Abstract: The invention relates to a device (100) for converting carbonaceous dry raw materials (MPCS) into a synthesis gas, comprising a MPCS pyrolysis chamber (110); a port (106) for introducing the MPCS into said pyrolysis chamber (110); and a port (108) for extraction of synthesis gas from said pyrolysis chamber (110). The device (100) further includes a central chamber (120) immersed in said pyrolysis chamber (110) and comprising a port (128) allowing only a gaseous communication between said central chamber (120) and said pyrolysis chamber (110); and an oxygen injection port (132) in said central chamber (120) for oxidizing at least one portion of the pyrolysis gases passing from the pyrolysis chamber (110) to the central chamber (120).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for protecting a furnace floor of a black liquor recovery boiler, where a mixture is formed by mixing material with a fluid, and the furnace floor is covered by said mixture by flowing the formed mixture onto the floor from the outside of the furnace.

Abstract: Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) having a certain particle size distribution and its use in preparing poly(aryl ether ketone)s, especially PEEK. Poly(aryl ether ketone)s made using the described sodium carbonate. A method for providing a sodium carbonate having a certain particle size distribution, which is especially well suited for the preparation of poly(aryl ether ketone)s.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for treating residues from biodiesel production for the isolation of highly pure potassium sulphate from potassium sulphate-containing sludge. First, potassium sulphate-containing sludge from biodiesel production is heated in the first stage under non-oxidizing conditions to a material temperature between 400 and 700° C.; in a second stage the product from the first stage is heated under oxidizing conditions to material temperatures between 700 and 900° C.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for treating residues from biodiesel production for the isolation of highly pure potassium sulphate from potassium sulphate-containing sludge. First, potassium sulphate-containing sludge from biodiesel production is heated in the first stage under non-oxidizing conditions to a material temperature between 400 and 700° C.; in a second stage the product from the first stage is heated under oxidizing conditions to material temperatures between 700 and 900° C.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for recovery of phosphorus values and salt impurities from aqueous waste streams. In particular, the present invention relates to processes for recovery of phosphorus values and salt impurities from aqueous waste streams generated in the manufacture of phospho-herbicides, including N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine and glufosinate.

Abstract: Processes are described for the extraction and recovery of alkali metal from the char that results from catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material. Among other steps, the processes of the invention include a hydrothermal leaching step in which a slurry of insoluble particulate comprising insoluble alkali metal compounds is treated with carbon dioxide and steam at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the conversion of insoluble alkali metal compounds to soluble alkali metal compounds. Further, processes are described for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material where a substantial portion of alkali metal is extracted and recovered from the char that results from the catalytic gasification process.

Abstract: Processes are described for the extraction and recovery of alkali metal from the char that results from catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material. Among other steps, the processes of the invention include a hydrothermal leaching step in which a slurry of insoluble particulate comprising insoluble alkali metal compounds is treated with carbon dioxide and steam at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the conversion of insoluble alkali metal compounds to soluble alkali metal compounds. Further, processes are described for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material where a substantial portion of alkali metal is extracted and recovered from the char that results from the catalytic gasification process.

Abstract: Processes are described for the extraction and recovery of alkali metal from the char that results from catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material. Among other steps, the processes of the invention include a hydrothermal leaching step in which a slurry of insoluble particulate comprising insoluble alkali metal compounds is treated with carbon dioxide and steam at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the conversion of insoluble alkali metal compounds to soluble alkali metal compounds. Further, processes are described for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous material where a substantial portion of alkali metal is extracted and recovered from the char that results from the catalytic gasification process.

Abstract: The invention refers to a method for black liquor gasification in recovery boilers, of the type having a lower portion, referred to as a lower furnace and an upper portion, referred to as an upper furnace, black liquor sprayers for introduction of black liquor provided in the boiler above the lower furnace, and a number of combustion air levels, whereby the invention incorporates adding oxygen enriched air to the combustion air or directly into the lower furnace at at least one air level underneath the liquor sprayers for the purpose of creating the best possible reducing conditions in the lower furnace, redistributing from the lower furnace combustion air not needed therein following the addition of oxygen enriched air, thereby significantly reducing upward gas velocity underneath the black liquor sprayers, and introducing the redistributed combustion air in the upper furnace, thereby creating the reducing conditions and a controlled temperature in the lower furnace for emission control.

