Abstract: When carrying out a liquid-phase reaction by using a heterogeneous catalyst, the separation of the heterogeneous catalyst and the reaction liquid is carried out certainly and effectively. A reaction method involves carrying out a reaction in liquid phase by using a heterogeneous catalyst particle 30 in a reactor 10, and comprises the steps of: (a) allowing a reaction liquid 40 supplied into the reactor 10 from such as a supplying inlet 12 to react in the presence of the heterogeneous catalyst particle 30, and (b) passing the resultant reaction liquid 40 containing the heterogeneous catalyst particle 30 through a line screen 20 having an opening width where the heterogeneous catalyst particle 30 is not allowed to pass substantially, and then extracting the reaction liquid 40 separated from the heterogeneous catalyst particle 30 from the reactor 10 by way of such as an extracting outlet 14.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optimized tubular reactor for adiabatically mononitrating aromatics, halogenated aromatics and halogenated hydrocarbons, which tubular reactor is divided into from 4 to 12 chambers by plates which have openings and effect a pressure drop of from 0.5 to 4 bar per plate.

Abstract: This invention is related to an enhanced heat conductive device for supply device of hydrogen source of a fuel cell. The supply device comprises: at least one pressurized bottled filled with metal hydride and having an outer diameter. The enhanced heat conductive device comprises: a metal shell configured to an elongated, cylindrical column having an inner diameter, and at least one expandable rib, longitudinally extended along a length direction of and integrally formed with the metal shell. The outer diameter of the pressurized bottle is slightly greater than the inner diameter of the metal shell, such that when the pressurized bottle is inserted through the metal shell, the pressurized bottle will force expansion of the rib resulting in close contact between the metal shell and the pressurized bottle. This invention further discloses supply device of hydrogen source having such an enhanced heat conductive device.

Abstract: The disclosed synthesis system is based on the idea of designing a synthesis and treatment procedure, substrates and anchor groups which enable biomolecules to be simultaneously produced in an entirely automatic manner. By using a pipetting robot to dispense the reagents, the reaction column can be arranged in a format suitable for subsequent treatment. For a pipetting robot to carry out even water-sensitive or air-sensitive synthesis protocols, certain structural measures must be taken. The operation principle of the automated and the synthesis sequence are described below as an example of a possible solution. The automation can work with conventional substrates and reagents. Handling, however, is simplified by new, specially adapted substrates and anchor groups. A special, simultaneous purification and aliquot portioning process improves product quality and makes the device easier to use.

Abstract: An ordered column packing—in the form of packing layers containing flow channels (2)—has a foil-like material (1) with a fine structuring (10). The foil-like material is profiled with concave structure elements (3b; minus sign −) and convex structure elements (3a; plus sign +) in an alternating arrangement. An average distance “a” exists between centers of adjacent concave and convex structure elements respectively. This average distance “a” is substantially smaller than a distance between centerlines (20) of adjacent flow passages. The foil-like material has a second fine structuring in the form of regularly arranged apertures (5). An average distance “b” between centers of adjacent apertures is smaller than the average distance “a”, preferably smaller by at least 50%; and edges (51, 52) of the apertures have in each case a shape including convex and concave locations (6a, 6b).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the transfer between a solid matter and a liquid, comprising an outer drum (1) and a perforated inner drum (2), means (4-5) for commonly rotating the drums (1 and 2), and means (18) situated inside the inner drum (2) for moving the solid matter (10). In between the two drums (1 and 2), a number of troughs (21) are formed which, during the rotation of the drums (1 and 2), bring up liquid (8) and pour it out higher up through the inner drum (2). Along the front rim of each trough (21), the drum (2) is provided with a drain opening (23), opposite to which means (24;26) are provided for preventing, when the drain opening (23), during the rotation of the drums (1-2), is at the bottom, the penetration of solid matter (10) through said opening.

