Abstract: The present invention provides a reactor system having: (1) a plurality of reactors connected in fluid flow communication and having at least one pair of reactors separated by an interstage position; (2) a line for supplying a reactant feed stream separately to an inlet of more than one of the plurality of reactors; and (3) a diverter in fluid communication with the interstage position and capable of directing a first portion of a product stream exiting one reactor in said pair of reactors to a first location and a second portion of the product flow stream to an inlet of another reactor in said pair of reactors.

Abstract: A shell-and-tube reactor is disclosed. Contact tubes are disposed within a cylindrical housing and are secured to tube plates. Gas and liquid phases are received via a feed opening in a lower end cap and discharged via an upper end cap in the housing. A distributor device is disposed in the housing, such that the tube plates serve as a horizontal plate for the distributor device to back up the gas phase and form a gas cushion, and vertical elements extend from the contact tubes. The vertical elements are adapted to conduct the liquid phase, are open in the upstream direction, and project outward in the direction of the feed opening through the gas cushion. The vertical elements further include at least one first opening on the circumference for the gas phase and at least one second opening for the liquid phase.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can include an apparatus for transferring catalyst from a regeneration zone to a reaction zone in a hydrocarbon conversion unit. The hydrocarbon conversion unit can include a transfer vessel, and first, second, and third lines. The transfer vessel can transfer regenerated catalyst from the regeneration zone at a first pressure to the reaction zone at a second pressure where the second pressure is greater than the first pressure. Generally, the first line communicates the catalyst to the transfer vessel and is coupled to a first valve to allow catalyst into the transfer vessel and the second line communicates the catalyst from the transfer vessel and is coupled to a second valve to allow catalyst out of the transfer vessel. The third line for allowing the passage of gas therethrough may be at a pressure higher than the first pressure having a first portion communicating with the transfer vessel and having a second portion coupled to third and fourth valves.

Abstract: An improved radial or cross flow moving bed regenerator or reactor, in which the solid particle residence time in the vessels can be changed in different section of the regenerator or reactor. The improvement results from the placement of one or multiple screen inserts which divides the radial or cross flow bed into separate solid flow channels. The residence time of the solid in each solid flow channels are optimized based on the regeneration or reaction requirement by changing the location, orientation and geometry of the screen inserts. As a result of the optimization of solid residence time in different section in the radial flow bed, the efficiency of a regenerator or a reactor is improved.

Abstract: A flexible pressure containment coverplate has been invented for radial flow reactors. The coverplate is for a fixed bed reactor wherein the reactor undergoes significant thermal cycles. The coverplate provides flexibility for axial and radial thermal growth, while providing a sealing capability to prevent leakage of the fluid. The coverplate has a half toroidal structure, with a semi-circular cross-section.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: A hydrogen separator (1) exhibits excellent hydrogen separation performance and durability and prevents scattering of an iron-containing substance that causes defects of a selective hydrogen permeable metal membrane (12) in a first passage (7) by covering an iron-containing metal surface (21) that is exposed in the first passage (7) and forms each of a member (9) that forms the first passage (7) and a member disposed in the first passage (7) with an iron component scattering prevention film (31) at least in an area positioned on an upstream side with respect to a downstream end of a permeable section (15) of the selective hydrogen permeable metal membrane (12) in a flow direction of a fluid that flows through the first passage (7).

Abstract: A reactor apparatus and method for removing chemical and biological contaminants from a contaminated fluid while minimizing disinfection by-products, sludges, and harmful residue. The reactor has a sequential, multi-stage, reaction vessel with an upper end region and a lower end region. The vessel has a liquid inlet port into which the contaminated fluid may pass. Treated liquid may exit the reactor through a liquid outlet port. A gas inlet port and a gas outlet port are provided. A plurality of stacked reaction chambers have a sieve tray and flange assembly, the sieve tray having holes up through which a gaseous phase may pass. A gas phase electrode, an electrical power supply capable of producing pulsed electrical discharges connected thereto, and a liquid phase electrode are provided. The electrodes create therebetween a pulsed corona discharge for generating reactive species in situ and destroying bacterial contaminants in the liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by shrouds that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactor system having: (1) a plurality of reactors connected in fluid flow communication and having at least one pair of reactors separated by an interstage position; (2) a line for supplying a reactant feed stream separately to an inlet of more than one of the plurality of reactors; and (3) a diverter in fluid communication with the interstage position and capable of directing a first portion of a product stream exiting one reactor in said pair of reactors to a first location and a second portion of the product flow stream to an inlet of another reactor in said pair of reactors.

