Abstract: A drain field and a drain field assembly for use with a sewage disposal system are provided that do not require the use of aggregate in the form of rock, gravel, shale, or the like. The assembly contains a distribution pipe having a plurality of holes disposed along its bottom half for receiving liquid effluent. Alongside and beneath the distribution pipe are positioned a plurality of void pipes having holes and slots therein that serve to retain and distribute the effluent received from the distribution pipe. Draped over the top and along the sides of the assembly is a protective sheeting that is impervious to soil and liquid permeable that serves to keep soil from entering the pipes and also to aid in evapotranspiration. The drain field of the present invention contains the assembly positioned within a trench and covered with backfill material.

Abstract: A form-drain filter for blocking the entry of fine particulate, as silt or slurry, into the drain and/or sump system. The filter consists in a fine particulate filter fabric of mesh small enough to sieve from subterranean waters all particulate capable of clogging a drain network, including drainage sumps and associated pumps. The filter is provided with non-biodegradable, water-impervious adhesive(s) along selected margins of the fabric. Adhesive(s) is (are) of a permanent type to bind the fabric to portions of siliceous footings and/or tile or plastic conduits.

Abstract: A drainage system for minimizing the problems resulting from the effects of ground and surface water on below grade structures such as building foundations. The system utilizes horizontal drain pipes extending along the exterior of the foundation wall and vertical perforated drainage pipes which carry the water to the horizontal pipes, the vertical pipes being placed at spaced intervals along the foundation wall to drain the ground water into the horizontal drain pipe.

Abstract: Apparatus for inserting an elongated flexible prefabricated vertical (PV) drain downwardly into the earth. The apparatus includes a vertical mast having a lower standard mast base and a lightweight extra long mast extension. A vehicle supports the mast from its mast base in order to raise and lower the mast to and from vertical and to otherwise manipulate and transport the mast in a conventional manner. A longitudinal chamber extends for the entire length of the mast and carries therein an earth penetrating tube for vertical movement. This earth penetrating tube also has a passage therethrough for receiving the elongated flexible PV drain for movement with this insertion tube down into the earth when driven therein. The mast extension includes a series of axially aligned extension tubes constructed of light weight material and removably connected together end to end, and a combination spar and guy mechanism is utilized for supporting this long mast extension from the relatively short mast base.

Abstract: An underground system for supplying water to and removing water from an athletic facility having a surface which is susceptible to excessive moisture and dryness. The system includes a plurality of substantially level watering grids positioned in a layer of aggregate material below the surface of the athletic facility. The watering grids provide an arrangement of consecutive watering zones which extend across the athletic facility from one end thereof to the other. Each of the plurality of watering grids includes a plurality of parallel perforated lateral pipes which are connected at opposite ends thereof to header pipes. The plurality of substantially level watering grids are positioned at a substantially equal level below the surface of the athletic facility, regardless of the slope thereof. The system may be installed into existing athletic facilities without excessive damage or disruption to their surfaces.

Abstract: The invention is for an optimum water and soil retention system for use in an agricultural field, which includes watershed units having a basin, borders located on opposite sides of the basin, an ingress and an egress weir located at opposite ends of the basin. The top surface of the ingress weir is below the top surface of the borders at the point where the ingress weir intersects the borders. The top surface of the egress weir is nearly always below the level of the ingress weir. The watershed units are arranged consecutively end to end to form a string, which normally runs from a high point in the field to a low point or drainageway. The field is divided into collateral strings thus creating a complete and systematic field of watershed units.

Abstract: Preassembled drainage line units for a septic tank nitrification field employ a predetermined length of perforated conduit having an aggregation of discrete, crush resistant, light-weight elements surrounding the length of conduit and a perforated sleeve member enveloping the aggregation and bounding the same relative to the conduit with the ends of the conduit extending beyond the sleeve. The drainage line unit is provided with connecting means at each extending end, for end-to-end interconnection with an adjacent drainage line unit.