Abstract: A process and/or system is provided for isomerizing a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising saturated C6 hydrocarbons by contacting the hydrocarbon feedstock, in the presence of hydrogen and optionally a chloride, with a first isomerization catalyst composition in a first isomerization reactor defining a first reaction zone operated at a first reaction temperature, withdrawing a first intermediate stream comprising cyclohexane and n-hexane from the first reaction zone, separating the first intermediate stream, via a first separator, into a first product stream comprising cyclohexane and a second intermediate stream comprising n-hexane, contacting the second intermediate stream, in the presence of hydrogen and optionally a chloride, with a second isomerization catalyst composition in a second isomerization reactor defining a second reaction zone operated at a second reaction temperature greater than the first reaction temperature, and withdrawing from the second reaction zone a second product stream comprising isoh

Abstract: Arrangement for understoichiometric gasification of spent liquor from chemical pulp production, comprising an upper reactor part (2), which upper reactor part is provided with a burner (5) for the spent liquor and with an internally clad reactor jacket (4), and lower separating part (8) for separating a phase of solid and/or molten material, formed on gasification, from a phase of combustible gaseous material. According to the invention, at least the upper reactor part (2), with its clad reactor jacket, is surrounded by an outer vessel (1), with a gap (13) being present between the reactor jacket (4) and the outer vessel (1). Connected to the said gap (13) there are one or more inlets (14) and at least one outlet (21) for a coolant medium.

Abstract: A tubular reactor characterized by having short static mixing elements separated by coalescing zones is used to conduct multiphase liquid/liquid reactions. Small droplets of one of the phases are dispersed into the other phase by the static mixing elements. These droplets coalesce and at least partially phase separate as the mixture passes through the subsequent coalescing zone. The tubular reactor is particularly suitable for nitrating organic compounds while forming low levels of improperly nitrated by-products and low levels of nitrophenolics.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for qualitatively or quantitatively determining one or more analytes in matrices such as foods, biological fluids, etc. An embodiment for determination of a single analyte comprises a sample receiving vessel, a first membrane and a reagent-containing well. The prepared sample passes through the first membrane whereby extraneous matter is removed, and a filtrate enters the reagent-containing well to provide a filtrate-reagent admixture from which the analyte may be determined. An embodiment for determination for multiple analytes includes one or more additional membranes in series with the first membrane, each such additional membrane being operative to capture one or more analytes. Each of the additional analytes may then be eluted from the membrane upon which it has been captured, into a separate reagent-containing well to provide eluant-reagent admixture from which each desired analyte may be determined. Formulations for preparation additives are also included.

Abstract: The invention relates to mixed phase materials for the preparation of catalytic membranes which exhibit ionic and electronic conduction and which exhibit improved mechanical strength compared to single phase ionic and electronic conducting materials. The mixed phase materials are useful for forming gas impermeable membranes either as dense ceramic membranes or as dense thin films coated onto porous substrates. The membranes and materials of this invention are useful in catalytic membrane reactors in a variety of applications including synthesis gas production. One or more crystalline second phases are present in the mixed phase material at a level sufficient to enhance the mechanical strength of the mixture to provide membranes for practical application in CMRs.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to an apparatus for contacting solids in the form of flowable lumps with liquids and, optionally, gases, particularly for producing aluminum alcoholates by reacting aluminum with an excess of an aliphatic C3 to C10 alcohol, wherein solids charged to a reactor from the top are contacted in a spouted bed with liquid or a mixture of liquids and a rotary grate is provided for holding at least temporarily the aluminum lumps in the form of ingot off-cuts.

Abstract: A reformation reactor, especially suitable for the reformation of methanol, includes a reaction zone in which a reformation catalyst is located and to which a gas mixture to be reformed can be supplied. The reactor includes an evaporator body that adjoins the reaction zone in a flush manner. The evaporator body has a porous, heat-conducting structure for providing the gas mixture to be reformed by mixing and evaporating the gas mixture components supplied to it and for two-dimensionally distributed supply of the gas mixture thus prepared and into the reaction zone. A starting phase can be provided for the operation of the reactor, in which the evaporator body is wetted by a fuel liquid film and, following the addition of oxygen, a flammable mixture results in the reaction zone that is catalytically oxidized. The evaporator body can be heated to operating temperature by the resultant combustion heat, after which a switch can be made to continuous operation of the reformation reactor.

