Abstract: This invention relates to a novel archway apparatus which is useful for building access roads, such as logging roads and secondary roads in wilderness areas that include waterways such as streams and creeks, while causing little or not impact to sensitive environment. An environmentally compatible archway module for culvert construction comprising: (a) a curved body; (b) a first flange on a first end of the body; (c) a second flange on a second end of the body; (d) a first footing contact area at the base of a first side of the body; (e) a second footing contact area at the base of a second side of the body; and (f) a reinforcing member in a region of the body between the first flange and the second flange.

Abstract: A plastic apron endwall is connected to a drain which extends under a highway. The apron endwall is in the form of an upwardly opening trough having a general wedge shape and incorporates lateral wings which extend outwardly from the sides of the apron end wall into the surrounding soil, so that as installed, the soil overburden prevents the apron end wall from being displaced upwardly by buoyancy forces in the event that the ditch into which the apron end wall drains becomes flooded. The total planar area of the wings is selected so that the overburden, that is the soil which lies above the wings, is sufficient to offset any buoyancy force produced by water saturated the soil in which the apron end wall is embedded.

Abstract: A storm-water control header for a culvert has a vertical head-wall with a thimble on the downstream side, and an adjustable inlet control device including a weir on the upstream side. The thimble is positioned within the culvert, and passes water from the weir to the culvert. A low flow section at the inlet control device allows water to pass from the bottom of the device at a low controlled rate to the culvert. A cover on the top of the control device excludes floating matter from the culvert.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus for thawing frozen culverts that are blocked with ice and snow. It consists of three parts A pipe or tube that is attached to the inner length of the culvert by clamps or a clamp/bolt assembly and water tight end caps for the pipe. The pipe must me set slightly higher at the inlet end of the culvert than at the outlet end of the culvert. When the culvert becomes blocked with ice or snow and the water at the inlet end of the culvert is as high as the pipe. The end caps of the pipe are removed. Water flows through the pipe and creates friction. This causes the pipe to heat up and melts the ice around the pipe. Once enough ice and snow has melted around the pipe a channel will form around the pipe through which water can flow. At this point the inlet end of the pipe should be capped and the water inside the pipe allowed to drain out. Then the outlet end of the pipe should be capped.

Abstract: Method of construction of a vault, in which at least two half-shells (1-8; 60) are brought to bear against one another by means of at least two bearing pieces (30, 50; 70) which are mated and, each half-shell (1-8; 60) comprising an upper edge (21; 61) and a bottom lip (22); each bearing piece (30, 50; 70) is fixed removably to a half-shell (1-8; 60), the two half-shells (1-8; 60) are brought to bear against one another temporarily via their bearing piece (30, 50; 70) without their bottom lips (22) being brought to bear against one another, a keystone-forming material is cast between said upper edges (21; 61), on the bottom (14) constituted by the lips (22), so as to bring about continuous transverse joining together of the half-shells (1-8; 60), and then the bearing pieces (30, 50; 70) are removed so as to effect load transfer from the bearing pieces (30, 50; 70) to the half-shells (1-8; 60). The invention is suitable for the construction of a passage under an embankment.

Abstract: A culvert end guard for use in surrounding and protecting an exterior end portion of a culvert and which is assembled from first and second like half shell sections is disclosed. Each half shell is T-shaped in configuration and includes a central limb portion, two end limb portions, an exterior surface and an interior surface. The interior surface of each half shell is further characterized by an open-ended channel of predetermined size and shape that is centrally disposed in and which extends in a direction along the central limb portion, and contact areas located on either side of the channel. When the first and second half shell sections are brought together in opposed and closed shell relationship, they engage one another along their respective contact areas and form from their respective channels a passageway through which the end of the culvert can extend.

Abstract: A civil engineering structure having an arched wall including a plurality of curve shaped elements. Each element bears against one or more other similar elements and has a recess arranged in an outer face for casting a concrete assembly capping piece and reinforcements. Each element also includes at least one rigid bearing piece fastened to the element and has, at a free end of the rigid bearing piece, a surface with a non-planar profile. The rigid bearing piece comes to bear against a similar piece of another element located opposite it. The two rigid bearing pieces have complementary profiles making it possible for them to be wedged vertically.

Abstract: A leaching chamber for burial in the ground includes biased ends which permit a series of chambers to arch clockwise or counterclockwise or to continue straight to form a leaching field. Each chamber is identical to every other chamber and includes identical mating flanges. For tighter arches, short adaptors can be used which have ends identical to the chambers.