Abstract: A conduit for dispersing or gathering liquids in the earth has an arch shape cross section and alternating peak and valley corrugations along its length, with cantilever legs extending from one end to interact with the mating portion of a like conduit. The legs, along with a shiplap joint having flange discontinuities for manufacturability, provide a superior rigid joint when the conduits are mated and buried beneath the earth and subjected to vertical loads.

Abstract: This invention relates to the draining of foundations by using an elongate subterranean drainage structure located approximately horizontally and parallel to the foundation in combination with a plurality of elongate upwardly extending hollow drain structures extending from the structure toward the surface of the earth. Hydrostatic pressure of water in the soil forces water through holes in the upwardly extending drain structures. The water then passes rapidly to the bottom of the upwardly extending drain structures by the force of gravity and thereupon into the horizontal drain structure wherein it is carried away from the foundation.

Abstract: A subsoil structure for sodded ground comprising a water-retaining layer filling a pan-like cavity, a sand layer covering the water-retaining layer, and a soil-improving layer covering the sand layer and incorporating a soil-improving material which is of a porous structure.Since the soil-improving layer has a good water-retentivity and the water-retaining layer is provided for retaining or storing water, the number of watering times can be extremely reduced, thereby saving time and labor for watering.

Abstract: Saturated sand or silt is densified at depth by applying a radially propagated lateral translation force within a region of the soil, while water is actively withdrawn from such region toward the point of application of such force. A densification device incorporating the foregoing principle has a mechanism which imparts to the region surrounding the device cyclic lateral displacements which act axi-symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the device; and, a filtered cavity and pumping mechanism for withdrawing water from the region surrounding the device.

Abstract: A method comprising interpenetrating a hollow casing into a relatively loose sand layer saturated with ground water, thereafter raising the casing while tamping crushed stones charged into the casing by a compaction rod disposed within the casing, and driving gravel drain piles while continuously performing the raising of the casing and the tamping of the crushed stones. After the casing has reached the predetermined depth and the charging of crushed stones has been confirmed an, amplitude of reaction is detected by a reaction detection device provided on the compaction rod or a load current measuring device of the compaction rod. The reaction value is compared with a set reaction value, and one or more factors (a raising speed of the casing, a period, an amplitude and an extreme end surface-height of the compaction rod for determining a compacting degree of a peripheral ground) are controlled in response to the compared value.

Abstract: An underground system for supplying water to and removing water from an athletic facility having a surface which is susceptible to excessive moisture and dryness. The system includes a plurality of substantially level watering grids which provide an arrangement of consecutive watering zones which extend across the athletic facility from one end thereof to the other. Each of the plurality of watering grids includes a plurality of parallel perforated lateral pipes which are connected at opposite ends thereof to header pipes. The plurality of substantially level watering grids are positioned at a substantially equal level below the surface of the athletic facility, regardless of the slope thereof. The system may be installed into existing athletic facilities without excessive damage or disruption to their surfaces.

Abstract: Apparatus for inserting flexible drainage wick members downwardly into the earth which comprises a mast having a hollow longitudinally extending chamber therein, and an insertion tube disposed in the chamber for movement therein, the insertion tube being provided with a projecting flange that extends outwardly from the chamber through a longitudinal slot therein and that includes openings located at spaced intervals along the longitudinal extent of the flange. A drive gear, operated by a motor, is mounted near the bottom of the mast so that the teeth of the drive gear can positively engage the openings in the insertion tube flange and positively drive the insertion tube into and out of the earth. A pair of spaced support rollers are positioned behind the insertion tube flange at its point of contact with the drive gear to support the flange and also permit any foreign matter ejected from the flange openings by the gear teeth to fall to the earth.

Abstract: A gravel-packed pipeline is formed by inserting a liner pipe having a porous pipe contained therein. A conveyor pipe is attached to the liner pipe for conveying filtering material such as gravel. After positioning the liner pipe, the end of the porous pipe is pushed out and anchored. The liner is removed while the filtering material is conveyed to the hole.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of preventing water from leaching solid waste sites by preventing atmospheric precipitation from contacting waste as the water flows through a solid waste site. The method comprises placing at least one drain hole through the solid waste site. The drain hole is seated to prevent waste material from entering the drain hole, and the solid waste site cover material is layered and graded to direct water to flow toward the drain hole and to soil beneath the waste site.