Abstract: A compact endothermic catalytic reaction apparatus for converting hydrocarbon feedstock and methanol to useful gases, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide, comprising a tubular endothermic catalytic reactor, a radiant combustion chamber and an annular convection section. Thus tubular endothermic catalytic reactor receives radiant energy from a metal fiber burner that is disposed within the radiant combustion chamber. Combustion products from the radiant chamber enter an annular convection section wherein heat is transferred by forced convection to the tubular endothermic catalytic reactor. The combination of radiant and convective heat transfer results in a compact design of high thermal efficiency.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out a multi-step process of converting hydrocarbon fuel to a substantially pure hydrogen gas feed includes a plurality of modules stacked end-to-end along a common axis. Each module includes a shell having an interior space defining a passageway for the flow of gas from a first end of the shell to a second end of the shell opposite the first end, and a processing core being contained within the interior space for effecting a chemical, thermal, or physical change to a gas stream passing axially through the module. the multi-step process includes: providing a fuel processor having a plurality of modules stacked end-to-end along a common axis; and feeding the hydrocarbon fuel successively through each of the modules in an axial direction through the tubular reactor to produce the hydrogen rich gas.

Abstract: The invention includes a filtration apparatus for processing a plurality of fluid samples into sample wells is provided. In one embodiment, the filtration apparatus includes a purification tray and a sample well tray with a plurality of sample wells. The purification tray includes a filter plate having a plurality of columns with discharge openings at the bottom thereof, at least one filter positioned in the columns of the filter plate for filtering the fluid samples as they pass therethrough, a heat plate positioned adjacent the columns of the filter plate, and a vent plate positioned below the heat plate. The heat plate is configured for transferring heat to the columns of the filter plate. The vent plate includes vents for permitting aerosols from the sample wells of the sample well tray to escape. A sample well tray with a plurality of the sample wells is positioned so that the sample wells align with the discharge openings of the filter plate columns to receive the liquid sample therein.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage and generation system are disclosed. The fuel source of the present invention comprises a chemical hydride core, and an elongate, flexible moisture barrier encasing the core. The core may be formed by a plurality discrete bodies of NaH or NaBH4, and the barrier may be a thermoplastic. A hydrogen generator of the present invention comprises a reaction chamber, a spool, and a fuel source wrapped around the spool, the fuel source comprising a chemical hydride core encased in an elongate moisture barrier. The generator also has means for removing the barrier from the core to permit the core to react with water or moisture in the reaction chamber. The generator may also have a second reaction chamber so that heat may be transferred from the first reaction chamber to the second reaction chamber for driving a reaction of Al and H2O, thereby generating additional hydrogen.

Abstract: An isothermal reactor for carrying out heterogeneous exothermic or endothermic reactions, comprises within a catalytic bed (3) housed in an appropriate outer shell (2), at least one tube (13) for the passage of a cooling or heating fluid which advantageously extends with a cone shaped helicoidal.

Abstract: A reaction vessel including an oxygen-containing gas chamber separated from a source gas chamber by an oxygen-permeable membrane that allows oxygen selectively to pass therethrough to contact and react with source gas contained in the source gas chamber. The ratio of at least one of (i) the volume of the oxygen-containing gas chamber to the total volume of the vessel and (ii) the volume of the source gas chamber to the total volume of the vessel, is outside a range within which explosion would occur if the oxygen-containing gas and source gas were allowed to combine directly. Preferably, the ratio also is outside a range within which explosion would occur if the oxygen-containing gas and products resulting from reactions between oxygen supplied through the oxygen-permeable membrane and the source gas were allowed to combine directly. The vessel is safer to operate in that the risk of explosion, due to direct mixing of the gases when the oxygen-permeable membrane is damaged or cracked, is greatly reduced.

Abstract: The flow of a liquid slurry of comminuted cellulosic fibrous material (e.g. wood chips) in a vertical vessel is made more uniform by providing a plurality of vertically spaced sets of either substantially continuous or discontinuous protrusions which extend inwardly from the internal surface of the vessel a maximum distance of between about 2-12 inches. A preferred vessel is a continuous or batch digester. The protrusions may have an arcuate, rectangular, isosceles or scalene triangular, right triangular, or trapezoidal cross-section, and may be spaced from each other vertically between about 1-12 feet, and have a height of between about 1-3 feet. Discontinuous protrusions have a preferred arcuate spacing of between 1-10 feet.

Abstract: A quench zone mixing apparatus is supported within a vessel of a reactor by a support structure that includes a concentric hub, which may be formed to act as a torsion tube, and at least a first set of radial beams extending radially outward from the hub and terminating at a support ring that is attached to the reactor vessel wall. In particular, the radial beams comprise a flange that supports the redistribution tray and a web of the beams preferably includes a plurality of openings to allow the passage of fluids across the vessel. In addition, the webs also carry the channels. The radial beams also support the mixing chamber and, in the area between the wall of the mixing chamber and the vessel wall, the radial beams may have a vertical height that slopes downward from the vessel wall to the mixing chamber wall.