Abstract: The distribution of fluids within a radial-flow reactor is improved using vertically extended cylinders distributed around the circumference of the vessel. Cylinders with a circular cross-section provide substantial vertical strength, and the configuration minimizes low-flow areas which could cause undesirable reactions. The cylinders are isolated from particles in the reactor by a particle-retaining outer conduit. The cylinders may be fabricated in panels for ease of installation and servicing.

Abstract: A process for contacting a bed of particulate material, usually catalyst, with a transverse flow of fluid is disclosed. The particulate material moves or is prevented from not moving, while the fluid passes through the bed at a rate greater than the stagnant bed pinning flow rate. This invention is applicable to hydrocarbon conversion processes and allows for higher fluid throughput rates compared to prior art processes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a shell-and-tube reactor that may be used for fixed-bed catalytic partial oxidation, the reactor being characterized by including at least one reaction zone of a first-step reaction zone for mainly producing unsaturated aldehydes and a second-step reaction zone for mainly producing unsaturated acids, wherein at least one reaction zone of the above reaction zones comprises two or more catalytic layers; each of the catalytic layers is packed with a formed product of catalyst that is different in pore density and/or pore size in a catalytically active component; and the pore density and/or pore size is controlled in such a manner that specific surface area of the catalytically active component increases from the inlet of the reactor to the outlet of the reactor. A method for producing unsaturated aldehydes and/or unsaturated fatty acids from olefins using the same reactor is also disclosed.

Abstract: An improved radial or cross flow moving bed regenerator or reactor, in which the solid particle residence time in the vessels can be changed in different section of the regenerator or reactor. The improvement results from the placement of one or multiple screen inserts which divides the radial or cross flow bed into separate solid flow channels. The residence time of the solid in each solid flow channels are optimized based on the regeneration or reaction requirement by changing the location, orientation and geometry of the screen inserts. As a result of the optimization of solid residence time in different section in the radial flow bed, the efficiency of a regenerator or a reactor is improved.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can include an apparatus for transferring catalyst from a regeneration zone to a reaction zone in a hydrocarbon conversion unit. The hydrocarbon conversion unit can include a transfer vessel, and first, second, and third lines. The transfer vessel can transfer regenerated catalyst from the regeneration zone at a first pressure to the reaction zone at a second pressure where the second pressure is greater than the first pressure. Generally, the first line communicates the catalyst to the transfer vessel and is coupled to a first valve to allow catalyst into the transfer vessel and the second line communicates the catalyst from the transfer vessel and is coupled to a second valve to allow catalyst out of the transfer vessel. The third line for allowing the passage of gas therethrough may be at a pressure higher than the first pressure having a first portion communicating with the transfer vessel and having a second portion coupled to third and fourth valves.

Abstract: An installation for producing liquid and, optionally, gaseous products from gaseous reactants. The installation has a reactor vessel having a vertically extending slurry bed zone; a first gas inlet in the vessel at a low level within the slurry bed zone for introducing gaseous reactants; a second gas inlet in the vessel at a level within the slurry bed zone which is above the first gas inlet for introducing recycled gas, the second gas inlet in the vessel being above the lower 20% of the vertical height of the slurry bed zone; a gas outlet in the vessel above the slurry bed zone, for withdrawing gas from a head space above the slurry bed zone and a liquid outlet in the vessel within the slurry bed zone, for withdrawing liquid product from the vessel.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor in which higher catalytic activity is distributed proximate to the reactor wall than remote from the reactor wall to provide a greater heat source in the case of exothermic reactions or greater heat sink in the case of endothermic reactions proximate to the reactor wall to increase the temperature gradient and heat transfer between the reactor wall and the internal volume of the reactor.

Abstract: A method for removing contaminants from a process stream that includes the use of reticulated material to filter the process stream in a vessel located upstream of a process unit. The reticulated material can be used with other conventional filter media within the vessel.

