electrostatically charges the image carrying member. The first bearing members support the charging member movably in directions to and away from the image carrying member. The biasing member biases the charging member toward the image carrying member. The supporting frame supports the image carrying member and the first bearing members. The first bearing members each have a fulcrum rotatably supported on the supporting frame, an arm extending radially from the fulcrum, and a bearing portion formed at a tip end of the arm and supporting axially either end of the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member includes a cylindrical, hollow or solid, electroconductive base member, and an elastic layer device disposed on the electroconductive base member. When a surface profile of the charging member is subjected to a periodicity analysis in a circumferential direction, the surface profile has a maximum amplitude, in a period region of smaller than 5 mm, within a range of higher than or equal to 0.20 ?m and smaller than or equal to 0.90 ?m.

Abstract: A developing roller (1) is provided, which includes a tubular porous inner layer (2) of a foamed product of a semiconductive rubber composition containing an ethylene propylene rubber and a paraffin oil, and an outer layer (4) of a seamless tube of a semiconductive thermoplastic polyamide elastomer provided on an outer peripheral surface (3) of the inner layer (2), and has an overall Asker-C hardness of not less than 30 degrees and not greater than 60 degrees. A production method is also provided, which includes the steps of: preparing a tube having a thickness T of 100 to 400 ?m and having an inner diameter D2 for an outer layer; preparing a tubular inner layer having an outer diameter D1; and press-inserting the inner layer into the tube; wherein an interference represented by a difference D1- D2 between the outer diameter D1 of the inner layer and the inner diameter D2 of the tube is 100 to 400 ?m.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member having a surface having elastic deformation power of 47% or more, a charging roller forming a nip between itself and the photosensitive member, and an image forming portion. When a nip region corresponding to the nip is formed and then an area of independent contact portions between the charging member and a measuring contact member is measured, the following relationship is satisfied: (contact width X)×(Contact area ratio ?)?0.1, where a length from a position of one end to a position of the other end of the nip region with respect to a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the charging roller is the contact width X, and a ratio of a sum of areas of the independent contact portions to an entire area of a measuring region is the contact area ratio ?.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus configured to, in a case where a difference between a charging current flowing through a first charging roller and a charging current flowing through a second charging roller is larger than a first threshold value, perform first cleaning processing in which a cleaning ability of one cleaner of a first cleaner and a second cleaner, which corresponds to one of the first charging roller and the second charging roller, is lower than a cleaning ability of another cleaner of the first cleaner and the second cleaner, which corresponds to another of the first charging roller and the second charging roller, a charging current flowing through the one charging roller being larger than a charging current flowing through the other charging roller.

Abstract: A charging roller includes a surface layer containing first and second surface particles and satisfying the following: 6.0 (?m)?Rz?18.8 (?m),??i where Rz is a ten-point average roughness (?m) of a charging roller surface, 7 (?m)?d?20 (?m),??ii where d is a thickness (?m) of the surface layer, 9.8 (?m)?D1?15.8 (?m) and 2.8 (?m)?D2?5.2 (?m),??iii where D1 and D2 are average particle size (?m) of the first surface particles, and the second surface particles, respectively, 3.0?D1/D2?5.6, and??iv 0.10?M1/(M1+M2)?0.32,??v where M1 is a total weight (mg) of the first surface particles per unit area of the charging roller surface, and M2 is a total weight (mg) of the second surface particles per unit area of the charging roller surface.

Abstract: This conductive roll includes: at least one elastic layer 12 including primarily a conductive rubber body and provided along the outer periphery of a core 11; and a coating layer 14 provided along the outer periphery of the elastic layer 12. The conductive roll satisfies the following expressions: circumference Sm1?135 ?m and circumference Sm1<circumference Sm2 wherein circumference Sm1 represents an average interval Sm of irregularities along the circumferential direction of the elastic layer 12, and circumference Sm2 represents an average interval Sm of irregularities along the circumferential direction of the coating layer 14.