Abstract: A flexible or rigid panel, and method of making the panel, useful as a water barrier including an intermediate layer of a water-swellable colloidal clay, such as pentonite, sandwiched between two layers of sheet material, such as woven or non-woven fabric, or paperboard, wherein at least one of the sheet material layers has a water-soluble coating material covering substantially the entire outer surface of the sheet material layer. The water-soluble coating is a material that dissolves upon a predetermnined water contact period, having a controlled, predetermined water-solubility so that the intermediate water-swellable clay layer is protected against hydration during installation.

Abstract: Apparatus for laying flexible pipe within a trench and for embedding the flexible pipe within a bed of gravel in a single operation. The apparatus includes a gravel hopper and a guide sleeve for guiding a pipe to be laid within the trench. The hopper includes a skid or sled arrangement to permit it to be pulled along the trench bottom, and has a width to permit it to be completely positioned within the trench and thereby accommodate a wide variety of trench depths. A feed guide support stanchion extends from the front portion of the hopper for facilitating the feeding of a flexible pipe into a pipe guide inlet positioned adjacent the bottom portion of the front wall of the hopper. The hopper interior is divided into a main, narrow portion, and a rear, enlarged portion, the side walls of which are adapted to engage the side walls of the trench. The hopper rear portion side walls have a small surface area to minimize sliding friction with the trench walls.

Abstract: A method of progressively erecting a wall below earth grade as excavation of the volume to be walled is accomplished. Initially, a plurality of spaced, generally vertical, holes are drilled in the earth to the full intended wall height along edges of the intended excavation plus an embediment amount at the lower end. Parallel soilpier beams are secured in each hole, preferably by filling the hole around each soilpier beam with lean concrete. The interior area is incrementally excavated, including the earth between the soilpier beams, to a selected depth. After the lean concrete on at least the sides of the soilpier beams in line with other soilpier beams is chipped away to the selected incremental excavated depth, structural panels having heights substantially corresponding to the excavated depth are placed between the soilpier beams and secured to the soilpier beams. Incremental excavation is continued and panels are installed in series until the desired full depth is reached.

Abstract: Beach stabilization with multiple flow control of water to and from foraminous pipes and adjacent subsoil. Offshore underwater subsoil is fluidized by injection of water via underlying foraminous piping, thereby increasing the concentration of subsoil suspended in the overlying water during its onrush onto the shore. Under normal conditions beach subsoil is dewatered by withdrawing water therefrom via adjacent foraminous piping, and under stormy conditions subsoil further onshore is dewatered via foraminous piping adjacent thereto, inducing deposition of the suspended subsoil onto the adjacent land. Water collected by such dewatering can be used in such fluidization.

Abstract: A public works machine is disclosed usable particularly for laying vertical artificial drains, of the type comprising a carrier frame, a tool carrying mobile assembly and means fast with the frame for vertically guiding the mobile assembly, characterized in that said mobile assembly (28) comprises a plurality of penetrating tools (34, 134, 234, 334) in particular for simultaneously laying several drains, and in that said guide means comprise a plurality of guide paths with vertical extension (38, 138, 238, 338). Advantageously, the guide paths are formed by suitably stretched cables.

Abstract: A geoinclusion method and composite having a compressible layer operable to be positioned adjacent to a retaining wall surface and an insulation and drainage layer with voids coextensive with the compressible layer but having a density substantially greater than the density of the composite layer.

Abstract: A drainage quilt which operably rests adjacent to a subterranean conduit and facilitates water removal and dispersal from underground drainage sites. The drainage quilt includes a water permeable membrane configured in a generally rectangular container and a plurality of drainage members disposed within the container. The drainage members are composed of recycled or new plastic or chunks of old rubber tires and are positioned in a homogeneous fashion to create drainage channels through the subject quilt. Flexible positioning ties extend perpendicularly through the rectangular container to retain the relative positioning of the drainage members. The ties prevent the drainage members from assembling at any one area of the drainage quilt and thus encourage an equal distribution of fluid flow throughout the quilt.