Abstract: A fixed bed containing a particulate catalyst or sorbent material (10) subject to operation at high temperature having a shaped boundary member (16) inclined to the direction of fluid flow through the bed that maintains the depth of said catalyst or sorbent at the boundary of the bed through a series of thermal expansion-thermal contraction cycles is described. By maintaining bed depth, the shaped boundary member (16) can prevent bypass of, e.g. ammonia through a bed of particulate ammonia oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting a bed of particulate material with a cross flowing fluid, which maintains the bed of particulate material within a retention volume. The apparatus includes partitions for retaining particles, with apertures disposed within the partitions. The apertures are covered by louvers that extend above the edges of the apertures to prevent solid particles from spilling through inlet apertures.

Abstract: A method for removing contaminants from an process stream that includes the use of reticulated material to filter the process stream. The reticulated material also facilitate process stream flow distribution in process units. The reticulated material can be packed with a void space between a substantial number of the reticulated material that can be varied to enhance filtration and flow distribution. The method of filtering also provides a method of removing contaminants leaving process equipment. The methods can be used on a variety of process streams and process equipment. The reticulated material can include ceramics, metallic materials, and chemical vapor deposition elements. The reticulated material can be of various shapes and sizes, and can also be catalytically active.

Abstract: A process for contacting a bed of particulate material, usually catalyst, with a transverse flow of fluid is disclosed. The particulate material moves or is prevented from not moving, while the fluid passes through the bed at a rate greater than the stagnant bed pinning flow rate. This invention is applicable to hydrocarbon conversion processes and allows for higher fluid throughput rates compared to prior art processes.

Abstract: A granular moving-bed apparatus is introduced to have an inlet louvered wall, an outlet louvered wall opposing to the inlet louvered wall, a granular path formed in between, a plurality of serial roof-shaped flow-corrective elements located along the granular path, and a predetermined type of granular materials flowing inside the granular path. The inlet louvered wall and the outlet louvered wall are particularly constructed to form serial hopper-shaped structures that define the granular path. The roof-shaped flow-corrective element is systematically displaced with respect to the hopper-shaped structure by specific criteria so that problems of corrosions, plaques and stagnant zones formed to the louvered walls of the apparatus can be avoided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reacting feed in and an apparatus comprising a radial flow reactor including a first catalyst bed disposed between an outer wall and a centerpipe of the vessel and a second catalyst bed disposed within a centerpipe. Also disclosed is a method of loading catalyst into the radial flow reactor.

Abstract: A process for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feedstock, includes the steps of providing a hydrocarbon feed having an initial characteristic; providing a first hydrogen-containing gas; feeding the hydrocarbon feed and the first hydrogen-containing gas cocurrently to a first hydroprocessing zone so as to provide a first hydrocarbon product; providing a plurality of additional hydroprocessing zones including a final zone and an upstream zone; feeding the first hydrocarbon product cocurrently with a recycled gas to the upstream zone so as to provide an intermediate hydrocarbon product; and feeding the intermediate hydrocarbon product cocurrently with a second hydrogen-containing gas to the final zone so as to provide a final hydrocarbon product having a final characteristic which is improved as compared to the initial characteristic.

Abstract: There is provided a granular-bed filter for cleaning a gas containing fine particulate matter (“dust”). A multiplicity of vertically disposed filter trays are assembled to form a “panel.” In each filter tray, an inclined porous plate supports a bed of granular material. Each bed presents an inclined gas-entry face that receives gas from a vertically-disposed dusty-gas-distribution compartment nearby the face's lower edge. A filter cake forms upon the gas-entry face. Preferably, the bed's depth is substantially the same at its upper and lower edges. Cleaned gas leaves a tray across the porous plate and flows into a vertically-disposed cleaned-gas-collection compartment. After an interval of filtration, gas-entry faces are renewed by producing en masse displacement of the material respecting the supporting plates, the displacement producing a spill of a surface layer from each gas-entry face. The displacement is preferably accomplished by causing the support plates to move sharply upward (e.g.

Abstract: An axial/radial—or radial/flow catalytic reactor has inlet and outlet ports and a bed of particulate catalyst disposed as e.g. a cylinder or cone round a central region communicating with one of the ports. For at least part of the height of the catalyst bed, the exterior surface of the catalyst bed has a diameter less than that of the reactor thus leaving space between the exterior surface of the catalyst bed and the interior walls of the reactor. This space is filled with a particulate material presenting less resistance to flow than the catalyst particles.