Abstract: The invention is a ceramic membrane reactor for syngas production having a reaction chamber, an inlet in the reactor for natural gas intake, a plurality of oxygen permeating ceramic slabs inside the reaction chamber with each slab having a plurality of passages paralleling the gas flow for transporting air through the reaction chamber, a manifold affixed to one end of the reaction chamber for intake of air connected to the slabs, a second manifold affixed to the reactor for removing the oxygen depleted air, and an outlet in the reaction chamber for removing syngas.

Abstract: A process for converting organic compounds using composite materials in membrane reactors. The composite materials include a gas-tight ceramic, a porous metallic support, and an interfacial zone therebetween eliminate the need for mechanical seals between two such dissimilar materials. Oxygen ion-conducting dense ceramic membranes are formed on a porous metallic alloy to provide an interfacial zone identifiable by a gradient of composition in at least one metallic element across the interfacial zone between the dense ceramic membrane and the porous support. Processes using composite materials in accordance with the invention are, for example, used for production of synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen, whereby the synthesis gas is, advantageously, free of deleterious and/or inert gaseous diluents such as nitrogen.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical decontamination liquid decomposing system having a catalyst tower which has a mesh filter capable of certainly preventing catalyst from flowing out and a mechanism of pushing-down the catalyst capable of preventing convection of the catalyst caused by decomposition gas.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to a method of producing an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide from the reaction of a metal chlorite and an acid forming component which do not react to produce chlorine dioxide in the substantial absence of water. The reactants are separated from liquid water by a membrane which allows the controlled passage of liquid water and/or water vapor into contact with the reactants. The chlorine dioxide thus generated passes out through the membrane into the liquid water to produce the desired aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions containing chlorine dioxide produced in this manner can be conveniently used for commercial and domestic cleaning operations such as in the food industry.

Abstract: A contaminated water disinfectant and method including a quantity of substantially dry soluble alkali metal ferrate (VI) particles. A porous sealed packet contains the particles in a quantity sufficient to disinfect a predetermined quantity of contaminated water by oxygenation. A quantity of substantially dry insoluble inert particles are also contained within said packet and are of sufficient weight to cause the packet to at least partially sink into the contaminated water. The packet is formed of a porous sheet material capable of passing oxygen and water therethrough while preventing undissolved ferrate and inert particles from passing from the packet and entering the water.

Abstract: A reactor assembly comprising a substantially elongate tubular housing, at least one reactant inlet, at least one reaction mixture outlet disposed above the at least one reactant inlet, and agitator disposed in a region near the at least one reactant inlet and a perforated member disposed in tubular housing between the agitator and the reaction mixture outlet.

Abstract: Composite materials of the invention, which include a gas-tight ceramic, a porous metallic support, and an interfacial zone therebetween eliminate the need for mechanical seals between two such dissimilar materials. Oxygen ion-conducting dense ceramic membranes are formed on a porous metallic alloy to provide an interfacial zone identifiable by a gradient of composition in at least one metallic element across the interfacial zone between the dense ceramic membrane and the porous support. Processes using composite materials in accordance with the invention are, for example, used for production of synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen, whereby the synthesis gas is, advantageously, free of deleterious and/or inert gaseous diluents such as nitrogen.

Abstract: A reactor for carrying out gas/liquid/solid phase reactions, comprises a housing (1) which encloses an essentially closed reaction chamber (2) for holding a first liquid phase, the solid phase and a gas phase fed through the chamber; at least one feed (3), connected to the reaction chamber, for feeding a first liquid phase to the reaction chamber (2); at least one hollow fiber (4), the wall of which defines an internal flow channel for at least removing a second liquid phase, such that exchange of matter can take place between the reaction chamber (2) and the flow channel through the wall of hollow fiber (4); at least one discharge (6), connected to the flow channel, for removing the second liquid phase; at least one gas inlet (7) and at least one gas outlet (8), connected to reaction chamber (2) such that, in the use position, the at least one gas inlet (7) opens essentially into the bottom of the reaction chamber (2) and the at least one gas outlet (8) is located essentially at the top of the reaction chamb