Abstract: The invention refers to a method for black liquor gasification in recovery boilers, of the type having a lower portion, referred to as a lower furnace and an upper portion, referred to as an upper furnace, black liquor sprayers for introduction of black liquor provided in the boiler above the lower furnace, and a number of combustion air levels, whereby the invention incorporates adding oxygen enriched air to the combustion air or directly into the lower furnace at at least one air level underneath the liquor sprayers for the purpose of creating the best possible reducing conditions in the lower furnace, redistributing from the lower furnace combustion air not needed therein following the addition of oxygen enriched air, thereby significantly reducing upward gas velocity underneath the black liquor sprayers, and introducing the redistributed combustion air in the upper furnace, thereby creating the reducing conditions and a controlled temperature in the lower furnace for emission control.

Abstract: Aqueous black liquor is gasified in a molten salt by spraying the black liquor into an enclosed zone above the surface of a turbulent molten salt pool. The black liquor is dried by means of hot gases rising from the surface of the pool and the resulting solid particles falling into the turbulent molten salt pool are dispersed and converted into a combustible gas and a reduced melt in which sulfide comprises at least about 95% of the total sulfur present. In a preferred embodiment the product gas is purified, burned and utilized in a gas turbine.

Abstract: Sodium hydroxide is formed from sodium sulphate by a three step operation comprising converting the sodium sulphate to sodium sulphide, converting the sodium sulphide to sodium bicarbonate, and converting the sodium bicarbonate to sodium hydroxide. The operations preferably are effected in conjunction with a bleached kraft pulp mill operation, so as to utilize by-product sodium sulphate from chlorine dioxide generation to produce useful sodium hydroxide as sulphur without co-producing chlorine.

Abstract: The specification describes a process for recovering alkali metal hydroxides from an organic liquor such as black liquors derived from pulping wood chips. The organic liquor is burned in a fluidised bed combustion furnace containing fluidised particles of an iron rich mixed oxide of an alkali metal and iron. Particles of alkali metal ferrite are extracted from the furnace and dissolved in a solution of alkali metal hydroxide to form a more concentrated solution of alkali metal hydroxide and a precipitate of the iron rich mixed oxides of alkali metal and iron. A mixed oxide disclosed in the specification generally has the following formula: NaFe.sub.5 O.sub.8.4H.sub.2 O.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparation, under reducing conditions, of cooking liquors having high sulphidity for sulphate pulp cooking, wherein the black liquor obtained in the cooking process is fed, after evaporation, completely or partly to a reactor operating at increased temperature which is obtained by energy supply from an external heat source and/or release of energy from the black liquor, a melt essentially consisting of sodium sulphide being formed and withdrawn to be further processed to cooking liquor. The process of the invention is characterized in that in addition there are fed to the reactor the whole or part of sulphur-containing and/or sulphur- and sodium-containing materials present in the pulp mill, including sulphur-containing and/or sodium- and sulphur-containing make-up chemicals used for the total chemicals balance of the pulp mill, in such a way that the mole ratio of sodium to sulphur in the total mixture fed to the reactor is within the range of 1.5 to 4.

Abstract: A process for recovering Platinum Group metals from material comprising one or more Platinum Group metals and one or more Group IA metals supported on carbon comprises heating at a temperature between 700.degree. C. and 1150.degree. C. in a stream of an inert gas or vacuum then in a stream of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A process for combusting black liquor by enriching the normal process air used in the combustion process by the addition of up to 5% oxygen.