Abstract: There is provided a method for loading solid particles into a multi-tube reactor having an upper tube-sheet holding together the upper ends of the multitude of reactor tubes, the method comprising positioning a loading device having a plurality of holes on top of the upper tube-sheet such that the loading device rests on and substantially covers the upper tube-sheet and the holes correspond to the reactor tubes, the loading device comprising a plurality of adjacent polygonal plates, each polygonal plate having from 1 to 30 holes, each hole corresponding to one reactor tube; pouring the particles over the combined polygonal plates covering the tube-sheet; sweeping the particles through the holes in the plates into the respective reactor tubes; removing residual particles and any dust remaining on and between the plates; and removing the loading device.

Abstract: A reactor and regeneration for effecting radial flow contact of a reactant stream with catalyst particles movable as an annular-form bed by gravity flow and for reducing stresses in the bed is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the isomerization of a hydrocarbonic charge containing a substantial quantity of paraffin base hydrocarbons with 5 or 6 carbon atoms and a benzene content that is greater than or equal to 2% by weight, in which the charge to be treated passes, in the presence of hydrogen, at a total pressure greater than or equal to 10.105 Pa (10 bars) and at an average temperature ranging between 100 and 200° C., through at least one reactor (5) containing a catalyst. An adjunctive fluid is introduced in the upstream section of the reaction zone; a fluid that at 40° C. and under atmospheric pressure (1.0134.105 Pa), is in a gaseous phase and has a density that is less than or equal to that of the normal-pentane taken into account under the same conditions.

Abstract: A reactor system for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide. The reactor system includes a reactor tube that contains a packed bed of shaped support material that can include a catalytic component. The shaped support material has a hollow cylinder geometric configuration. The reactor system has specific combinations of reactor tube and catalyst system geometries.

Abstract: A process for contacting a bed of particulate material, usually catalyst, with a transverse flow of fluid is disclosed. The particulate material moves or is prevented from not moving, while the fluid passes through the bed at a rate greater than the stagnant bed pinning flow rate. This invention is applicable to hydrocarbon conversion processes and allows for higher fluid throughput rates compared to prior art processes.

Abstract: There is provided an improved panel-bed method and apparatus for achieving an intimate contact of a gas and a loose granular solid material (e.g., for filtering dust from the gas). A bed of the material is housed in a tall, narrow panel, across which gas moves in a substantially horizontal direction. Gas-entry portions of the granular bed are supported by louvers that slope inwardly and upwardly from nearby their outer edges. The total area of the gas-entry faces presented by these gas-entry portions is greater than the projected vertical frontal area of the panel. After an interval of the contact, gas-entry faces of the granular material are renewed by causing en masse displacement of the material respecting the supporting louvers, the displacement producing a spill of a surface layer from each gas-entry face. This displacement is preferably accomplished by causing louvers to move sharply upward (e.g., as may be caused by an upward blow of a hammer).

Abstract: A method for producing bisphenol includes introducing a phenol and a ketone into a fixed, supported catalytic bed reactor system in a downflow mode, reacting the phenol and the ketone to form a reaction mixture, and recovering the bisphenol isomer from the reaction mixture. The preferred bisphenol isomer is bisphenol A, or p,p′-bisphenol A, produced from the reaction of phenol and acetone. The reactor for producing the bisphenol A from the reaction of phenol and acetone includes an ion exchange resin catalyst disposed in a bed and packing randomly distributed throughout the ion exchange resin catalyst to improve heat transfer efficiency and reduce compression of the catalyst bed.

Abstract: An apparatus for the purification of catalytic cracking gasolines containing dienic and/or acetylenic impurities, and mercaptans, said apparatus comprising at least one selective hydrogenation reactor 3 containing at least one fixed catalyst bed, and having at least one line 1 for introducing a feed, at least one effluent outlet line, and a line supplying hydrogen to the reactor, said reactor being followed by at least one stabilization drum 4 connected to said effluent outlet line, the drum having at least one gas outlet line 5 and at least one stabilized effluent outlet line, and said effluent passing into at least one sweetening reactor 8 comprising at least one effluent inlet line 6 and at least one effluent outlet line, said reactor having close thereto at least one oxidizing agent supply line, said apparatus also comprising at least one drum 9 for degassing the effluent from the sweetening reactor 8, said drum 9 having at least one gas outlet line and at least one outlet line 11 for dedienized, stabiliz

