Abstract: A lathe includes a base on a bed having a forward container, a cutting tool on a front surface of the base, an arm on an upper portion of the base, a saddle on an underside of the arm, a first motor at an open end of the arm for moving the saddle, a container at a forward end of the bed, a slide on an underside of the saddle, a second motor on a front surface of the cutting tool for moving the slide, and a chuck assembly on an underside of the slide and including a housing, a third motor at a front end of the housing and having a driving shaft projecting out of a rearward end of the housing, and a chuck at an end of the driving shaft. A workpiece held by the chuck is always disposed above the container during a machining operation.

Abstract: A power tool, such as, for example a router. In some aspects, a power tool includes a motor, a motor housing defining an air outlet, and a shield connectable to the motor housing and positionable to at least partially cover the air outlet to inhibit movement of debris into the motor housing through the air outlet. In some aspects of the invention, a router includes a base, a motor housing supported by the base, at least one of the base and the motor housing defining a depth adjustment column having an open end, a motor supported by the motor housing and operable to drive a tool element, a depth adjustment mechanism supported in the depth adjustment column and operable to adjust the cutting depth of the tool element, and a flexible shield connectable to the base in a position to cover the open end and to allow access to the depth adjustment mechanism through the open end.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing dentures by milling a workpiece. The inventive method is characterized in that in the event of a change in the load on the workpiece or on the milling tool, or on the workpiece and on the milling tool, determined before the milling begins and occurring during the milling, the relative speed between the milling tool and the workplace is varied without using a regulation technique.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and an apparatus for removing by-product chips, in existing CNC machining center. The apparatus is using parasite driven rotating carousel, capable of moving chips away from the drain of an existing machine. There is a possibility of installing powered feed device with its own controller in case the machine is not equipped with the auger. The method of removing chips is based on shape of the apparatus and the parasite drive, which uses existing machine auger. This auger is normally used to remove chips from the machine into an external collection unit. The apparatus allows operating the machine without interruption, otherwise when such apparatus is not used, chips clog drain holes forcing the machine operator to stop the machine for periodic drain cleaning. The auger itself does not protect the drain from being clogged. The drain cleaning apparatus can be used in the machines of different size.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for machining mechanical parts by means of a hollow cylindrical tool presenting a distal end with a free edge that is shaped to perform machining when said tool is rotated about its axis.

Abstract: A machine tool, wherein the front face of a base of the machine tool is formed in a single plane and a jig for fixing a workpiece to be machined with a tool is installed extending forwardly from a vertical intermediate front part of the base that defines an area between right and left lateral end front parts of the base having the vertical overall length portions or the vertical roughly overall length portions at right and left end parts of the front face formed in the single plane is formed detachably from the other portions of the base. The jig for fixing the work machined with the tool may be installed in the state of being extended from the vertical intermediate position of the front face in a forward direction.

Abstract: A router operatable by an operator has a motor housing including at least one handle, a drive motor, a milling tool connected with the drive motor, a tool fitting provided for the milling tool and extending from an underside of the housing, a cooling device including an intake device for drawing cooling air in through intake openings in the motor housing, a cooling air guide for directing cooling air through the motor housing and, and an exhaust device for exhausting cooling air out of the motor housing, arranged so that the cooling air guide leads into the exhaust device and configured such that when the router is used as intended, the cooling air is only exhausted in at least one region of the router pointing away from the operator.

Abstract: A cutting machine includes a base, which has a worktable with a hole defined therethrough. A rolling cutter is inserted through the hole on the worktable and is rotatable on an axis to cut a workpiece carried on the worktable. A drive having a motor rotates the rolling cutter. A support arm is removably mounted on the base, and a first cutter holder is connected to the support arm to selectively hold one end of the rolling cutter, and a second cutter holder is mounted in the base to selectively hold the other end of the rolling cutter.