Abstract: A partially-oxidized spent pulping liquor is produced which is added to unoxidized strong spent pulping liquor prior, during, or subsequent to concentration to form a novel partially-oxidized, concentrated, high total solids spent pulping liquor. This novel, partially-oxidized, concentrated spent liquor is capable of being combusted in a spent liquor recovery furnace without the addition of auxiliary heating fuel with a resultant increase in the effective capacity of that furnace.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and means of increasing capacity and improving the chemical recovery process when using a conventional soda recovery boiler for recovering chemicals out of spent sulphate liquors. The spent sulphate liquor is supplied in full or in part to a liquor gasifier (8) while external energy independent of combustion is simultaneously supplied (at 16, 17). The temperature and oxygen potential are carefully controlled independently of each other by means of controlled supply of the energy. The product thus obtained is thereafter introduced in full or in part into a soda recovery boiler (1).

Abstract: A concentrated aqueous black liquor containing carbonaceous material and alkali metal sulfur compounds is treated in a gasifier vessel containing a relatively shallow molten salt pool at its bottom to form a combustible gas and a sulfide-rich melt. The gasifier vessel, which is preferably pressurized, has a black liquor drying zone at its upper part, a black liquor solids gasification zone located below the drying zone, and a molten salt sulfur reduction zone which comprises the molten salt pool. A first portion of an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the gas space in the gasification zone immediatley above the molten salt pool. The remainder of the oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the molten salt pool in an amount sufficient to cause gasification of carbonaceous material entering the pool from the gasification zone but not sufficient to create oxidizing conditions in the pool.

Abstract: This invention is a process for recovering sodium hydroxide directly from black liquor. The process involves pyrolyzing the black liquor in the absence of oxygen to produce a product containing sodium carbide, and hydrolyzing the sodium carbide to form sodium hydroxide. The pyrolysis is carried out at about 4000.degree. F. using radiant energy.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improvement in a method of regenerating alkaline or alkaline earth metal oxides or hydroxides from solution particularly in delignification processes wherein a suitable transition metal such as ferric oxide is burnt with the solution to produce a mixed oxide that is subsequently treated in hot water to regenerate the alkaline or alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide and precipitate the transition metal oxide. The improvement controls the presence of fines in the transition metal oxide to maintain these at an acceptable level in the fluidized bed combustion zone. This is achieved by contacting the fines with spent liquor from a delignification process. The invention also provides for the pelletization of the fine material of the transition metal oxide and spent delignification liquor can be used as a binder in the formation of such pellets.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering chemical from residual liquor from a pulping operation, said residual liquor containing inorganic and organic components, pyrolyzing a portion of the organics in the liquor to produce a reducing gas and residual solids containing said inorganic component and the remainder of said organics, said reducing gas containing sulfur compounds, oxidizing the remainder of the organics and recombining the sulfur contained in said reducing gas with said inorganic components to produce suflur compounds and reducing said sulfur compounds with said reducing gas.

Abstract: A recovery system for residual liquor from a pulp mill, utilizing a fluidized bed to burn the organic material in the residual liquor and generate heat which may be recovered. Heat preferably from the flue gases is used to dry residual liquor sprayed to pellets extracted from the bed, thereby to provide pellets coated with dried residual liquor. The so coated and dried pellets are then reinjected into the bed and the organic material in the dried residual liquor is burned to generate the heat recovered from the bed.If the residual liquor is from a kraft mill sulfur compounds are in the form of sulfate and must be reduced to sulfide and a reducing stage will also be provided either in the reducing zone in existing conventional kraft system (if capacity is available) or in a separate reducing zone and some of the pellets from the bed may be directed to the reducing zone together with some of the pellets coated with dried residual liquor.