Abstract: A method for controlling deformation of an erected structural metal plate culvert or underpass during backfilling of the erected structure comprises: building progressively a reinforced earth retaining system on each side of the erected structure by alternately layering a plurality of compacted layers of earth with interposed layers of reinforcement to form reinforced earth on each side of the erected structure and securing to each side of the structure each said layer of reinforcement in the reinforced earth, whereby such securement of each said layer of reinforcement to said structure controls deformation of the erected structure during backfilling with the reinforced earth on each side of the structure. The layer of reinforcement may be a plurality of strips extending away from the structure, or a reinforcement mat of interconnected rods.

Abstract: Tunnel liners are formed from panels of arched sheet material. The panels include a central portion, inclined side portions and wing portions. One of the wing portions has a hook portion and the other of the wing portions has a receptacle portion. The hook portions and receptacle portions are constructed so as to snap-fit with respective receptacle portions and hook portions of adjacent panels. Panels can thus be more easily be assembled together. Panels can also be continuously seamed together from the underside, i.e., from within an arched assembly of panels.

Abstract: The endplate of an arch shape cross section leaching chamber for dispersing liquid in soil has an inlet duct which enables the pipe delivering liquid to the chamber to be at higher elevation than the top of the chamber. Liquid flowing from the duct is guided downwardly by a channel and onto an integral baseplate extending into the chamber, to lessen any erosion of the soil within the open bottom of the chamber. Preferably, the endplate has double walls which, with sidewalls, form the channel. And, a slot opening near the bottom of the inner wall discharges the liquid into the chamber interior.

Abstract: An overfilled arch structure includes a spandrel wall that is formed of a plurality of separate segments, each of which is monolithic. The arch structure includes an arch end element having a curb thereon at one end edge, and the segments of the spandrel wall each have a front face that is in abutting contact with the curb and a rear face that is exposed to earth backfill. Vertical support for the segments is provided by the arch end element and the foundation and horizontal support is provided by the curb and the wingwalls. Stabilization is provided by the earth backfill. The lateral segments of the spandrel walls are mirror images of each other and can be formed in a single form. A joining spandrel segment is identical to two lateral segments in edge-to-edge relationship and is used for side-by-side structures. A central segment, like the lateral segments, has at least one arcuate side for snugly abut against the arch element, and can have two arcuate sides.

Abstract: A box culvert formed from a plurality of corrugated sections. Reinforcing ribs are secured to the outside surface of the culvert. A universal receiving channel is provided for each lower edge of the culvert and may be used to secure lower edge portions extending at different angles relative to horizontal. A rib configuration is disclosed which results in manufacturing and material savings.

Abstract: Pre-fabricated end wall for culvert includes a novel pre-cast concrete slab shaped with an upper margin longer than the lower margin and with inclined side or end margins which are proximate the angle of repose of the culvert or ditch in which the culvert end walls are to be inserted. Each end wall defines an aperture into which mates or nests a conduit which is adapted to pass water from one end wall through the other end wall. Backfilling is the usual aggregate is compacted into and between the end walls to complete the culvert structure and if desired, a roadway surface may be placed over top of the same.

Abstract: A rectangular reinforcing cage is provided for a cast concrete structure having longitudinal registration tubes at each corner of the cage. An outer reinforcing cage surrounds the registration tubes and a coaxial inner reinforcing cage is supported from the outer cage by a plurality of spacers. Each reinforcing cage has a pair of facing C-shaped mats having straight mats overlapping and connected to the bent ends of the "C" to complete each reinforcing cage. Each end of the C-shaped mats have a smoothly curved transition bend joining a portion perpendicular to the main portion of the mat. Each mat has a layer of longitudinal wires connected to a layer of transverse wires. The longitudinal wires being more closely spaced near the end of each mat than in the remainder of the mat with no longitudinal wires in the transition bend of each C-shaped mat. The longitudinal wires are positioned inside each C-shaped mat and outside each straight mat when a reinforcing cage is assembled.

Abstract: A conduit for dispersing or gathering liquids in the earth has an arch shape cross section and alternating peak and valley corrugations along its length, with cantilever legs extending from one end to interact with the mating portion of a like conduit. The legs, along with a shiplap joint having flange discontinuities for manufacturability, provide a superior rigid joint when the conduits are mated and buried beneath the earth and subjected to vertical loads.