Abstract: A fluid treating apparatus includes a primary conduit defining a flow path for the fluid being treated. A column is connected to the pipe forming an inlet into the flow path. A reaction container having a perforated side wall enclosing a treating agent is positioned in the inlet and in the flow path. In preferred embodiments, the method and apparatus is for dechlorinating water prior to discharge. One or more aerators can also be mounted in the pipe to aerate water passing through the conduit upstream and/or downstream of the reaction container.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced from a methane-containing reactant gas in a mixed conducting membrane reactor in which the reactor is operated to maintain the product gas outlet temperature above the reactant gas feed temperature wherein the total gas pressure on the oxidant side of the membrane is less than the total gas pressure on the reactant side of the membrane. Preferably, the reactant gas feed temperature is below a maximum threshold temperature of about 1400° F. (760° C.), and typically is between about 950° F. (510° C.) and about 1400° F. (760° C.). The maximum temperature on the reactant side of the membrane reactor is greater than about 1500° F. (815° C.).

Abstract: Composite materials of the invention, which include a gas-tight ceramic, a porous metallic support, and an interfacial zone therebetween eliminate the need for mechanical seals between two such dissimilar materials. Oxygen ion-conducting dense ceramic membranes are formed on a porous metallic alloy to provide an interfacial zone identifiable by a gradient of composition in at least one metallic element across the interfacial zone between the dense ceramic membrane and the porous support. Processes using composite materials in accordance with the invention are, for example, used for production of synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen, whereby the synthesis gas is, advantageously, free of deleterious and/or inert gaseous diluents such as nitrogen.

Abstract: The apparatus for indirectly exchanging heat with narrow channels in a heat exchange type channel reaction zone uses plates containing partially perforated sections to simplify or eliminate the use of manifolds to distribute to and collect different fluids from the various channels. The invention simplifies the operation by directly communicating adjacent channels across sections of perforations located at one end or the other of the channels. The arrangement of this invention provides the advantage of more compact heat exchanging reactor arrangements. In this manner, multiple pass channels can be contained in a single plate channel arrangement using only single or double distribution manifolds at the ends of the channels. The arrangement of the invention can also simplify the use of a single manifold arrangement at one end of the channels to facilitate catalyst unloading and catalyst replacement in the reaction channels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of methanol from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising: contacting a vaporous mixture comprising the feedstock and steam in a steam reforming zone with a catalyst effective for catalysis of at least one reforming reaction; recovering from the reforming zone a synthesis gas mixture comprising carbon oxides, hydrogen and methane; supplying material of the synthesis gas mixture to a methanol synthesis zone charged with a methanol synthesis catalyst and maintained under methanol synthesis conditions; recovering from the methanol synthesis zone a product gas mixture comprising methanol and unreacted material of the synthesis gas mixture; supplying material of the product gas mixture to a methanol recovery zone maintained under methanol recovery conditions; recovering from the methanol recovery zone a crude methanol product stream and a vaporous steam comprising unreacted material of the synthesis gas mixture; separating material of the synthesis gas mixtur

Abstract: A reactor unit includes a monolithic block with several parallel reaction chamber lengthwise channels into which a reaction starting product can flow, which contain a suitable reaction catalyst material, and which are delimited externally by membrane walls for the selective separation of a desired reaction component from the reaction end product. A catalytic burner is accommodated in at least some of the lengthwise channels.

Abstract: The present invention provides multi-well plates and column arrays in which samples (e.g., cell lysates containing nucleic acids of interest, such as RNA) can be analyzed and/or processed. In one embodiment, the microfiltration arrangement is a multilayer structure, including (i) a column plate having an array of minicolumns into which samples can be placed, (ii) a discrete filter element disposed in each minicolumn, (iii) a drip-director plate having a corresponding array of drip directors through which filtrate may egress, and (iv) a receiving-well plate having a corresponding array of receiving wells into which filtrate can flow. The invention provides multi-well microfiltration arrangements that are relatively simple to manufacture and that overcome many of the problems associated with is the prior arrangements relating to (i) cross-contamination due to wicking across a common filter sheet or (ii) individual filter elements entrapping sample constituents within substantial dead volumes.