Abstract: The electrophotographic roller has a surface layer comprising an electro-conductive elastic layer on an electro-conductive substrate. The opening of a bowl-shaped resin particle is exposed on the surface of the electrophotographic roller. The number of contact portions of the convex portion with the glass plate in a square region where a length of a nip in a direction along the circumferential direction of the electrophotographic roller of a nip formed by pressing the roller on the glass plate with a specific load applied as the length of one side and is located at any position in the nip is 8 or more. The average value of the areas of the contact portions is 10 ?m2 to 111 ?m2. The variation coefficient of the areas of the contact portions and the variation coefficient D of the areas of a plurality of Voronoi regions each including a contact portion satisfy specific relationships.

Abstract: A charge roller in an image-forming apparatus of a DC electrification mode mitigates occurrence of black lines and prevents fogging. The charge roller has a core, an elastic layer on the core, and a surface treatment layer on the surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer is a vulcanized rubber composition containing a rubber base mainly containing an epichlorohydrin-based rubber, and additives including a conductivity-imparting agent, an inorganic filler, a vulcanization accelerator, and a vulcanizing agent. The ratio of the conductivity-imparting agent and the inorganic filler, to the entire rubber composition, is 11 mass % or less. The surface treatment layer is formed by impregnating the elastic layer with a surface treatment liquid prepared by dissolving an isocyanate compound in an organic solvent. The roller has a roller surface roughness Rz of 10 ?m or less.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having an electroconductive substrate, and a resin layer on the substrate, in which the charging member has an area on the surface of the charging member, the area including a compound represented by the following formula (1),

Abstract: The present teachings describe a bias charging member. The charging member includes a conductive core and an outer surface layer disposed on the conductive core. The outer surface layer includes a crosslinked hydroxyl terminated poly(oxetane) based fluorinated polyether and an aminoplast resin.

Abstract: A developing device includes a container that contains developer; a rotating body that rotates while carrying the developer and supplies the developer to a latent image formed on an image carrier; a channel through which air in the container is discharged out of the container; a first member that is positioned downstream of a position at which the developer is separated from the rotating body in a rotation direction of the rotating body and with which the developer separated from the rotating body comes into contact; and a second member that is positioned downstream of the first member in the rotation direction of the rotating body and with which the developer separated from the rotating body comes into contact.

Abstract: To provide an elastic roll for an electro-photographic apparatus that includes an elastic body layer having a low hardness and being excellent in fatigue resistance, and thus is resistant to fatigue, and to provide a method for manufacturing the same. An elastic roll 10 for an electrophotographic apparatus includes a shaft body 12, and a foamed elastic body layer 14 provided on an outer periphery of the shaft body 12, wherein the foamed elastic body layer 14 consists of a silicone rubber foamed body including a plurality of air bubbles 18 in its base material containing cross-linked silicone rubber and a reinforcement material, and wherein the foamed elastic body layer has a communication degree of 40% or more. It is preferable that the elastic roll 10 should further include a skin layer 14a in the foamed elastic body layer 14 on an outer peripheral side.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearer including a first image portion to bear a first toner image, a second image portion to bear a second toner image, and a non-image portion to bear an adjustment pattern. A transferor forms a transfer nip with the image bearer. A controller controls the power source to output an image bias as a transfer bias to transfer the first toner image and the second toner image onto a first recording medium and a second recording medium, respectively, in the transfer nip when the first image portion and the second image portion pass through the transfer nip and output a non-image bias as the transfer bias when the non-image portion passes through the transfer nip. The controller performs a constant current control on the image bias and performs a constant voltage control when the image bias switches to the non-image bias.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus capable of appropriately setting a range of a charging voltage for electrically charging an image bearing member. A charging roller (2) and a charging power source (S1) are configured to apply a voltage between the charging roller (2) and a photosensitive drum (1) to electrically charge the photosensitive drum (1). A control circuit (13) is configured to set a voltage for obtaining a predetermined discharge current by the charging roller (2) with the photosensitive drum (1). The control circuit (13) is configured to determine, depending on a state of a resistance acting on an electric current flowing between the charging roller (2) and the photosensitive drum (1), at least one of an upper limit or a lower limit of the voltage set by the control circuit (13).