Abstract: There is provided an NC processing machine in which a cleaning operation is carried out automatically, instead of a processing operation. A turret having plural tool mounting surfaces at its outer peripheral surface is supported on a tool post which is movable in the directions of a Z axis and an X axis, such that the turret is rotatable about a T axis. A gripper shaft extending along an M axis parallel to the T axis and is spaced radially from the T axis is rotatably supported on one of the tool mounting surfaces of the turret. A movable gripper capable of detachably gripping a chip cleaning member is mounted to one end of the gripper shaft. A stationary gripper capable of detachably gripping the chip cleaning member is placed such that it can transfer and receive the chip cleaning member to and from the movable gripper within the range of movement caused by composite operations of the movement of the tool post in the directions of the Z axis and the X axis and the rotation of the turret about the T axis.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention may include a cutting tool support that may provide supplemental support to a cutting tool when used with a cutting guide. In some embodiments, the cutting tool support may also include a dust collector that moves along the cutting tool support along with the cutting tool.

Abstract: A dust prevention mechanism of a spindle device that ensures prevention of cutting liquid etc. from entering an inner portion of the spindle device, which saves energy and reduces noise upon stop of rotation of a spindle is provided. In a dust prevention mechanism 1, a spindle device 2 starts operating upon a command from a controller 4. Then, a 2-port solenoid valve 7 is opened to supply a predetermined amount of compressed air into the inner portion of the spindle device 2. In contrast, the spindle stops rotating upon a command from the controller 4. The controller 4 closes the 2-port solenoid valve 7, while it opens a 2-port solenoid valve 10 in a bypass route B. The controller 4 supplies compressed air, whose amount is reduced by a diaphragm 9, into the inner portion of the spindle device 2 during a predetermined time set by a timer 8.

Abstract: A chip discharge system with a fluid dispersing means which inhibits clogging, which has a simple structure, which can spray out a uniformly-spreading flow, and which can adjust the momentum of dispersing flow without requiring an additional device.

Abstract: A machining center including a machining head, a tool changer, an air driven tool and an air valve system. The air driven tool is connectable to the machine head by action of the tool changer. The air valve system has a first portion associated with the machining head and a second portion associated with the air driven tool. The first portion and the second portion include a connection therebetween having an airflow across the connection before the connection seals.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for dislodging contaminants from a surface of a machine tool. A machine tool has a spindle and a housing disposed around the spindle. The apparatus includes a support plate, an arbor, and a cleaning member. The arbor is disposed on the support plate and is adapted to be attached to the spindle. The cleaning member is disposed on and extends from the support plate. The cleaning member contacts a surface of the machine tool to remove contaminants.

Abstract: In order to improve a machine tool with a working area, in which workpieces can be positioned and can be machined with at least one tool held by a tool holder, such that the disposal of shavings is optimized, at least one cover is provided which limits the working area in the direction of the tool holder, wherein the at least one cover is provided with at least one opening associated with the tool for the passage of the tool.

Abstract: An annular core cutting apparatus includes a cutting head including a generally cylindrical sidewall having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end has a cutting edge, and wherein the sidewall includes a plurality of openings having at least one sharpened edge. A spindle is coaxially and rigidly coupled to the second end of the cylindrical sidewall, and the spindle configured to rotate about a rotational axis. In a further embodiment, a generally conical member is disposed within the cutting apparatus to assist with grinding and removal of waste material.

Abstract: A system for removing debris generated by a cutting tool draws the debris into a mixing chamber formed in a workpiece clamp where the debris is combined with a high velocity airflow. A vacuum source draws the debris-air mixture into a cyclonic airflow extraction chamber where the mixture is accelerated before being extracted from the clamp through an exhaust channel. A clamping ring seals the area surrounding the cutting site so that air velocity in the mixing chamber is increased and debris is accelerated into the extraction chamber.

Abstract: An extractor device for machine tools which have at least one tool-holder machining head has an annular blowing distributor for generating a tubular gaseous barrier around the tool-holder machining head, and an annular extractor manifold, positioned inside the barrier and concentric with the annular blowing distributor, for extracting shavings and/or dusts created by machining confined in the barrier.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a drill nozzle includes a housing having a bristle brush ring attached. The housing of the drill nozzle may include an air intake, multiple coolant inlets, multiple coolant jets, a vacuum tube, and mounting flanges. The air intake may provide a thrust-vectored down draft into the vacuum tube. The coolant inlets may receive coolant fluid that may be expelled from the coolant jets towards a drill bit. Drilling debris and coolant fluid may be contained inside the bristle brush ring preventing damage and soiling of surrounding structures and areas and may be extracted with the vacuum tube. The drill nozzle may be attached to a drill motor unit of a numerically controlled drill jig, enabling the use of such numerically controlled drill jig for drilling high quality holes effectively into non-flat surfaces, for example, the leading edge extension spar of the F-18 aircraft.