Abstract: Soil/metal supporting structures commonly include panel sections having a short radius of curvature in the range of 750 mm to 2,500 mm. In such soil metal supporting structures the panels are of heavy gauge in the range of 2 mm to 10 mm thickness. Usually, expensive tooling and forming techniques are required to cold form the heavy gauge material into a curved shaped having such short radius. Such expensive techniques have been eliminated by this invention by virtue of the improvements comprising:a) the panels have a high degree of ductility before being cold formed, such high degree of ductility being determined by a ratio of specified minimum yield strength to specified minimum tensile strength equal to or less than 0.

Abstract: A reinforced metal box culvert is provided which has the standard crown, opposing sides and opposite curved haunches. The culvert is characterized in having continuous corrugated metal sheet reinforcement secured to at least the crown of the culvert and extends the length of the culvert which is effective in supporting the load. The corrugated reinforcement has a profile which abuts the crown corrugations with the troughs of the reinforcement being secured to the crests of the corrugated crown. The corrugated reinforcement sheet has a curvature complementary to the corrugated crown to facilitate securement. The continuous reinforcement, as secured to the culvert in an uninterrupted manner, provides an optimum load carrying capacity for selected extent of reinforcement provided by the reinforcement metal sheets.

Abstract: An underground tubular structural system capable of having a very large cross section, for the construction of urban or rural conduits, underground passages and other civil engineering installations. At least two conduits (S1) (S2), namely, a high conduit (S2) and a low conduit (S1), are superposed and at least the high conduit (S2) is formed in cross section by at least two prefabricated elements, namely a lower element (4) (6) in the shape of an inverted U capping the low conduit (S1) and bearing along two lateral sides (14) of the latter and an upper covering element (2') (5) capping the lower element (4) (6) of the high conduit and closing the section (S2) towards the top. One or more supplementary conduits can easily be added to an already existing conduit.

Abstract: A natural bottom culvert and installation method that preserves the in-stream environment for fish to spawn, forage and migrate, while being able to withstand high-water levels. The culvert has an arch-shaped member that is placed over the stream in connection with elongate footings placed on terraces prepared on each stream bank. The footings have a plurality of apertures spaced along their elongate dimensions. Anchor posts are driven into the terraces through the apertures and affixed to the footings. Fill material is placed over this assembly and a road is constructed over the fill material.

Abstract: A corrugated box culvert constructed from reinforced corrugated steel or aluminum sheets having very deep corrugations and generally having a uniform bending moment profile for the whole length of the culvert.

Abstract: An underground tubular structural system capable of having a very large cross section, for the construction of urban or rural conduits, underground passages and other civil engineering installations. At least two conduits (S1) (S2), namely a high conduit (S2) and a low conduit (S1), are superposed and at least the high conduit is formed in cross section by at least two prefabricated elements, namely a lower element (4) (6) in the shape of an inverted U capping the low conduit (S1) and bearing along two lateral sides (14) of the latter and an upper covering element (2') (5) capping the lower element (4) (6) of the high conduit and closing the section (S2) towards the top. One or more supplementary conduits can easily be added to an already existing conduit.

Abstract: This invention concerns paneling for the internal walls of road tunnels, preferably provided with a fretted transversal section and characterized by the remarkable simplicity with which it can be mounted and maintained, and able to guarantee the diffusion of the right amount of light inside the tunnels themselves, as well as efficiently containing any water which may seep from the walls of such tunnels.

Abstract: A grating type pipe covering and protector which can be located either within the interior of a pipe or be attached to the outer walls of the pipe at its exit or its entrance openings includes a grating protector employing a two part grating covering having a common support about which both grating portions can pivot onto each other. Both parts of the grating covering have means thereon for affixing the grating to the walls of the culvert pipe.

Abstract: Disclosed is a prefabricated culvert unit comprising a bottom plate, two sidewall plates intended to be positioned onto the upper surface of the bottom plate adjacent to the side edges thereof, and a cover plate intended to be positioned on top of the sidewall plates to form together with these sidewall plates and bottom plate a closed duct. Advantageously, this unit further comprises a pair of shoulders integrally projecting from the lower surface of the cover plate and a pair of ledges projecting upwardly from the upper edges of the sidewall plates to lock the cover plate onto the sidewall plates. The unit also comprises a tongue and groove joint on the upper surface of the bottom plate adjacent each of its side edges and on the lower end of the corresponding sidewall plate, respectively, to lock the sidewall plate and bottom plate together when the culvert unit is assembled.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a three-sided culvert includes prestressing tendons in the culvert form. A series of prestressing tendons are secured within a form adapted for casting a concrete culvert having three orthogonal sides. The prestressing tendons are utilized in the top slab of the three-sided culvert and are positioned within the form prior to the pouring of concrete therein. Reinforcing steel can be eliminated along with the costs associated therewith and a culvert configuration can be provided with enhanced strength and improved material properties. Such culverts may thus be provided in modular form for placement upon foundations at remote locations for the creation of bridges, drainage areas and the like.