Abstract: An apparatus for regeneration a reforming or aromatic compound production catalyst comprises a first combustion zone wherein the first combustion zone receives catalyst and an oxygen-containing gas; a successive second combustion zone; and a conduit communicating the first and second combustion zones for transferring catalysts from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone. The first combustion zone is isolated from the second combustion zone to prevent passage of oxygen-containing gas from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone and the severity of the operating conditions increases from the first combustion zone to the second combustion zone.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for contacting reactants with a particulate catalyst while indirectly contacting the reactants with a heat exchange medium performs heat exchange in a first reaction zone and moves catalyst, at least intermittently, through the second reaction zone while the process is operating. The first reaction zone is preferably a fixed bed reaction zone. The use of first reaction zone as a fixed bed reaction zone simplifies the process arrangement by not requiring means for catalyst movement in a reaction zone that performs simultaneous heat exchange. Long periods of operation are possible since the first reaction zone will typically experience a slow rate of catalyst deactivation and need infrequent regeneration. The first reaction zone may also be designed for catalyst movement, but independently controlled from the first reaction zone to facilitate the movement of catalyst therethrough.

Abstract: A reactor for producing a nitrile compound from a carbon ring or heterocyclic compound having organic substituents by a gas phase reaction using a fluidized catalyst bed with ammonia and a gas containing oxygen. In a cylindrical fluidized catalyst bed having a diameter of 2.0 meters or greater, partial vaporization-type cooling tubes (the cooling medium is partially vaporized in the tubes) and complete vaporization-type cooling tubes (the cooling medium is completely vaporized in the cooling tubes) are disposed in a specific arrangement. Water containing ionic SiO2 in 0.1 ppm or smaller and having an electric conductivity of 5 &mgr;S/cm or smaller is used as the cooling medium for the complete vaporization-type cooling tubes. The temperature of the reaction is easily stabilized and uniform distribution of temperature is obtained in the fluidized catalyst bed. Stable continuous operation is achieved for a long time in a commercial scale apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bioreactor apparatus having a bed of buoyant media pellets floating within a filtrate to be processed. The apparatus includes a tank (22) having a peripheral wall for containing filtrate (34) and a bed (36) of media pellets (38). A central manifold (100) is rotatably supported within the tank, the central manifold being mounted for rotation about a vertical axis (22) and having a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings (140) intermediate its ends, the openings adapted to eject filtrate in a generally horizontal direction and along a substantially vertical plane toward the wall of the tank, cyclically fluidize pellets in a directly narrow zone. In a preferred aspect, there is also a thrust manifold (140), generally parallel to the axis of the central manifold and having a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings intermediate its ends directed horizontally and generally perpendicularly to the plane.

Abstract: The invention concerns an up-flow reactor for catalytic treatment of a particle-containing gas comprising a catalytic unit and at least one drain pipe upstream the catalytic unit within a reactor wall.

Abstract: A method for the production of a cross-linked support matrix that in form of a bed will permit liquid flow velocities above 5 cm/h, preferably above 50 cm/h, to pass through the bed. The method is characterized in that it comprises the steps: (a) providing a starting support matrix that has pendent unsaturated groups, and (b) subjecting said starting support matrix to electron beam or gamma-ray irradiation. The use of a cross-linked support matrix produced by a method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a starting support matrix that has pendent unsaturated groups, and (b) subjecting said starting support matrix to electron beam or gamma-ray irradiation as a support matrix in liquid chromatography, cell culturing, step-wise solid phase synthesis of organic compounds, running catalytic reactions by the use of a solid phase bound catalyst.

Abstract: A novel liquid collector assembly has been developed for a reactor used in the sweetening of sour hydrocarbons (e.g. sour gasoline). This refinery process normally involves contacting a reaction liquid, comprising both aqueous (caustic solution) and organic (hydrocarbon) phases, with a fixed bed of oxidation catalyst. The collector assembly design, comprising a piping manifold and a plurality of dependent, vertically aligned, and perforated conduits, allows for improved separation of the reaction products into essentially pure treated hydrocarbon and spent alkaline reagent streams. If sodium hydroxide is used as caustic solution, for example, the treated hydrocarbon product will normally contain less than 1 ppm by weight of sodium.