Abstract: An annular core cutting apparatus includes a cutting head including a generally cylindrical sidewall having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end has a cutting edge, and wherein the sidewall includes a plurality of openings having at least one sharpened edge. A spindle is coaxially and rigidly coupled to the second end of the cylindrical sidewall, and the spindle configured to rotate about a rotational axis. In a further embodiment, a generally conical member is disposed within the cutting apparatus to assist with grinding and removal of waste material.

Abstract: A suction device (2) for a hand-held power tool and which is releasably connected with the power tool, includes a suction blower wheel (20) for producing a suction air stream in a suction path (S) and located in the device housing (10), a rolling bearing (28) for supporting the suction blower wheel (20) in the device housing (10), a blower shaft (26) for driving the suction blower wheel (20), and a drive coupling (38) for rotatably frictionally connecting the blower shaft (26) with the drive shaft (42) of the hand-held power tool (4) in a connected condition of the drive shaft (42) with the blower shaft (26).

Abstract: Milling cutter (1), which can rotate about a cutter longitudinal axis (A), comprises a sleeve-shaped shaft (2) provided with an inner lying chip evacuation channel (11), which is arranged, in essence, symmetric to the cutter longitudinal axis (A), and with a suction opening (12). The milling cutter also comprises a milling head (3, 3a, 3b, 3c), which is held coaxial to the cutter longitudinal axis (A) and to the shaft (2) while being held on said shaft and which comprises, as cutting edges (7, 9), a face cutting edge (7) and a peripheral cutting edge (9). At least one cutting edge (7, 9) forms a positive rake angle (?a, ?r) on the periphery of the milling head (3, 3a, 3b, 3c). The milling cutter (1) is particularly suited for machining light metals, especially for circular milling.

Abstract: An extractor device for machine tools which have at least one tool - holder machining head has an annular blowing distributor for generating a tubular gaseous barrier around the tool—holder machining head, and an annular extractor manifold, positioned inside the barrier and concentric with the annular blowing distributor, for extracting shavings and/or dusts created by machining confined in the barrier.

Abstract: A dust extractor device of a router has rotatable dust trap part able to be connected with a foot plate of the router and arranged to the side of the routing tool underneath the foot plate, such dust trap part being open toward the routing tool. The foot plate has an access opening for the routing tool. The dust trap part is constituted by an extractor hood with a hood casing at least essentially centered on the axis of rotation and a hood floor. The hood casing and the hood floor extend in the peripheral direction through an angle equal to or less than 180°. The extractor hood is open at its top side and opens into the access opening. The top end region of the extractor hood is rotatably supported on a holder, which is detachably secured to the foot plate and in the position of use extends around the access opening.

Abstract: An apparatus for dislodging contaminants from a surface of a machine tool. The apparatus includes a coupling, a housing, a cleaning mechanism, and a transport mechanism. The coupling is configured to be mounted on a spindle. The housing is disposed proximate the coupling and includes inlet and outlet openings. The cleaning mechanism is adapted to dislodge and direct contaminants into the inlet opening. The transport mechanism is adapted to move contaminants toward the outlet opening.

Abstract: An assembly suited to the lathing of cylindrical workpieces, such as photoreceptor blanks, includes a first drive system which rotates an associated workpiece about an axis of rotation. A machining tool machines a circumference of the workpiece to generate a strip of material. A cutting apparatus cuts the strip of material into sections. The cutting apparatus includes first and second rotatably mounted members which define a nip therebetween. A first of the rotatable members carries a cutting member on a peripheral surface thereof. A second drive system rotates the first and second rotatable members. The second drive system may be adjustable whereby a circumferential speed of the rotatable members can be matched to a circumferential speed of the workpiece. A transverse speed of the cutting apparatus may be matched to that of the machining tool.

Abstract: An open-topped collection trough for arrangement under a machine tool to collect downwardly flowing coolant emitted from coolant spray nozzles of the machine tool which direct coolant jets onto cutting tools and adjacent surfaces, in which the collection trough is provided with a height adjusting mechanism and a seal system made of foam seal material between the top edge at the side of the trough and the undersurfaces of a machine tool to seal the gap between the trough and the tool.