Abstract: Sawdust is mixed with partially concentrated black liquor from pulp manufacture. The sawdust, coated with the solids of the black liquor, is dried by heated air. The sawdust, coated with organic and inorganic black liquor solids, is fed to the hearth of a chemical recovery boiler. Combustion of the char formed on the boiler hearth produces heat which causes additional organic material to pyrolize. The inorganic material combines to form molten smelt. The moisture-laden, heated air from the dryer is introduced into the boiler with the secondary air and the smelt is tapped off into an aqueous solution to form green liquor.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for treating alkaline effluents resulting from petroleum processing by incinerating the effluents in the presence of oxygen and a sufficient amount of hydrogen sulfide fuel to convert the alkaline material to the corresponding sulfate.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for disposal of noxious waste products generated in petroleum refining including spent caustic solution and concentrated sulfur effluent from treating of petroleum fractions to remove sulfur therefrom. Essentially the spent caustic solution and the concentrated sulfur effluent is incinerated in the presence of air in order to form the oxides of sulfur which react with the incinerated caustic to form alkali metal sulfides.

Abstract: A method of utilizing kraft black liquor by converting the black liquor to "green liquor" and then oxidizing the green liquor with air in the presence of a quinone compound or spent liquor from the kraft process, the soda semi-chemical process or the neutral sulfite semi-chemical process as a catalyst. A marked improvement in the rate of oxidation is obtained. The thus oxidized green liquor is then able to be used as part at least of the digestion liquor in the NSSC process.

Abstract: The digestion of the cellulose-containing material is performed with a digestion liquor containing sulphur and sodium followed by recovery and regeneration of said digestion liquor and bleaching of the cellulose-containing material with chlorine dioxide. The SO.sub.2 -containing and possibly chloride-containing gas from the recovery boiler (11) of the process and from combustion of evil-smelling gases (20) is absorbed in an absorption liquor containing and alkali metal salt solution free of sulphur or sulphur compounds such as sulphide or thiosulphate, in a scrubber (27). The resulting scrubber liquor is mixed with acid residual solution (26) from the manufacture of chlorine dioxide, whereby sulphur dioxide (32) in gaseous state is returned to the process, whereafter the residual solution (34) free from SO.sub.

Abstract: A Kraft pulping process by which spent pulping liquor is burned in a recovery furnace 12 to reduce inactive alkali sulfates therein to active alkali sulfides while producing molten smelt that when added to water forms green liquor and residual dregs bearing catalytic iron. The dregs are separated from the green liquor and divided into first and second portions. The first portion of the dregs is discarded while the second portion of dregs required to maintain a concentration of iron in the smelt at from 0.05% to 5% is recirculated back to the furnace to provide optimum catalytic reduction of alkali sulfates to alkali sulfides. A quantity of alkali metal compounds is added at 24 to the pulping liquor in line 10 to serve as a temperature depressor that, together with the co-addition of said dregs, lowers the temperature of the molten smelt in furnace 12 from approximately 800.degree. C. to a more favorable temperature of about 650.degree. C.

Abstract: At start-up, a bed of pellets derived from pulp mill residual liquor is fluidized by feeding preheated air to the bed to initially raise the temperature of the bed to a temperature at which a particulate ligno-cellulosic auxiliary solid fuel may be completely consumed (800.degree.-850.degree. F.

Abstract: A process is disclosed in which a waste gas containing sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide from pulp mill is contacted with an aqueous alkali solution derived from green liquor, white liquor or weak white liquor having low pH value and low sodium ion concentration and having been oxidized, whereby the sulfur compounds are absorbed as completely as possible with minimal absorption of carbon dioxide in the waste gas.

Abstract: A cellulosic pulp and bleaching process is described. The process integrates two cycles, one is a digestor liquor cycle and the other is a sulfur cycle.The digestor liquor cycle comprises the steps of digesting a fibrous cellulosic feed to form a pulp, separating the pulp and bleaching it in at least one stage with chlorine dioxide, evaporating and burning the remaining waste liquor to form a smelt, dissolving the smelt to form a green liquor and utilizing the green liquor, after recausticizing, as at least a portion of the feed stock for the digestor step.The sulfur cycle of the present invention utilizes a portion of the green liquor of the digestor liquor cycle. The green liquor is carbonated to form a bicarbonate which is then stripped of H.sub.2 S. The H.sub.2 S is converted into H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and utilized as a feed stock to a chlorine dioxide generator. The chlorine dioxide generator utilizes H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 as feed stock and produces Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 as a by-product. The Na.sub.2 SO.sub.