Abstract: A process and arrangement for contacting a moving bed of compact particulate material, usually catalyst, with a radial flow of fluid maintains an unconfined surface of catalyst particles in place by passing fluid axially into the upper surface of the bed and maintaining radial gas flow across an inlet screen at an elevation that is above the upper most elevation of perforations for withdrawing gas flow from the particulate bed. Two vertical screens confine the bed of catalyst. Perforations cover substantially the entire length of the inlet screen. The outlet portion of the screen has perforations that end below the top of the free surface of the catalyst bed and define an upper bed portion therebetween. The inlet screen directs gas flow radially across the inlet screen into an upper portion of the bed and causes at least partial axial flow of gas through the upper portion of the particle bed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for qualitatively or quantitatively determining one or more analytes in matrices such as foods, biological fluids, etc. An embodiment for determination of a single analyte comprises a sample receiving vessel, a first membrane and a reagent-containing well. The prepared sample passes through the first membrane whereby extraneous matter is removed, and a filtrate enters the reagent-containing well to provide a filtrate-reagent admixture from which the analyte may be determined. An embodiment for determination for multiple analytes includes one or more additional membranes in series with the first membrane, each such additional membrane being operative to capture one or more analytes. Each of the additional analytes may then be eluted from the membrane upon which it has been captured, into a separate reagent-containing well to provide eluant-reagent admixture from which each desired analyte may be determined. Formulations for preparation additives are also included.

Abstract: An elongate reaction vessel includes at least two stages in the vertical direction in which an endothermic or exothermic catalytic reaction is carried out and comprises:

Abstract: An apparatus for contacting reactants with a particulate catalyst while indirectly contacting the reactants with a heat exchange medium amid simultaneous exchange of catalyst particles by an operation that sequentially restricts reactant flow while moving catalyst through reaction stacks in which the reactant flow has been restricted. The apparatus permits a change out of catalyst in a channel type reactor arrangement that would normally restrict catalyst flow during operation. Moving catalyst through a heat exchange type reactor having reactant and heat exchange channels permits control of catalyst activity as well as temperatures.

Abstract: A stripper and a stripping process for removing the flue gas carried by regenerated catalyst. A cylindrical stripper mainly comprises a degassing pipe at the longitudinal axis, a horizontal pipe connected with the lower end of the degassing pipe, several sets of inner annular baffles and outer annular baffles arranged in alternative arrangement along the vertical direction. Inner annular baffles are fixed on the degassing pipe, outer annular baffles are fixed on the inner wall of the cylinder. The degassing pipe has holes below each set of the inner annular baffles. The regenerated catalyst enters the stripper from the upper part, comes into a countercurrent and crosscurrent contact with steam from the annular steam conduit, and the stripped regenerated catalyst leaves the stripper from the bottom.

Abstract: A process to remove carbon dioxide from a gas stream using a cross-flow, or a moving-bed reactor. In the reactor the gas contacts an active material that is an alkali-metal compound, such as an alkali-metal carbonate, alkali-metal oxide, or alkali-metal hydroxide; or in the alternative, an alkaline-earth metal compound, such as an alkaline-earth metal carbonate, alkaline-earth metal oxide, or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide. The active material can be used by itself or supported on a substrate of carbon, alumina, silica, titania or aluminosilicate. When the active material is an alkali-metal compound, the carbon-dioxide reacts with the metal compound to generate bicarbonate. When the active material is an alkaline-earth metal, the carbon dioxide reacts with the metal compound to generate carbonate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bioreactor apparatus having a bed of buoyant media pellets floating within a filtrate to be processed. The apparatus includes a tank having a peripheral wall for containing filtrate and a bed of media pellets. A central manifold is rotatably supported within the tank the central manifold being mounted for rotation about a vertical axis and having a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings intermediate its ends, the openings adapted to eject filtrate in a generally horizontal direction and along a substantially vertical plane toward the wall of the tank. A thrust manifold, generally parallel to the axis of the central manifold has a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings intermediate its ends directed horizontally and generally perpendicularly to the plane. The thrust manifold is supported in association with the central manifold inwardly adjacent the tank wall and offset rearwardly of the plane to rotate with the central manifold.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical decontamination liquid decomposing system having a catalyst tower which has a mesh filter capable of certainly preventing catalyst from flowing out and a mechanism of pushing-down the catalyst capable of preventing convection of the catalyst caused by decomposition gas.