Abstract: A guide attachment for a rotary hand tool is disclosed that comprises a housing, an adapter and a removable base. The attachment is configured to remove grout from between adjacent tiles, such as floor or wall tiles. The housing of the preferred embodiment is configured to permit a tool bit to engage a work surface at the normal intersection of two planes. The removable base of the preferred embodiment permits the attachment to work on flat surfaces. The base is also reversible and contains multiple sets of guide points for guiding the tool bit along grooves that have different widths. The preferred embodiment can also include a vacuum adapter that is attachable to the housing and allows a vacuum hose to be coupled to the guide attachment for removing debris during operation. The configuration of the housing or locking mechanism accommodates adapters having different circumferences.

Abstract: A machine tool includes a base having a spindle rotatably attached to a support for supporting a tool member, and a fluid supplying device for supplying fluid into the spindle, for cooling purposes. The fluid supplying device includes a housing secured to the support for rotatably receiving the spindle, a casing is secured to the housing and has a channel for communicating with the conduit of the housing, and a membrane is secured between the housing and the casing and disposed between the bore of the housing and a space of the casing for pumping the fluid from the space to the channel of the casing. A check valve is disposed in the casing and has a spring member for biasing a ball to selectively block or open a passage of the casing.

Abstract: A toolhead for use on a multi-axis machine tool consists of a support assembly equipped with a pivoting spindle designed to accept a removable tool-holder, and centered on a machining axis about which a tool clamped to the tool-holder can be driven in rotation. Also forming part of the toolhead is a depth stop affording an active surface substantially transverse to the machining axis and positionable against a surface of a workpiece. The depth stop is mounted to the support assembly and capable of movement along the machining axis between a first position, distanced from the spindle, and a second position of proximity to the spindle. Transducers incorporated into the toolhead are able to sense the position of the active surface relative to the support assembly, and thus used to control the depth to which the workpiece is penetrated by the tool.

Abstract: A machine tool equipped with a supporting body and at least one tool-holder spindle, rotatable about a respective axis, also has a built-in dust extraction device comprising an extractor hood located in close proximity to the spindle and presenting a suction port positionable near to a machining area, so as to extract chips and dust generated in the course of machining operations; the hood is capable of movement along a direction parallel to the axis of rotation, extended and retracted by the action of respective translating members operating in conjunction with sensors able to read the profile of a workpiece, in such a way that the suction port can be positioned to best advantage.

Abstract: A key cutting machine having a vacuum port connected to the housing and capable of removeably connecting a vacuum tube thereto so that when the vacuum tube is connected to the vacuum port the vacuum tube is capable of collecting key shavings created during a key cutting operation and, when the vacuum tube is disconnected from vacuum port, the vacuum tube can be used to collect key shavings on or surrounding the key cutting machine. Additional improvements or features of a key cutting machine are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a power tool such as a router which is provided to perform an operation on a work piece. The tool includes dust extraction apparatus to allow dust and debris to be removed from the location at which the work is performed and part of the extraction apparatus is movable between storage and in-use positions. When said part is moved to a storage position, an alternative dust extraction passage may be fitted in to the port or aperture. Typically, the part which is movable can be telescopically movable or alternatively, can be provided of a flexible member so as to be moved between extended and retracted positions.

Abstract: A wheel chuck assembly includes a support plate having at least one aperture formed therethrough. The support plate is adapted to be mounted upon a lathe spindle. An air conveying device is mounted adjacent to the support plate and is operable to induce an air flow through the support plate aperture such that metal chips are drawn through the support plate aperture.

Abstract: A device 10 and method for forming a non-tapered end 12 of a gypsum board 14 into a tapered configuration or portion 16 includes a rotary drive tool 18 that imparts rotary motion to a tool bit 20 removably secured thereto, a pair of oppositely disposed angle members 22 having cooperating base portions 24 configured to promote attaching a dust collection collar 17 to the base portions 24, the angle members 22 disposing and guiding the rotating tool bit 20 between outer paper walls 28 of a non-tapered end 12 of the gypsum board 14 to ultimately severe portions of gypsum from the non-tapered end 12 thereby forming a recess 32 without damaging the outer paper walls 28 of the gypsum board 14.