Abstract: A reactor comprising: a hollow shell defining a hermetic enclosure; a plurality of tube sheets disposed within said hermetic enclosure, a first one of said plurality of tube sheets defining a first chamber; at least one reaction tube each having a first end and an opposing second end, said first end being fixedly attached and substantially hermetically sealed to one end of said plurality of tube sheets and opening into said first chamber, the second end being axially unrestrained; each of said reaction tubes is comprised of an oxygen selective ion transport membrane with an anode side wherein said oxygen selective ion transport membrane is formed from a mixed conductor metal oxide that is effective for the transport of elemental oxygen at elevated temperatures and at least a portion of said first and second heat transfer sections are formed of metal; each of said reaction tubes includes first and second heat transfer sections and a reaction section, said reaction section disposed between said first and second

Abstract: A method for the labeling of molecules through the reaction of molecules to be labeled with labels at a solid phase (matrix), characterized in that the molecules enter a reaction chamber in which a matrix loaded with a reactive component is provided, and after the coupling has taken place, the labeled molecules leave the reaction chamber through a porous means.

Abstract: In a reactor and a method for the conversion of methanol to hydrogen wherein the reactor comprises first and second chambers divided by a membrane which is permeable for hydrogen and CO but not for CO.sub.2, the methanol is converted in the first chamber by a catalyst disposed therein to a gas mixture comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and the hydrogen and carbon monoxide pass through the membrane into the second chamber wherein the CO is converted by another catalyst disposed therein to methane.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced from a methane-containing reactant gas in a mixed conducting membrane reactor in which the reactor is operated to maintain the product gas outlet temperature above the reactant gas feed temperature wherein the total gas pressure on the oxidant side of the membrane is less than the total gas pressure on the reactant side of the membrane. Preferably, the reactant gas feed temperature is below a maximum threshold temperature of about 1400.degree. F. (760.degree. C.), and typically is between about 950.degree. F. (510.degree. C.) and about 1400.degree. F. (760.degree. C.). The maximum temperature on the reactant side of the membrane reactor is greater than about 1500.degree. F. (815.degree. C.).

Abstract: A process and arrangement for contacting a moving bed of compact particulate material, usually catalyst, with a radial flow of fluid maintains an unconfined surface of catalyst particles in place by passing fluid axially into the upper surface of the bed and maintaining radial gas flow across an inlet screen at an elevation that is above the upper most elevation of perforations for withdrawing gas flow from the particulate bed. Two vertical screens confine the bed of catalyst. Perforations cover substantially the entire length of the inlet screen. The outlet portion of the screen has perforations that end below the top of the free surface of the catalyst bed and define an upper bed portion therebetween. The inlet screen directs gas flow radially across the inlet screen into an upper portion of the bed and cause at least partial axial flow of gas through the upper portion of the particle bed.

Abstract: A method for aging steel-making slag comprising the steps of charging normal temperature steel-making slag crushed to the extent that the slag having a grain diameter of 25 mm or less which constitutes 80% or more of the total amount into a pressure vessel which can be closed tight enough to seal a pressure substantially higher than atmosphere. The pressure vessel is closed and pressureized steam is supplied into the said vessel for heating the said pressure vessel and slag to raise the temperature and the pressure in the said pressure vessel while discharging condensed hot water. The interior of the vessel is kept under a condition saturated by steam and pressurized up to 2 to 10 kg/cm.sup.2 G for 1 to 5 hours. The pressure in the pressure vessel is reduced to be equalized with atmosphere. The steel-making slag is then discharged from the vessel. Apparatus is provided for carrying out the above process and includes a pressure vessel having an opening lid for charging and discharging steel-making slag.

Abstract: An integrated micro-ceramic chemical plant having a unitary ceramic body formed from multiple ceramic layers in the green state which are sintered together includes a reaction chamber and a first passage for providing communication with the reaction chamber so that two or more fluids may be delivered to such reaction chamber for reaction, and the unitary ceramic body defining a catalytic bed in the reaction chamber, such catalytic bed being formed of micro-porous ceramic impregnated with at least one catalyst for promoting the reaction in the reaction chamber to produce reaction products; and the unitary ceramic body defining a filtration channel connected to the reaction chamber including filters disposed in such filtration channel for separating the reaction products so as to retrieve desired reaction products.

