Abstract: An apparatus and system for wafer-scale microwave digestion of layers or structures from a large-scale semiconductor substrate include a digestion vessel with a chamber which is configured to receive a whole large-scale semiconductor substrate, such as a silicon wafer. The digestion vessel may be configured to be placed within a containment apparatus, which structurally supports the digestion vessel. A digestion method includes placing at least one large-scale semiconductor substrate within the digestion vessel with a polar solvent, placing the digestion vessel within the containment apparatus, placing the containment apparatus in a microwave oven or other microwave source, and heating the polar solvent and substrate with microwaves. The heated polar solvent dissolves one or more desired layers or structures and may be subsequently analyzed to evaluate the amounts of one or more materials of such layers or structures.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for measuring the gas efflux from a substrate. In particular, one or more measuring chambers receive a gas enriched air from the substrate. A respiration system sends reference air having a known gas concentration to the measuring chamber. The reference air mixes with the gas enriched air to form a mixed air, which is returned to the respiration system. The respiration system then measures the gas efflux of the substrate over the given amount of time.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a new class of chemoselective polymer materials. In particular, the invention relates to linear polycarbosilane compounds for use in various analytical applications involving sorbent polymer materials, including chromatoghraphy, chemical trapping, analyte collection, and chemical sensor applications.

Abstract: An instrument is disclosed for carrying out controlled microwave assisted chemical processes, and that is particularly useful for handling relatively small samples. The instrument includes a microwave-transparent reaction vessel with an open mouth, a pressure-resistant seal on the mouth of the vessel, and a needle, portions of which penetrate the seal with a first end of the needle and provide fluid communication into the vessel. A pressure transducer is at the opposite end of the needle and in fluid communication with the interior of the vessel through the needle. The instrument defines a pressure control flow path from a portion of the needle outside of the vessel to a fluid port, the flow path being in communication with the needle, the interior of the vessel and the transducer. A controllable pressure release valve for the flow path is-associated with the port.

Abstract: Method and devices for measuring spot temperatures and surface temperature distributions using a luminophor, and method and devices for determining temperature-corrected oxygen or surface air pressure distributions using the same oxygen-sensitive luminophor. The luminophor is excited sequentially by a first light of wavelengths &lgr;1 and intensity P1 and a second light of wavelengths &lgr;v and intensity PT·, generating a first luminescence light of intensity I1 and a second luminescence light of intensity IT, respectively. The absorption of light of wavelength &lgr;v is substantially temperature-dependent in such a manner that the ratio (IT·P1/I1·PT) increases substantially in a known manner with increasing temperature, substantially independent of any oxygen pressure, and the oxygen pressure can be determined as a function of the luminescence decay time.

Abstract: A method is described for evaporating liquid samples contained in sample holders mounted within a chamber and rotated by the rotor during an evaporation process in which the pressure in the chamber is reduced below atmospheric and the sample holders are rotated at high speed so as to exert centrifugal force on the contents of the holders. Heat is supplied to elevate the temperature of the liquid component of the samples to assist in the evaporation process. The temperature of the sample material is continuously or regularly monitored during the evaporation process and temperature signals are transmitted to a remote computing means which is programmed to generate a control signal for controlling the supply of heat to the samples and controlling the evaporation process. The temperature may be sensed by a probe in a sample holder containing an evaporating liquid sample, or in an adjoining sample holder containing a buffer liquid.

Abstract: Pressure is sensed in blood flow tubing by placing an aqueous, preferably isotonic, substantially cell-free solution into branch connection tubing that connects in branching relation with the blood flow tubing at one end. The branch connection tubing also connects in use with a pressure transducer unit at its other end. An air volume is maintained, occupying a portion of the branch connection tubing which is adjacent to the other end. One flows positively or negatively pressurized blood through the blood flow tubing, with the result that the pressure of the blood is communicated through the aqueous solution and the air volume in the branch connection tubing to the pressure transducer unit, with the blood being spaced from the air volume. Preferably, substantially all of the branch connection tubing containing the aqueous solution and air volume has an inner diameter of substantially no more than 5 mm.

Abstract: A sensor is provided that includes at least one functional coating layer that includes a UV-absorbing polymer. Methods for making the inventive sensors are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining an analyte in a solution. This method includes the following steps: a) fixing and immobilizing said analyte, for example via the presence of a ligand L, on the inner surface of a conduit (3) having a reduced cross section over all or part (9) of it, and b) determining the variation in load loss of a fluid circulating inside the conduit, due to the analyte P which has been fixed and immobilized at least in the reduced cross section part (9) of said conduit during step a).

Abstract: A deviation between a target value of a quantity of state and an actual value of the quantity of state that is caused to follow the target value or a time-integral of the deviation is filtered. Based on the filtered value, a switching surface &sgr; is calculated. Based on a value of the switching surface &sgr;, a control input value u is outputted. The filter is set through comparison in Bode diagrams between a design model of a control system based on an ordinary sliding mode control method and a characteristic variation model of the control system, and by performing compensation in such a direction as to cancel out the variation. The filtering process makes it possible to properly control the control system having a dead time by the sliding mode control method.

Abstract: A fluid sampling device including a manifold having inputs, common purge and sampling pathways, valves disposed to couple and decouple a first set of the inputs to the common purge pathway and a second set of the inputs to the common sampling pathway, and a differential sensor coupled to the pathways. A controller connected to the valves produces control signals that enable the valves to couple and decouple the inputs to the common sensor and purge pathways. In addition, a method for operating a fluid sampling system that is connected to a set of sample zones that includes the steps of sampling fluid from first and second sample zones in respective first and second sample locations, isolating third and fourth sample zones from the first and second sample locations, and measuring a differential parameter across the sample locations.