Abstract: An assembly for removing chips from a cutting tool working area on a workpiece, including a support structure for supporting a first end of an axially expandable and collapsible tubular member; a cross-piece for supporting a second end of the tubular member; at least one biasing spring configured and arranged for resiliently biasing the support structure and the cross-piece away from one another; a housing with a chips-receiving chamber located adjacent one of the ends of the tubular member for engagement with the working area of the workpiece, an outlet from the chamber of the housing being configured to be connected to a vacuum source for removing chips from the chamber; and a hub portion located at the other of the ends of the tubular member for engagement with a cutting machine.

Abstract: In a machine tool (10) with a machine base (11), a working area (14), in which workpieces (13) are machined, and a device (25), which receives chips (24) formed during machining of the workpieces (13) from the working area (14) and conveys them onward, at least one tunnel (31, 33) provided for receiving one end (39) of a chip conveyor (38) is provided in the machine base (11), which tunnel extends at least to below the device (25) and is there of upwardly open (28) design.

Abstract: A drill nozzle includes a housing having a bristle brush ring attached. The housing of the drill nozzle may include an air intake, multiple coolant inlets, multiple coolant jets, a vacuum tube, and mounting flanges. The air intake may provide a thrust-vectored down draft into the vacuum tube. The coolant inlets may receive coolant fluid that may be expelled from the coolant jets towards a drill bit. Drilling debris and coolant fluid may be contained inside the bristle brush ring preventing damage and soiling of surrounding structures and areas and may be extracted with the vacuum tube. The drill nozzle may be attached to a drill motor unit of a numerically controlled drill jig, enabling the use of such numerically controlled drill jig for drilling high quality holes effectively into non-flat surfaces, for example, the leading edge extension spar of the F-18 aircraft.

Abstract: There is provided a printed board machining apparatus that is capable of improving machining efficiency without hampering machining accuracy. The printed board machining apparatus includes a pressure foot which is provided with a port whose one end is opened at a lower surface of the pressure foot facing a stiffening plate, and whose other end is connected to a compressed gas source to blow out gas from the port at a pressure which does not interfere with the pressure foot pressurizing the stiffening plate and printed boards in machining the printed boards. It is noted that the gas is blown out during a period of time at least when the pressure foot and the stiffening plate are moving relatively in the horizontal direction.

Abstract: A partitioning device between a machining station and a machine-tool driving station of the type driving at least two tool-holder rams is provided. The device includes a flexible curtain, called a central curtain, between two rams, where two ends are integral with a first ram and which is linked to the second ram. The relative movement of one ram with respect to the other along a first axis of movement, stretches more or less a length of curtain between the two rams.

Abstract: An attachment for a hand-held power tool, such as a rotary cutting tool, is disclosed. The attachment is configured for selective coupling to a rotary cutting tool and includes a handle that is substantially perpendicular to a central longitudinal axis of the rotary cutting tool when the attachment is coupled to the rotary cutting tool.

Abstract: A key cutting machine for cutting a notch pattern on a key blank is disclosed. The key cutting machine comprises a pair of cutting heads and a clamp mechanism. Each cutting head includes a cutting wheel having an edge and an alignment structure mounted behind the cutting wheel. Each alignment structure has a key guide portion aligned tangent to the edge of a corresponding cutting wheel to engage and position a key blank laterally. The clamp mechanism is positioned between the cutting heads and is configured to hold the key blank stationary.

Abstract: A system of machining a workpiece with a router bit includes a base plate for mounting in a recess in a router table having a work surface over which the workpiece is to be moved. The router is mounted underneath the plate with the bit projecting through a bit opening. Two suction openings through the base plate to the work surface are connected to a common suction duct with the openings being spaced from the bit opening so as to draw material from the bit over the work surface along the workpiece. The end plate of the router is attached to the base plate by a plurality of rotatable disks each having a slot for receiving a fastening screw. When using a centering system, the holes in the end plate can be aligned with the respective slot in the respective disk and the router clamped in place at a centered location.