Abstract: Provided is a charging member capable of suppressing the occurrence of an image defect due to the non-uniform abrasion of a photosensitive member and a stain, in a long-term use. The charging member includes an electro-conductive elastic layer as a surface layer. The electro-conductive elastic layer contains a binder and a bowl-shaped resin particle having an opening. The surface of the charging member has a concavity and a protrusion derived from the bowl-shaped resin particle. The relations represented by the following formulae are satisfied, 0.2 ? S = ? S ? ? 5 - S ? ? 1 ? S ? ? 1 ? 0.5 0.15 ? d = ? d ? ? 5 - d ? ? 1 ? d ? ? 1 ? 0.

Abstract: A charging member includes a support member, and a surface layer which is provided on the support member and contains a non-conductive porous filler particle and a conductive material present in pores of the non-conductive porous filler particle. The charging member may be included in a process cartridge that is detachable from an image forming apparatus.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can prevent electrostatic adhesion of a toner and/or an external additive of the toner to the surface of the charging member, and exhibits stable charging performance during long-term use. The charging member comprises a support, and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer comprises a polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, zirconium and tantalum, and a specific group which is bonded to the at least one metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: A roller for electrophotography that has a low electric resistance value and that is still further reduced in contaminating property of other member is provided. The roller includes an electro-conductive mandrel and a surface layer having an electro-conductive foam. The electro-conductive foam includes a vulcanized product of an unvulcanized rubber composition including an acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and a hydrin rubber. The vulcanized product has a matrix-domain structure having a sea phase and an island phase, contains ethylene oxide of 8.0% by mass or more and 20.0% by mass or less based on a total amount of the vulcanized product, and has a spin-spin relaxation time T2 of 750 ?s<T2<930 ?s.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography capable of charging an electrically chargeable body stably over a long period of time. The electroconductive member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer on the electroconductive support. The surface layer has a skeleton that is three-dimensionally continuous and a pore that communicates in a thickness direction, and when any region measuring 150 ?m per side of a surface of the surface layer is photographed and equally divided into 60 parts in a vertical direction and 60 parts in a horizontal direction to form 3,600 squares, the number of squares including through holes is 100 or less. The skeleton is non-electroconductive and includes a plurality of particles connected to each other through a neck, and an average value D1 of circle-equivalent diameters of the particles is 0.1 ?m or more and 20 ?m or less.

Abstract: This image forming apparatus includes an image carrier, a charging member, a capacitor, a voltage control portion, and a current conduction control portion. The charging member is configured to charge the image carrier. The capacitor is connected on a current conduction path connecting the charging member and a ground. The voltage control portion is configured to control whether or not to apply DC voltage to the charging member. The current conduction control portion is configured to make the current conduction path conductive after DC voltage is applied by the voltage control portion, and to disconnect the current conduction path before application of DC voltage by the voltage control portion is stopped.

Abstract: A roller member includes a cored bar, an elastic layer, a first high resistance member, and a second high resistance member. The elastic layer is disposed on an outer circumferential face of the cored bar. The cored bar has a projecting portion projecting beyond a range in which the elastic layer is disposed, toward an axial end of the cored bar. The first high resistance member is made of a high-resistance material having a higher electrical resistance than an electrical resistance of the cored bar. The first high resistance member is fitted to the projecting portion. The second high resistance member is made of a high-resistance material having a higher electrical resistance than an electrical resistance of the cored bar. The second high resistance member fills a space between the first high resistance member and the elastic layer.