Abstract: An automatic culvert directional flow control device comprising a flange or support ring supporting a hinge assembly. A pair of dampers are joined to the hinge in a pivoting and a vertical relationship, one over the other. The dampers are held in a normally closed position by means such as a counter balance. The culvert directional flow control device is designed for easy installation on the inside of existing culverts and acts to prevent water from reversing direction of flow through the culvert against the desired normal flow.

Abstract: A precast concrete culvert system includes a series of open bottom culvert sections each having parallel spaced vertical side walls integrally connected to an arcuate top wall having a curved inner surface with a radius of curvature at least twice the rise defined between the top center of the curved inner surface and the bottom surfaces of the side walls. The side walls rest on footers and have outer surfaces which form sharp corners with the top surface of the top wall and have a vertical height at least sixty percent and preferably between eighty and ninety percent of the rise. The vertical height is also less than fifty percent of the radius of curvature which is between twenty and fifty feet and preferably either about twenty-five or forty feet. The end sections have vertical head walls, and the vertical side walls are adapted to connect with angularly disposed vertical concrete wing walls to provide for a smooth hydraulic flow into and through the series of the culvert sections.

Abstract: Enclosing structures having tubular sections which are elliptical in cross-section, each section being an assembly of prefabricated components corresponding to a portion of the cross-section of the tubular section and including side components and a vault forming upper component, and optionally a base component, the side components having stabilizing members at their lowermost ends, joints being provided to integrally interconnect the components to form a unitary structure.

Abstract: An improved culvert drainpipe and method of utilizing the same is disclosed characterized by use of an elongate thin wall extruded drainpipe element formed having a generally S-shaped configuration defining a pair of main flow channels and including plural curvilinear projections extending axially along the exterior of the element. The distal edges of the drainpipe element cooperate with one or more elongate wall extensions formed on the interior of the drainpipe element which prevent radial compression and/or collapse of the drainpipe element and deter debris from entering into the main the flow channels. In use, multiple drainpipe elements are bundled together in a generally parallel axis orientation whereby the curvilinear projections serve as secondary flow channels, improve debris segregation, and maintain space between adjacent drainpipe elements.

Abstract: A tunnel or pipe section which includes a plurality of panels which are connected together to form a closed tunnel or pipe section. Each panel includes a plurality of tubular connectors which are anchored within the panel, preferably to the reinforcing members of the concrete panels, and which are connected to one another, such as by bolting through apertures in walls of the aligned connectors.

Abstract: A precast concrete culvert system includes a series of open bottom culvert sections each having parallel spaced vertical side walls integrally connected to an arcuate top wall having a curved inner surface with a radius of curvature at least twice the rise defined between the top center of the curved inner surface and the bottom surfaces of the side walls. The side walls rest on footers and have outer surfaces which form sharp corners with the top surface of the top wall and have a vertical height at least sixty percent and preferably between eighty and ninety percent of the rise. The vertical height is also less than fifty percent of the radius of curvature which is between twenty and fifty feet and preferably either about twenty-five or forty feet. The end sections have vertical head walls, and the vertical side walls are adapted to connect with angularly disposed vertical concrete wing walls to provide for a smooth hydraulic flow into and through the series of the culvert sections.

Abstract: A culvert having a corrosion resistant composite coating and a method of producing the corrosion resistant composite coating. The coating method is for use in a coventional hot dip coating line of the type wherein a steel strip, having been appropriately pretreated so as to be at or above the coating temperature and have its surface free of oxides, is caused to pass through a bath of molten coating metal. A fibrous aramid paper is bonded to the surface of the steel strip by pressing the fibers into the molten coating layer immediately after the steel strip exits the coating bath. The steel strip may be fabricated into construction products such as culvert which may be further protected with bituminous type coatings.