Abstract: A gravity sub-drainage system for drainage of level-graded natural grass athletic fields. A plurality of parallel trenches are formed in a level-graded subgrade beneath the surface of the field. A main drainage system is provided at the lowest point of the subgrade. A collector pipe is placed into a trench at one end of the field sloping downward into the main drainage system. Perforated drain pipes are placed in the parallel trenches to slope downward toward the collector pipe and to slope downward toward the main drainage system to ensure that water collected from the surface will flow down into the collector pipe and into the main drainage system by the forces of gravity without the need for a mechanical pumping system.A layer of pea gravel capable of draining at a preferred rate of eighteen inches per hour is placed around and above the perforated drain pipe up to a height of four inches above the top of the subgrade.

Abstract: A preassembled unit for a sewage nitrification field has minimum outward dimensions of loose, lightweight plastic aggregate material enveloped and bound by a plastic sleeve around a horizontal conduit. In one embodiment, the unit takes a bag form with an aggregate-filled netting sleeve concentrically surrounding and fastened to the ends of corrugated plastic vent pipe. In another form, the sleeve is a plastic extrusion of rectangular cross-section and the conduit can be formed integrally with the sleeve. Cross-webbing is added for strength. In ground installation, conduitless units make up for insufficiency of aggregate dimension. Mating male and female end caps are used to interconnect the conduit of adjacent units end-to-end. Apparatus for manufacturing the concentric netting sleeve/vent pipe version has a hopper that discharges aggregate into the top of a mandrel and an annular disc or helical auger blade that pushes the aggregate forward into the sleeve.

Abstract: Improvement in a system for protecting foundation walls and the like, said system comprising at least one main protecting sheet made of relatively thin, stiff material and including protrusions formed therein, for thereby providing air channels and channels for receiving water from back fill. In order to provide a complete coverage of such foundation walls even by varying height thereof, and in a far more efficient manner, the improvement comprises pre-cut top sheet elements and bottom sheet elements adapted to be mounted along a foundation wall prior to the mounting of said main protecting sheet thereupon, so as to achieve full protecting coverage of said foundation wall in a more rapid and time-saving manner on site. The system also allows for pre-cut corner sheet elements adapted to cover the merging portions of an inner corner or an outer corner of a foundation wall and also adpated to be mounted prior to the mounting of the main protecting sheet thereupon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the method of `in situ` collection and treatment of floating, sinking and dissolved contaminants in a soil environment which involves installation of wick-like drains in at least a portion of the waste site on the down-gradient side of in-ground water flow. The method more particularly involves the installation of pre-fabricated drainage strips in the form of wick drains which are installed vertically or inclinedly into the normal water table of the contaminated waste site. The depth of the wick drains which include porous and/or slotted channels are installed as deeply into the waste site as the normal in-ground water flow of the pollutants which affects its travel into the lower adjacent aquifer.In accordance with this invention, some of the wick drains which include porous or slotted pipes are employed for the injection of treating chemicals or reagents into the contaminated soil for its treatment in place prior to its normal flow into the aquifer.

Abstract: A device for regulating the flow in a drainage siphon tube, includes a rigid tube connected to the outlet end of the siphon tube. The rigid tube is placed on a brace such that it can oscillate around a horizontal axis by means of a counter-weight. Pivoting upward of the tube is limited by a high block stop and pivoting downward is limited by a low block stop in such a way that when the siphon tube is delivering above its critical point, the tube is tilted downward, resting on the lower block stop and when the critical outflow is reached, the tube empties itself and comes to rest against the higher block stop by means of the counterweight. An increase in the pressure at the inflow end of the siphon tube results in a rise of the water in the rigid tube until the imbalance makes it pivot to the downward tilted position where it rests on the low block stop and delivery higher than the critical point ejects the gas bubbles accumulated at the high point of the siphon tube.