Abstract: A method for disposal of sodium containing waste material comprising combustion sodium containing waste material and a silica bearing material in an incinerator having interior walls lined with a refractory material which tends to react with metallic sodium and deteriorate. The sodium containing waste material comprises sodium salt and/or bases and by providing reaction conditions whereby the metallic sodium tends to react with silica to provide a combustion product including a sodium silicate compound, the combustion is carried out in manner to reduce deterioration of refractory materials by reaction with metallic sodium. Also disclosed is a method for the simultaneous disposal of sodium containing waste material and rice hulls which contain silica and provide a portion of the combustion energy.

Abstract: In the regeneration of alkaline liquors as used in paper pulping, a mixed oxide compound of an alkali or alkaline earth metal oxide and an oxide of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, or Mn is formed by burning black liquor. The burning step is carried out in a fluidized bed. The mixed oxide product is washed in cold water and subsequently treated with hot water to precipitate the oxide of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni or Mn and enable recovery of the alkaline solution for recycling.

Abstract: A process for recovery of chemicals from a sodium sulfite pulping waste liquor is disclosed in which a smelt obtained from the waste liquor is introduced into an aqueous slurry containing solidified smelt while make up water and a weak aqueous slurry are supplied to effect incomplete dissolution of the smelt into the aqueous slurry to maintain the content of total solid and the temperature of the slurry at constant levels, the resulting aqueous slurry is subjected to a solid-liquid separation to obtain a wet cake having the molar ratio of S/Na.sub.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process of pretreating a waste black liquor which results from the pulping of various vegetative fibers and wherein the pulping liquor contains as its active pulping ingredient sodium and sulfur with the pretreatment taking place prior to the subjecting of the waste black liquor to a hydropyrolysis reaction. The method and the materials used in the pretreatment are derived from the reaction products resulting from the hydropyrolysis reaction. The pretreatment serves to enable one to regenerate the inorganic chemical values a pulping liquor in an easy and economical manner and the pretreatment, also, serves to appropriately adjust the physical and chemical characteristics of the char produced in the hydropyrolysis reaction. This is accomplished primarily by utilizing the products resulting from the hydropyrolysis reaction.

Abstract: Materials with unfulfilled chemical oxygen demand are oxidized in a liquid environment at superatmospheric temperatures and pressures. The liquid environment is created within a pressure vessel by an inert liquid that is capable of absorbing and dispersing oxygen. Generated heat is captured for further useful work.

Abstract: An alkali metal-containing spent liquor is treated to recover the alkali metal content for reuse without the need for recycling furnace ash and forming solid pellets therefrom. A mixture of aluminum hydrate and alkali metal-containing waste liquor is directed through a heated furnace and dried to form granules of the aluminum hydrate and waste liquor solids, and the organic content of the granules are combusted and reacted to form granular alkali metal aluminate furnace ash. The granular furnace ash is removed from the furnace and treated to recover the alkali metal and to produce aluminum hydrate for reuse in the process.

Abstract: An improved method for recovering spent sodium and sulfur components in sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite pulping operations. The method involves reduction burning of spent liquor to convert it to smelt and the treatment of this smelt in a sequence of operations that accelerate the reaction steps used to produce sodium hydrosulfide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and to recover sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydroxide while preventing formation of sodium thiosulfate.

Abstract: A process for purifying organically polluted salts comprising forming a melt of said salts at a temperature of from about 600.degree.to 1000.degree. C., and contacting salt melt with an oxygen-containing gas. Acidic or basic fluxes may be present. The heat to maintain the mass molten may be supplied by electrodes which dip into the melt and which may be hollow so oxygen can be introduced therethrough. A suitable apparatus is also described.