Abstract: A nonporous semiconductive roller is provided, which constantly ensures proper image formation substantially without image density unevenness attributable to the roughness of an outer peripheral extrusion surface thereof when being used as a developing roller. The semiconductive roller (1) is made of a nonporous crosslinking product of a rubber composition which contains a rubber component including only four types of rubbers including an epichlorohydrin rubber, a chloroprene rubber, a butadiene rubber and an acrylonitrile butadiene rubber.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a plurality of image bearers, a plurality of developing devices, a plurality of first transfer devices disposed opposite the plurality of image bearers, a second transfer device, a cleaning device to remove toner remaining on the intermediate transferor after a secondary transfer process, and a processor to control the plurality of developing devices to perform a refresh process to discharge toner from the plurality of developing devices to the plurality of image bearers. Among toner of the colors, toner having a first circularity first reaches the cleaning device and toner having a second circularity higher than the first circularity subsequently reaches the cleaning device in the refresh process.

Abstract: A resistive film is applied to a conductive substrate. Ductile particles are disposed substantially uniformly throughout the resistive film. Brittleness of the resistive film is thereby reduced.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a resin and insulating particles. The insulating particles account for 50% or more and 70% or less of an area of a cross-section of the surface layer taken in a thickness direction.

Abstract: A charging member includes a support member, a conductive elastic layer disposed on the support member, and a front surface layer disposed on the conductive elastic layer. Irregularities with a cycle of shorter than 0.1 mm and irregularities with a cycle of 0.1 mm or longer are distributed on an entirety of an outer circumferential surface of the charging member, and satisfy the following conditions of (1) and (2): (1) the irregularities with the cycle of shorter than 0.1 mm have an average height of greater than 0 ?m and 4 ?m or less; and (2) the irregularities with the cycle of 0.1 mm or longer have an average height of from 5 ?m to 30 ?m. A half-value width of a maximum frequency value of height distribution on the outer circumferential surface is from 1 ?m to 3 ?m.

Abstract: A charging member includes a support member, a conductive elastic layer disposed on the support member, and a front surface layer disposed on the conductive elastic layer. Irregularities with a cycle of shorter than 0.1 mm and irregularities with a cycle of 0.1 mm or longer are distributed on an entirety of an outer circumferential surface of the charging member, and satisfy the following conditions of (1) and (2): (1) the irregularities with the cycle of shorter than 0.1 mm have an average height of from 8 ?m to 11 ?m; and (2) the irregularities with the cycle of 0.1 mm or longer have an average height of from 2 ?m to 5 ?m. A half-value width of the maximum frequency value of height distribution on the outer circumferential surface is from 1 ?m to 3 ?m.

Abstract: An image formation apparatus includes: a first image formation unit including a first image carrier and a first charging member that charges the first image carrier, the first image formation unit using a first developer and; a second image formation unit including a second image carrier and a second charging member that charges the second image carrier, the second image formation unit using a second developer; and a controller that determines a first charging voltage correction amount for correcting a charging voltage to be applied to the first charging member according to an amount of usage of the first image carrier, and determines a second charging voltage correction amount for correcting a charging voltage to be applied to the second charging member according to an amount of usage of the second image carrier. The second charging voltage correction amount is larger than the first charging voltage correction amount.

Abstract: A charging member includes a support member, a conductive elastic layer disposed on the support member, and a front surface layer disposed on the conductive elastic layer. Irregularities with a cycle of shorter than 0.1 mm and irregularities with a cycle of 0.1 mm or longer are distributed on an entirety of an outer circumferential surface of the charging member, and satisfy the following conditions of (1) and (2): (1) The irregularities with the cycle of shorter than 0.1 mm have an average height of 5 ?m to 8 ?m; and (2) The irregularities with the cycle of 0.1 mm or longer have an average height of 6 ?m to 30 ?m. A half-value width of a maximum frequency value of a height distribution on the outer circumferential surface is 1 ?m to 3 ?m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic charging member in which the adhesion of contamination is more suppressed is provided. The electrophotographic charging member includes an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive support, the electro-conductive elastic layer includes 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less of an aggregate of crosslinked rubber particles, the aggregate of the crosslinked rubber particles has a circle-equivalent diameter of 10 ?m or more and 50 ?m or less, the crosslinked rubber particles have one of an acrylic resin and a styrene acrylic resin chemically bonded to a surface thereof, the charging member has a protrusion derived from the aggregate of the crosslinked rubber particles on a surface thereof, and the protrusion has an average height of 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer formed on the substrate, and a surface layer formed on the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer has a sea-island structure that includes a sea portion at least containing a first resin and a conductive agent and island portions at least containing a second resin, the island portions have an average diameter of approximately at least 100 nm and not greater than 1/10 of the thickness of the surface layer, and the conductive agent contained in the sea portion is unevenly distributed in the vicinity of the interface of the sea portion with the island portions.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a charger, a charge eliminator, and a controller. The charger charges a surface of an image carrier. The charge eliminator eliminates residual charge from the surface of the image carrier charged by the charger. The controller performs control to reduce a level of charge elimination performed by the charge eliminator during a third period compared to a level of charge elimination performed by the charge eliminator during a second period in which an image for determining an image-forming condition is formed. The third period is a period other than the second period within a first period that is a period, other than a period of normal image formation, during which the surface of the image carrier is charged by the charger.