Abstract: Collapsible cellular arrays constructed of biodegradable material are employed to define liquid flow courses in a subterranean environment. The cellular arrays receive and support, in a desired orientation and position, liquid delivery/removal conduits. The cells of the arrays are preferrable hexagonal in shape and are filled with a particulate filter material.

Abstract: A mobile device for forcing a highway post into the ground in the vertical position, especially where the highway post is flexible and made of fiberglass, which involves a vertical column spaced from and supported by the mobile device, guide means mounted on the vertical column to hold a reflective highway post in a vertical position while the post is forced into the ground by repetitive blows from a hydraulically driven hammer and means for moving the vertical column and the guide means upwards in a vertical direction when the post has been forced a sufficient distance into the ground.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a built-up granular structure having a stable moisture content controlled upper layer. The preferred granular structure includes an improved fine aggregate upper surface layer, a coarse aggregate reservoir layer having a topmost application of perforate adhesive material, and a dry moisture barrier layer having a topmost impervious layer. The entire layered structure is supported by any firm base including compacted soil or an existing playing court structure. A containment wall having screened drainage inlets/outlets surrounds the periphery of the structure.

Abstract: A hydrophobic material used in the construction of a culver for improving the drainage of the culvert. The hydrophobic material comprises a textile or knit fabric, preferably biodegradable, having large and small mesh portions. A soil-aggregating agent is adhered to the small mesh portions of the textile or knit fabric. The hydrophobic material can be coated with a water soluble film to prevent the soil-aggregating agent from being removed during construction or handling.The hydrophobic material used for the drainage of a culvert is capable of keeping the water-penetrating property of the culvert for a long time.

Abstract: A principal catch basin defining a certain storage capacity, the catch basis situated below the level of the ground, having an upper level opening for receiving surface water drainage thereunto, and having side walls partially constructed of permeable geotextile fabric for allowing both sub-surface air to flow into the catch basin for providing additional water absorption by the ground, and for allowing water flow and sub-surface air to flow into the catch basin for providing additional water absorption by the ground, and for allowing water flow into the sub-surface water flow through the permeable basin to serve as a collection for sub-surface drainage. The system would include the ability to create a siphon within the system so that as water drains into the principal collection basin, the water may be automatically siphoned to a distant exit point or to an exit cylinder, so that there is a constant movement of water from the principal collection point to the distant exit point.

Abstract: A pillow adapted for use as a soil filtration and water drainage device. The pillow includes a plurality of substantially oblong, rounded, noncompressible, noncollapsible, water resistant, non-biodegradable, and nonflammable pellets. The pellets are normally about one-half inch to two inches long. The pellets are enclosed by an outer, flexible membrane permeable to water, but impermeable to soil. Thus, water, but not soil, may pass through the membrane and around the pellets. The pillow is deformable, yet sturdy and readily adapts to the shape of the surrounding soil and other materials. Moreover, the pillow is lightweight and inexpensive.

Abstract: A construction bag suitable for use in soil erosion application and for draining roadbeds and construction footings. The bag has a tube-like outer shell made of Geotextile construction fabric and is filled with crushed scrap glass. The construction fabric should be of adequate thickness so as not to be easily punctured by the glass. The scrap glass is random pieces from up to about 21/2 inches in size and with the majority of the pieces being less than 11/2 inches in size. The method of making and of using the construction bag are also disclosed.

Abstract: A flexible sealing sheet for controllably leakproof separation of the regions present on both sides thereof, especially for the sealing of rubbish dumps, which exhibits, in at least one plane, hollow channels extending essentially in the longitudinal extension of the sheet and separated from one another by channel walls. The hollow channels permit, with the sealing sheet already installed, an inspection with respect to possible leakage. It is furthermore possible, by selective injection of appropriate sealing media into the hollow channels to subsequently repair defective portions of the sealing sheets.