Abstract: Floor drainage systems in locations using a relatively large amount of water are usually covered with expanded metal gratings which easily become blocked and do not allow sufficient support for relatively heavy vehicular traffic to pass thereover. The present device utilizes a culvert section having spaced apart upper angle members and a sheetmetal culvert depending there below, the depth of which gradually increases from one end to the other. Location tabs extend from the sides of the culvert along the length thereof and these are all spaced the same distance downwardly from the upper angle members so that the sections are all readily supported upon pegs placed along the trench at the same depth from the surface. Concrete may then be poured around and under the culvert and the floor surface finished flush with the upper surface of the angle members so that only an elongated slot is seen when the installation is completed.

Abstract: A shell-like retainer structure is provided for forming headwalls at each extremity of a culvert disposed below a driveway. The retainer structure has two parallel spaced apart sidewalls having aligned U-shaped openings, and a transverse wall spanning the perimeters of said side walls, said side and transverse walls defining a chamber which opens at the bottom of the retainer structure and at the U-shaped openings. A filling aperture is located in the uppermost extremity of the transverse wall. When the retainer structure is seated upon the culvert, filling material is poured through the aperture, and the filled structure is left in place upon the culvert.

Abstract: A concrete arch buried bridge made up of upper and lower arched parts of corrugated metal provided with a reinforced concrete cap with a footing at each side, having an abutment extending inward under the margin of the upper part. The margins of the respective upper and lower parts have a connection which can be left loose to enable their relative movement and tightened so that they are rigidly held together. Each margin of the lower part has a permanent connection to the adjacent abutment which allows movement in the upward and downward direction, but resists lateral movement. The bridge is constructed by first placing the lower part on a compacted fill and making the connection between the margins of the upper part and the lower part. Then, the concrete cap is formed on top of the upper part and when the concrete is set sufficiently, the connection loosened and the fill completed on top of it.

Abstract: A prefabricated support and covering structure for making artificial tunnels, small bridges, and the like, is comprised of a plurality of modular bodies each of which consists of a plurality of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels interconnected by reinforcing rods so that upon lifting of the center portion of each modular body the prefabricated panels will fold about hinges defined by the reinforcing rods. The reinforcing rods are disposed at angles relative to each other and intersect along a line parallel to the axis of the structure, which line defines the hinge axis. Each prefabricated panel of reinforced concrete has abutting edges and the gap between the confronting faces of the panels is filled with binding material. The modular bodies are each provided with lateral flanges to define a space between the lateral spaces of adjacent bodies which is also filled with a binding material to unite the modular bodies to each other.

Abstract: A culvert section includes vertical parallel spaced concrete side walls integrally connected by an arcuate concrete top wall having a curved inner surface with a radius of curvature at least twice the rise defined between the top center of the curved inner surface and the bottom surfaces of the side walls. The side walls have flat outer surfaces which form corners with the top surface and have a vertical height preferably between eighty and ninety percent of the rise. The vertical height is also less than fifty percent of the radius of curvature which is between twenty and thirty feet and preferably about twenty-five feet. The vertical side walls are adapted to connect with angularly disposed vertical concrete wing walls to provide for a smooth hydraulic flow into and through a series of the culvert sections.

Abstract: The invention relates to a modular construction system for a covered structure of large section produced by assembling prefabricated elements, namely floor elements (1), side elements (2) placed on each side of the floor, and roof elements (4).

Abstract: In a situation where animals, such as beavers, attempt to flood lands by blocking culverts or constructing dams across waterways, a device is used to maintain a constant flow of water through the dam or culvert. An elongated pipe or culvert with a downwardly directed opening distant from the culvert or dam is used. On the end of the pipe closest to the culvert is a gate which prevents animals and debris from passing through but allows for the smaller elongated pipe to communicate with the culvert. The beaver instinctively attempts to dam the gate area rather than dam the underwater opening of the elongated pipe, and thus is unsuccessful in stopping the flow of water.

Abstract: An archway construction positioned over a pathway for supporting a crossroad or the like. The archway has three primary sections including an upper ceiling section which spans the pathway and which is supported on two vertical support sections positioned on opposite sides of the pathway. The three primary sections are each comprised of alternating layers of compacted soil fill and steel reinforcing mats, with the mats serving to stabilize the fill. The ceiling section preferably includes at least three reinforcing mats including a lower flat mat and a pair of curved upper mats, with the three mats being separated by layers of fill except in a central region midway between the vertical support sections where the three mats are connected together. The two upper curved mats of the ceiling section provide vertical support for the center of the lower flat mat.