Abstract: A charging member, one embodiment of which includes a conductive support; a conductive elastomer layer stacked on the conductive support; and a conductive resin layer stacked on the conductive elastomer layer, wherein the conductive resin layer includes: a matrix material; and a plurality of particles dispersed in the matrix material, wherein the particles include first particles, and when a thickness of a portion formed of the matrix material alone of the conductive resin layer is referred to as A [?m], an average particle size of the first particles is referred to as B1 [?m], and an interparticle distance of the particles is referred to as Sm [?m], then A is in a range of 1.0 ?m to 7.0 ?m, B1/A is in a range of 5.0 to 30.0, and Sm is in a range of 50 ?m to 400 ?m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer provided on the electroconductive substrate, and an inorganic surface layer provided on the photosensitive layer, wherein a layer constituting an outermost surface of the photosensitive layer contains from 30% by weight to 70% by weight of silica particles and contains a biphenyl copolymerization type polycarbonate resin including a structural unit represented by the formula (PCA) and a structural unit represented by the formula (PCB) at a copolymerization ratio (PCA:PCB (molar ratio)) of 10:90 to 50:50: wherein, RP1, RP2, RP3, and RP4 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 7 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and XP1 represents a phenylene group, a biphenylene group, a naphthylene group, an alkylene group, or a cycloalkylene group.

Abstract: The electroconductive member has an electroconductive support and a surface layer formed on the electroconductive support, wherein the surface layer has a porous body having a continuous open pore, and the electroconductive member satisfies the following (1) and (2): (1) in a specific condition, a surface potential of the electroconductive member, after an elapse of 10 seconds since a completion of a discharge is 10 V or more; and (2) when applying a direct voltage between a polyethylene terephthalate film as a member to be charged and the electroconductive member, and charging the polyethylene terephthalate film, |Vd|?|Vin|?|Vth| is satisfied within a range of |Vin|>|Vth|, wherein, Vd represents a charge potential of the polyethylene terephthalate film, Vin represents a voltage applied between the electroconductive member and the polyethylene terephthalate film, Vth represents a discharge starting voltage.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive support and an outermost layer disposed on the conductive support. The outermost layer includes porous silica and an N-alkoxymethylated polyamide and has a gel fraction of 50% or more and a surface roughness Rz of 2 ?m or more and 20 ?m or less.

Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer as the surface layer on the substrate. The electro-conductive resin layer contains a binder and a bowl-shaped resin particle; the surface of electrophotographic member has a concavity derived from the opening of the bowl-shaped resin particle, a protrusion derived from the edge portion of the opening and the electro-conductive resin layer; and when the surface of the member is observed using a scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage (1 kV) and a magnification (×2000) while applying a DC voltage (50 to 100 V) between an electrode disposed opposite to the electrophotographic member and the substrate, the brightness of the protrusion, K1, the brightness of the bottom of the concavity, K2, and the brightness of the exposed surface of the electro-conductive resin layer, K3, satisfy K2<K1, K3<K1 and 0.8?K2/K3?1.2.