Abstract: A process and structure is disclosed for the construction of catchwater drains, mainly deep catchwater drains, drain ribs, supporting ribs or similar structures, wherein a trench is excavated step by step in the soil, into which water collecting-aquiferous elements are laid, then suction bodies essentially filling out the trench are placed over the water collecting-aquiferous elements.

Abstract: A storm water injection well incorporating a precast settling chamber having an overflow pipe extending upwardly into the chamber. The top of the overflow pipe is covered with a debris screen which in turn is covered by a debris shield. The shield is supported above the open end of the pipe and extends downwardly over the pipe end displaced radially from the surface of the pipe to form an annular passageway between the shield and the pipe to permit storm water to flow upwardly in the passageway into the pipe. An anti-siphon vent is provided in the debris shield. The precast settling chamber includes a plurality of weep holes sloped upwardly from the inside to the outside of the chamber. A drainage pipe is connected to the overflow pipe and delivers water from in the pipe to backfill in a ground hole through an injection screen.

Abstract: A drainage method is provided for the construction or renovation of stabilized or grass-covered grounds, particularly sports grounds, and a machine for implementing same. It consists in forming a network of first and second surface drainage trenches which intersect each other, the second trenches being oriented in the direction of the slope and appreciably deeper than the first trenches so as to be provided with drains which are situated below the level of the bottom of the first trenches, the drains communicating with a collector at the side of the ground and the assembly of trenches being filled with filtering material.

Abstract: A drainage apparatus is utilized in combination with a hollow core concrete block having a notch extending through one longitudinal wall thereof, to allow water to escape the hollow core. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a fabric pocket is held upright within the hollow core by a wire frame. The lower end of the wire frame is bent into a J-shape so as to clip onto the concrete block at the notch in the block. The fabric is of a type which will absorb water and permit a high water flow rate, so as to drain water from the surrounding material downwardly through the fabric and out the notch. A second embodiment of the invention utilizes a hollow tubular frame within a fabric pocket. The tubular frame has a plurality of slots cut therein to allow water to seep into the tube and be drained out through the notch in the concrete block.

Abstract: A drainage system for location adjacent a pavement subbase includes a tube of a geotextile fabric supported by a self-sustaining water-porous plastic support. An end of the fabric tube and its encased support are compressively received in the flared open end of an outlet connected to a conventional drainpipe. The outlet includes a plurality of projections which trap the fabric tube between the support and the outlet, so as to securely retain it therein. The outlet also preferably includes a plurality of circular beads over which a corrugated drain tube can be frictionally slipped. Alternatively, the outlet can be configured as a flat union or T-shaped junction joining one or more upstream fabric tube-and-support filters with a downstream outlet constructed from an identical fabric tube and support. The downstream outlet can also be in the form of a union for connecting two or more upstream fabric tube-and-support filters in addition to having means for connecting to a drainpipe or the like.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a built-up playing court structure having a stable moisture content controlled surface layer with playing qualities equivalent to conventional clay courts. The playing court structure comprises a built-up court surface layer, a barrier surface which is substantially impervious to moisture, a containment wall, a subsurface bed of aggregate, and means for controlling the moisture content of the court surface. A subsurface moisturizing and drainage system provides a horizontal playing surface, highly resistant to any washing away of surface materials. Controlling surface moisture also provides a consistent playing surface with no loss of surface materials due to wind.

Abstract: An underground structure formed of rock and cinders permits an artificial water table to be maintained at a selected distance below the ground level. The installation includes a watertight membrane that lines a basin excavated in the earth. A ballast layer of generally uniform size rock is laid on top of the watertight membrane in the basin, and the ballast layer is extremely permeable by water. The ballast layer is covered by a permeable membrane such as cloth. The permeable membrane is, in turn, covered by a layer of finely divided particles such as crushed volcanic ash or cinders. The particles of this fine layer are prevented from penetrating the ballast layer by the permeable membrane. The fine layer permits water to diffuse through it by capillary action. The fine layer is topped by a finish layer which is appropriate to the use to be made of the installation.