Abstract: A solid phase peptide synthesis reactor system and method of operating the reactor are provided. The reactor system includes a basket rotatable about an axis within a housing and a receiver which delivers fluid to, and collects fluid from, the housing. The basket has a perforate side wall against which a resin cake for the peptide synthesis is formed. The reactor and receiver form a loop or circuit through which solutions are circulated. The circulation of the solutions prevents the reactor from flooding so that the basket will not be submerged in solution and allows for the use of less liquid. Thus greater amino acid concentrations may be used. The method includes forming a resin cake of uniform depth on the wall of the spinning basket and spraying the solutions against the resin cake while spinning the basket. The solutions will pass through the resin cake and drain to the receiver to be circulated or recycled through the system or discharged from the system.

Abstract: The chemical reaction apparatus of the present invention can increase the producing rate of the main product gas by effectively removing carbon dioxide from the reaction site, the carbon dioxide generated together with the main product as the raw material gas is made to react at a high temperature of 400.degree. C. The reaction apparatus comprises a reactor for generating a main product gas and a byproduct gas which is carbon dioxide, by making a raw material gas to react, and lithium zirconate granular material placed in the reactor, to react with the byproduct carbon dioxide gas, thereby preparing a carbonate salt.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for contacting in a reactor solids in the form of free-flowing lumps with liquids or for contacting solids with liquids and gases by bringing the reactants into contact with each other, said reactor comprising a housing containing a screen in the area of which contacting takes place whereinthe screen is a rotary screen drum 5,the screen drum 5 rotates in a bottom vat during the operation, said vat holding a gaseous or liquid medium reacting with the solids, andthe bottom vat 10 can be lowered such that the solids in the screen drum 5 and the medium in the bottom vat 10 can be separated from each other whenever it is desired to alter or interrupt the chemical reaction or physical process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus which enables a complete multi-stepped chemical treatment process to occur within a single, sealed-bladdered vessel 31. The entire chemical process occurs without interruption of the sealed-bladdered vessel 31 such as opening the sealed-bladdered vessel 31 between various steps of the process. The sealed-bladdered vessel 31 is loaded with a batch to be dissolved, treated, decanted, rinsed and/or dried. A pressure filtration step may also occur. The self-contained chemical processing apparatus 32 contains a sealed-bladder 32, a fluid pump 34, a reservoir 20, a compressed gas inlet, a vacuum pump 24, and a cold trap 23 as well as the associated piping 33, numerous valves 21,22,25,26,29,30,35,36 and other controls associated with such an apparatus. The claimed invention allows for dissolution and/or chemical treatment without the operator of the self-contained chemical processing apparatus 38 coming into contact with any of the process materials.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the extraction of DNA from a suspension of cells are described. The methods utilise a hollow membrane filter to separate DNA from cellular debri after lysis of cells. The suspension of cells can be a suspension of cultured cells or cells contained in a body fluid such as blood. An ion-exchange step can be included in methods so that purified DNA is provided. The apparatus (1) comprises a vessl (2) in which cells can be cultured. The vessel has a hollow membrane filter (5) associated with an end thereof. The described methods can be used for extracting genomic DNA from cells but are particularly suitable for extracting plasmid DNA from microorganisms.

Abstract: In a vertical digester for producing chemical pulp, or other vessel for treating a slurry of comminuted fibrous cellulosic material, the cost of manufacturing the shell is significantly reduced by eliminating the external step increases in the digester shell. The digester shell has a substantially constant internal diameter from just below the inlet to just above the outlet, screen assemblies being provided by an internal transition (e.g. conical) having an angle of convergence of less than 40.degree. (e.g. about 10-25.degree.) above each screen assembly so that the slurry flows through the transition without bridging or hang-up, and a step increase, or other increase, in diameter back to the first diameter after the screen assembly.

Abstract: The present invention relates to devices for conducting, simultaneously, exothermic and endothermic chemical conversions with transfer of heat therebetween. More particularly, this invention relates to autothermic modules using oxygen ion-conducting dense ceramic membranes to separate, selectively, oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas and supply it directly to partial combustion of gaseous organic compounds. Processes using autothermic modules in accordance with this invention are, advantageously, used for production of synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen which synthesis gas is substantially free of deleterious and/or inert gaseous diluents such as nitrogen. In particular, for conversions, within the integral autothermic module, of natural gas or other forms of gaseous lower alkanes to synthesis gas by means of partial combustion followed by reforming.