Abstract: A machine tool for machining large-area workpieces. A column can be moved along one coordinate axis over a long bed. A machining unit, movable at the movable column along at least two other coordinate axes, has a pivotable working spindle. At least one approximately plate-like work carrier can be pivoted from a horizontal set-up position into a vertical machining position. A tripod configuration of the machining unit has a central support pipe and three telescopic legs spaced about 120° with respect to one another. The movable column has, in a central recess, a universal bearing supporting the central support pipe. In each of two lower and one upper recesses a universal bearing for the telescopic legs is provided. A retainer supporting the pivotable working spindle is positioned next to the work area on one end of the central support pipe and is rotatable about an axis of the central support pipe.

Abstract: A hand-held power tool includes a housing having a motor provided therein, a cutting accessory coupled to the motor and means for selectively directing a flow of air toward a point of cut of the cutting accessory. The flow of air acts to remove debris at the point of cut to improve visibility of the workpiece.

Abstract: A planer comprising; a body including a wall and the wall defining a recess and an expulsion aperture, a cutting drum rotatably mounted within the recess, the cutting action of the drum causing debris to be ejected from the recess through the expulsion aperture; an airflow generator for producing an airflow within the body; a conduit defined within the body for directing the airflow, the conduit connected to the recess by the expulsion aperture; and wherein the debris entering the conduit through the expulsion aperture travels substantially in a first direction, and the airflow through the conduit adjacent to the expulsion aperture travels substantially in a second direction, and the first direction of the debris and the second direction of the airflow intersect at an acute angle.

Abstract: A chamfering air tool includes a driving shaft in a casing rotated by air pressure, a rotary shaft perpendicularly combined to the driving shaft for rotation, and a cutter fixed to the rotary shaft. Air holes are formed through the rotary shaft in a longitudinal direction. An air discharge groove is formed in the cutter, and a hole communicated with the air hole is formed in a fixing bolt head. An air path is formed in the fixing bolt head to keep a predetermined gap from the cutter. A guide ring having a diameter approximate to a lower end of the cutter is rotatably mounted to the fixing bolt head. Thus, air is blown to the air hole of the rotary shaft, the air hole formed in the fixing bolt head, the air path formed between the cutter and the guide ring, and the air discharge groove of the cutter, thereby eliminating cut chips and cooling the cutter.

Abstract: Machining is possible in such a manner that an optional position of a workpiece is positioned just under a tool by rotation of a turn table in a C-axis direction and movement of a spindle on a Y-Z plane, so that a width of a main unit in a X-axis direction can be made shorter in comparison with machining by moving the turn table in the X-axis direction. Besides, the turn table located on a front side of the main unit, an ATC located on the rear side thereof, and a separated control panel located on the rear side of the ATC, independent from the main unit can also make the width of a machining centre in the X-axis direction shorter.

Abstract: A planer having a base, a first support member attached to the base and supporting a cutterhead for selective travel in a first direction toward the base and a second opposite direction, a top frame attached to the first support member and a depth stop mechanism attached to the top frame for selectively preventing travel of the cutterhead in the first direction beyond a pre-selected distance from the base. A depth measuring device including a retractable tape may be attached to the cutterhead. A workpiece level indicator plate movable between an engaged position and a disengaged position may be attached to the planer to indicate contact with a workpiece. A locking mechanism for locking a pivotable infeed table of a planer in the upright position for storage, and thereby switching off power to the planer is also disclosed. The planer may include a readily attachable and detachable dust removal assembly.

Abstract: In a double housing machining center, a table having a plurality of T slots on its top surface is arranged substantially in a horizontal direction. A lower space, into which chips are received, is provided under the table. A plurality of through-holes, being in fluid communication with bottom portions of the T slots and passing through the table to reach the lower space, is scattered and formed in the table. The chips introduced into the T slots are discharged into the lower space through the through-holes. Thus, the chips splashed down onto the table and introduced into the T slots are readily removed and the cleaning work of the table is reduced.

Abstract: A catalyst system comprising:(i) a catalyst precursor, which includes: magnesium; titanium; a halogen, which is chlorine, bromine, or iodine, or a mixture thereof; one or two inside electron donors; and a cerium (IV) compound;(ii) a hydrocarbylaluminum cocatalyst; and(iii) a selectivity control agent wherein the atomic ratio of aluminum to titanium is in the range of about 5 to about 300 and the molar ratio of aluminum to selectivity control agent is in the range of about 0.1 to about 100.