Abstract: An arch-culvert structure for use in the construction of culverts or the like, includes a corrugated metal conduit and corrugated metal or concrete wings extending outwardly from the top sides of the conduit for distributing the soil or live load. Such structure is relatively inexpensive and increases the resistance to failure in the roof portion of the structure, in the wall area and in the soil or backfill materials adjacent to the structure.

Abstract: A culvert section includes vertical parallel spaced concrete side walls integrally connected by an arcuate concrete top wall having a curved inner surface with a radius of curvature at least twice the rise defined between the top center of the curved inner surface and the bottom surfaces of the side walls. The side walls have flat outer surfaces which form corners with the top surface and have a vertical height preferably between eighty and ninety percent of the rise. The vertical height is also less than fifty percent of the radius of curvature which is between twenty and thirty feet and preferably about twenty-five feet. The vertical side walls are adapted to connect with angularly disposed vertical concrete wing walls to provide for a smooth hydraulic flow into and through a series of the culvert sections.

Abstract: A three-sided, rectilinear bridge or culvert structure comprises a pair of vertical sidewalls set in preformed or cast in place footers or existing supports and an integral, planar, horizontal span. The footers preferably include a sidewall receiving channel on their upper surfaces. There is no lower or bottom portion of the structure such as is found in conventional box culverts and thus, that region between the footers and sidewalls is open and readily permits water flow through the structure in its natural watercourse, lessening the likelihood of debris collection within the structure. The structure is cast concrete reinforced with conventional reinforcing bar or welded wire mesh. A wide range of rise/span (height/width) proportions may be accommodated in structures having spans up to about thirty feet.

Abstract: An arch-beam structure for use in combination with a culvert or the like includes a panel, which is cast or placed on the usual metal culvert conduit, the panel covering the top of the conduit, and having arms extending horizontally outwardly beyond the sides of the conduit for the purpose of transferring loads occurring on the panel-conduit system to the soil at the sides thereof, confining and thus increasing resistance to failure in the area of the soil or backfill materials adjacent to the structure.

Abstract: Arch elements (S) of an overfilled load support structure (L) suitable for use in highway construction are associated with a foundation (F) by a hinge (10). The hinge is formed by edges (12,14) of the arch element bearing on a horizontally disposed load bearing surface (22) and a vertically disposed load bearing surface (24). Essentially unrestrained rotation about the edge bearing on the horizontally disposed surface is permitted, and translation of the element is primarily restrained by the edge bearing against the vertically disposed load bearing surface. The rest of the element is spaced from the foundation.

Abstract: An end element (10) retains earth overfill (E) associated to an overfilled load support structure (L) which includes an end arch element (S). The end element replaces a spandrel wall (R) and wingwalls (W), and includes a lateral extension (12) located next to the end arch element of the load support structure and which extends far enough so the slope of the fill between an overpass (O) and the toe (22) of the fill located on top of the support structure is low for permitting the overfill located on top of the load support structure to be essentially unrestrained in the horizontal direction. Retaining panels (14) are located adjacent to the lateral extension and cooperate with that lateral extension for retaining the fill.

Abstract: The invention relates to the construction of culverts, tunnels or the like. One known method of constructing a culvert uses precast reinforced concrete units which are heavy, require mechanical handling and are expensive to transport. Another known method is to construct a culvert by building brick or concrete walls and erecting a concrete roof. This method is also expensive and is a time consuming operation.The specification discloses a prefabricated culvert unit comprising opposed side walls joined by a top wall and wherein each side wall terminates in a foot member extending substantially normal to the wall, the unit being constructed from glassfibre reinforced cement (GRC). The feet members are supported on and secured to a concrete base surface in such a manner that there is a liquid-tight seal between the feet and the base surface. Concrete is then poured around the side walls and over the top wall of the unit or a plurality of units joined in line to complete the culvert.

Abstract: A corrugated metal open top pipe drain for the collection and removal of surface water from paved areas, such as highways, parking lots, airports and the like.

Abstract: A composite arch structure and method of making it are taught. The composite arch structure comprises a pair of retaining wall portions and a top arch portion extending therebetween. A stiffening and load distributing member is structurally affixed to the top arch portion and extends longitudinally of the composite arch structure for the majority of the length of the structure. The composite arch structure preferably also includes longitudinally extending, load spreading buttress means on either side of the vertical axis of the structure at positions where a radial force acting on the structure forms an angle of about 45.degree. or more to the horizontal.