Abstract: An image forming device includes an image carrier on the surface of which a toner image is formed, a cleaning member arranged in contact with, for cleaning, the surface of the image carrier, a charging member for electrostatically charging the image carrier, a bias applying device, and a control portion. The bias applying device applies a charging bias having DC and AC biases superimposed on each other to the charging member. The control portion controls the charging bias applied to the charging member by the bias applying device. As the AC bias applied to the charging member, the control portion uses, in a first period from the start of use of the image carrier to a predetermined time thereafter, a first AC bias and, in a second period subsequent to the first period, a second AC bias higher than the first AC bias.

Abstract: A semiconductive roller is provided which includes a roller body formed from a highly extrudable rubber composition containing an SBR and an epichlorohydrin rubber in combination as a rubber component, the roller body having a higher production yield and higher toner imaging durability, and unlikely to suffer from reduction in image density due to adhesion of toner and a contact mark on an outer peripheral surface thereof with a smaller compression set. In the rubber component, the SBR and the epichlorohydrin rubber are present in an SBR excess state. In the rubber composition, a crosslinking component for crosslinking the rubber component includes a sulfur crosslinking agent and 0.75 to 3 parts by mass of a thiazole accelerating agent based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. The roller body (2) of the semiconductive roller (1) is made of a crosslinking product of the rubber composition.

Abstract: A charge roller includes a body having a metal external surface and an inorganic outer resistive coating.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable photosensitive member; a charger for charging the photosensitive member by being supplied with a DC voltage; an image forming station for forming an image on the photosensitive member charged by the charger to form an electrostatic image; a current detector for detecting a DC current flowing to the charger when the charger is supplied with a DC voltage from the voltage source; an executing portion for executing pre-charging operation for charging by the charger the photosensitive member a which is rotating, after production of an image formation signal prior to image forming operation by the image forming station; and a controller for controlling an amount of rotation of the photosensitive member in the pre-charging operation on the basis of a DC current detected by the current detector during the pre-charging operation.

Abstract: The present teachings described a bias charging member and a method of manufacture. According to an embodiment, there is provided a bias charging member. The bias charging member includes an outer surface layer disposed on the conductive core. The outer surface layer includes ceramic microspheres having an average size of from 1 micron to 40 microns present in an amount of from about 5 to about 40 weight percent of the outer layer.

Abstract: A conductive member includes: a conductive support; a conductive elastic layer that is provided on the conductive support and includes a vulcanizate of an unvulcanized rubber material; and a surface layer that is provided on the conductive elastic layer and includes a cured product of an oxygen-curable unsaturated compound.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a member for electrophotography that can inhibit the adhesion of dirt to the outer surface. The member for electrophotography has a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and first particles, the surface of the surface layer has first convexes derived from the first particles, the first particles resulting in the first convex has an average inter-particle surface distance of 50 nm or less, the first particles have a number-average particle diameter of 200 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and the surface of the surface layer has a universal hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearer, a charging member to contact a surface of the image bearer and charge the image bearer, an exposure device to expose the image bearer and form a latent image, a developing device to develop the latent image on the image bearer into a toner image, a transfer device to transfer the toner image from the image bearer onto a transfer medium, and a cleaning blade to contact the surface of the image bearer and remove toner from the image bearer after image transfer. The charging member has surface unevenness created by projections and recesses extending in a direction of rotation of the image bearer. The cleaning blade is configured to abrade projections formed on the surface of the image bearer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a latent image bearer, an electric charging member to electrically charge the latent image bearer uniformly while forming an electric charging nip therebetween by contacting the latent image bearer. A value obtained by dividing a moment of inertia of area of the latent image bearer by the cube of length thereof ranges from about 0.000058 [mm] or more to about 0.000145 [mm] or less. A width of the electric charging nip in a direction of rotation at longitudinal ends of the latent image bearer is larger than that at a longitudinal center thereof. A difference between the width of the electric charging nip in the direction of rotation at the longitudinal ends of the latent image bearer and that at the longitudinal center thereof is larger than an amount of deformation of the latent image bearer generated during rotation at the longitudinal center thereof.