Abstract: A leachate and pollutant drainage barrier system is formed by excavating a narrow slit or slot in the earth in the presence of a reversable slurry mud which changes from a highly viscous character after a predetermined period of time (approximately 5-7 days) needed to maintain the trench open to permit the laying of a drainage pipe at the bottom of the trench and the filling of the trench with a pervious fill, such as gravel, etc. After the fill has been installed, lateral support for the earth walls is provided by the pervious fill material and the slurry reverts to a liquid having a substantially lower viscosity which may be drained via the drain pipe in the bottom of the trench. In a preferred embodiment the slurry is a biodegradable polymer. In addition, a plastic film or layer can be installed in the trench.

Abstract: An improved culvert drainpipe and method of utilizing the same is disclosed characterized by use of an elongate thin wall extruded drainpipe element formed having a generally S-shaped configuration defining a pair of main flow channels and including plural curvilinear projections extending axially along the exterior of the element. The distal edges of the drainpipe element cooperate with one or more elongate wall extensions formed on the interior of the drainpipe element which prevent radial compression and/or collapse of the drainpipe element and deter debris from entering into the main the flow channels. In use, multiple drainpipe elements are bundled together in a generally parallel axis orientation whereby the curvilinear projections serve as secondary flow channels, improve debris segregation, and maintain space between adjacent drainpipe elements.

Abstract: A drainage system having an at least 2.5 mm thick bi-planar mesh structure drainage core and a filter material against one face and a filter material or impervious member against the other face. The drainage core has generally parallel main strands interconnected by generally parallel subsidiary strands. The main strands are at least twice as tall as the subsidiary strands. The outer faces of the subsidiary strands are coplanar with, and form, one face of the drainage core. The ratio of the free cross-sectional area of each main flow channel to the free cross-sectional area of each subsidiary flow channel, if any, is at least 2.5:1. The drainage core can resist pressures of at least 400 kPa, exhibits a flow fall-off of not more than 20% under an external pressure normal to the faces of 400 kPa.

Abstract: A vertical drainage element is constructed and laid in position while at the same time forming a narrow vertical channel in the ground by means of an excavating machine or trencher by performing the following successive operations:a strip of filtering material is unwound from a rotating roll of strip behind the trencher;the strip is introdued within the channel formed in the ground while being shaped in the form of a trough, the bottom of the trough being placed at the bottom of the channel while the side walls of the trough are placed against the channel walls;the top edges of the trough are held in position one against the other while filling the trough with bulk material in granular form which subsequently constitutes a vertical filtration block;the top edges of the trough of filtering material are closed on top of the completed block and are fastened together so as to form a closed jacket around the block.

Abstract: A drainage system located adjacent a pavement subbase includes a tube of a geotextile fabric supported by a self-sustaining water-porous plastic support. An end of the fabric tube and its encased support are compressively received in the flared open end of an outlet connected to a conventional drainpipe. The outlet includes a plurality of projections which trap the fabric tube between the support and the outlet, so as to securely retain it therein. The outlet also preferably includes a plurality of circular beads over which the corrugated drain tube can be frictionally slipped. Alternatively, the outlet can be configured as a flat union of T-shaped junction joining one or more upstream fabric tube-and-support filters with a downstream outlet constructed from an identical fabric tube and support.

Abstract: A multilayer plate for use in covering waste depositories comprises at least one drainage layer and a filter stabilization layer, the drainage layer serving to facilitate or enable the removal of water seeping downwardly from the surface of the depository covering or gases rising from the depository body. The filter stabilization layer comprises a fabric web, while the drainage layer includes a plastic grid. The plate is prefabricated and is of sufficient flexibility to be wound upon a roll for transport to a depository site. In one form, the prefabricated plate also includes a synthetic resin barrier layer which, upon installation of the plate, blocks the passage of water from above and the passage of gases from below.

Abstract: In inserting a drainage wick into the ground, a tube containing the drainage wick is plunged into the ground with continuous downward driving force, whereafter the tube is withdrawn leaving the wick embedded in the ground.