Abstract: A process for recovery of chemicals from a sodium sulfite pulping waste liquor is disclosed in which a smelt obtained from the waste liquor is introduced into an aqueous slurry containing solidified smelt while make up water and a weak aqueous slurry are supplied to effect incomplete dissolution of the smelt into the aqueous slurry to maintain the content of total solid and the temperature of the slurry at constant levels, the resulting aqueous slurry is subjected to a solid-liquid separation to obtain a wet cake having the molar ratio of S/Na.sub.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of chemicals from the waste liquors of sulfate cellulose digestion and from the waste waters of bleaching, wherein a melt from a soda-ash roaster, mainly containing sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate, but also sodium chloride, is dissolved and clarified to produce green liquor containing carbonate, sulfide and chlorides is dissolved. The carbonate is separated from the sulfide and the chlorides, at least part of the sodium chloride is separated from the sulfide in solution, at least part of the carbonate is causticized into hydroxide, and the hydroxide and sulfide in solutions is mixed together in a ratio suitable to form a digestion solution with a desired sulfide content.

Abstract: An improved process for treating spent Kraft wood pulping liquors by coking the liquors after reducing the pH thereof with SO.sub.2 and recovering the sulfur contained in the resulting coke by contact with hydrogen preheated to temperatures in the range of 750.degree. to 2000.degree. F to produce H.sub.2 S. The H.sub.2 S and lime are added to the coker effluent to form new kraft cooking liquor.

Abstract: Environmental regulations tend to restrict the emissions from pulping platns, which increase the amount of sulphur and chlorine in the cooking liquor to undesirable amounts. This is detrimental to the process and increases the risk of corrosion upon the furnace walls. According to the invention certain metals, preferably iron and/or aluminum are burned together with the waste liquor, and will form compounds with the sulphur and the chlorine, respectively, which are easily separated from the chemicals taking part in the normal process cycle.

Abstract: Soda values from the crystallizer mother liquor purge in the process of making sodium carbonate from trona are recovered by (1) mixing the purge with treating agent of magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, bauxite, certain fine particle size calcined trona, insoluble impurities obtained in the trona-soda ash process, or mixtures thereof, (2) evaporating the resulting mixture to dryness and calcining it to insolubilize soluble silicates and to reduce contamination with carbonaceous impurities, and (3) leaching the calcined mixture with water or aqueous sodium carbonate solution.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for treating concentrated alkali metal-containing waste liquor to recover the alkali metal content for reuse includes the following steps and apparatus. Concentrated alkali metal-containing waste liquor is mixed with recycled alumina and formed into solid pellets by mixing the concentrated liquor-alumina mixture with recycled alkali metal aluminate furnace ash. The solid pellets are fed through a furnace operating at a temperature below the fusion temperature of the aluminate for combusting the organic portion of the pellets and reacting the alkali metal content thereof with the alumina to form additional alkali metal aluminate ash. A portion of the furnace ash is recycled for reuse in the formation of pellets, while another portion of the ash is dissolved in water to form a solution of alkali metal aluminate. The alkali metal aluminate solution is mixed with slurry recycled from later in the process to initiate limited precipitation of alumina from the alkali metal aluminate.

Abstract: An improved process for the treatment of precipitator catch wherein the catch is slurried with water, sufficient carbon dioxide is added to convert the sodium carbonate present to sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride is separated from the sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new and improved recovery method of chemicals from waste liquor of pulping or bleaching. More particularly, this invention relates to a method for direct recovery of sodium hydroxide from waste liquor of pulping or bleaching which is substantially free from sulfur compounds. Ferric oxide is admixed with concentrated waste liquor and thereafter the admixture is burned to form a smelt. By submerging the smelt in hot water a solution of sodium hydroxide and a ferric oxide precipitate are obtained. The precipitated ferric oxide can be reused in the mixing step.

Abstract: An improved process for the treatment of precipitator catch wherein the catch is slurried with water, sufficient carbon dioxide is added to convert the sodium carbonate present to sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride is separated from the sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate.