Abstract: A gasoline engine exhaust gas purification catalyst for purifying exhaust gas emitted from a gasoline engine includes a precious metal, alumina, and a ceria/zirconia composite oxide supported on a three-dimensional structure, and has pores having a peak 1 at a pore size of not less than 0.001 ?m and not greater than 0.05 ?m, pores having a peak 2 at a pore size of not less than 2.5 ?m and not greater than 5.0 ?m, and pores having a peak 3 at a different pore size than the above pore sizes in a pore size distribution measured by mercury intrusion method, wherein the pore volume of the pores having the peak 3 is greater than 1.4% of the total pore volume. A production method for the catalyst, and an exhaust gas purification method using the catalyst are also described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for treating exhaust gas including a plasma reaction operation of reacting exhaust gas containing a volatile organic compound (VOC) with low-temperature plasma to generate exhaust gas containing a VOC-derived intermediate, and a combustion operation of combusting the exhaust gas containing the VOC-derived intermediate to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Abstract: A system for reducing the release of hydrocarbons emitted from a hydrocarbon source into the atmosphere includes a hydrocarbon supply conduit configured to receive the emitted hydrocarbons. In addition, the system includes an air supply conduit coupled to an air source. Further, the system includes a combustion device coupled to an outlet end of the hydrocarbon supply conduit and an outlet end of the air supply conduit. The combustion device is configured to receive the hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon supply conduit and the air from the air supply conduit, and combust the hydrocarbons. Still further, the system includes a catalytic converter spaced apart from the combustion device and a transfer conduit extending from an outlet of the combustion device to an inlet of a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter is configured to receive the combustion products and any un-combusted hydrocarbons from the transfer conduit, and oxidize the un-combusted hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides the exhaust gas purification catalyst with the improved purification performance under the high Ga condition and the transient state in which an A/F repeats rich and lean phases. The present disclosure relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst comprising a catalyst coating layer on a substrate, the catalyst coating layer containing a noble metal, a composite oxide containing cerium oxide and zirconium oxide, and a composite oxide containing aluminum oxide, wherein in the catalyst coating layer: an average thickness of the coating layer is in a range from 20 ?m to 100 ?m; a porosity measured by a weight-in-water method is in a range from 50% by volume to 80% by volume; and high-aspect-ratio pores having an aspect ratio of 5 or more account for 0.

Abstract: An exhaust gas aftertreatment system for a diesel-engined vehicle, which system comprising a NOx Storage Catalyst (NSC) followed in a downstream direction by a Catalysed Soot Filter (CSF), wherein the CSF comprises an oxidative catalyst comprising a palladium-rich weight ratio of platinum and palladium.

Abstract: Provided herein is a catalytic article including a catalytic coating disposed on a substrate, wherein the catalytic coating comprises a bottom coating on the substrate and a top coating layer on the bottom coating layer, one such coating layer containing a platinum group metal on a refractory metal oxide support and the other such coating layer containing a ceria-containing molecular sieve. Such catalytic articles are effective toward treating exhaust gas streams of internal combustion engines and exhibit outstanding resistance to sulfur.

Abstract: A lean-burn engine after-treatment system includes: a multiple catalyst bed including an APC catalyst housing, an SCR catalyst housing that surrounds the APC catalyst housing, and a CUC housing that surrounds the SCR catalyst housing; a first housing surrounding the multiple catalyst bed; a double pipe including a first pipe that is connected to a front end of the APC catalyst housing and a rear end of a TWC housing, and a second pipe that surrounds the first pipe and is connected to the first housing; and an exhaust-gas treatment unit connected to a rear end of the CUC housing. At least one perforation is formed in each of inner and outer surfaces of the first pipe, the APC catalyst housing, and the SCR catalyst housing, and an inner surface of the CUC housing.

Abstract: A NOx adsorber catalyst for treating an exhaust gas from a diesel engine. The NOx adsorber catalyst comprises a first region comprising a NOx adsorber material comprising a first molecular sieve catalyst. The first molecular sieve catalyst comprises a first noble metal and a first molecular sieve, and the first molecular sieve contains the noble metal. The first molecular sieve has an STI Framework Type.

Abstract: A NOx adsorber catalyst and its use in an emission treatment system for internal combustion engines, is disclosed. The NOx adsorber catalyst composition comprises a support material, one or more platinum group metals disposed on the support material, and a NOx storage material.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a catalyst that can effectively purify exhaust gas, in particular, carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaust gas, emitted from a diesel engine, a production method therefor, and an exhaust gas purification method using the same. A diesel engine exhaust gas purification catalyst for purifying exhaust gas emitted from a diesel engine of the present invention comprises a precious metal and alumina and/or zeolite supported on a three-dimensional structure, and has peaks for not less than three different pore sizes in a pore size distribution measured by the mercury intrusion method, wherein one of the peaks is a peak 2 at a pore size of not less than 0.3 ?m and less than 1.0 ?m, and the pore volume of the peak 2 being greater than 3.1% of the total pore volume.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst composite, methods, and systems for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions from a diesel engine are described. More particularly, an oxidation catalyst composite including a first washcoat layer comprising a Pt component and a Pd component, and a second washcoat layer including a refractory metal oxide support containing manganese, a zeolite, and a platinum component is described.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method of oxidizing a cycloalkane to form a product mixture containing a corresponding alcohol and ketone, said method comprising contacting a cycloalkane with a hydroperoxide compound in the presence of a catalytic effective amount of a cerium oxide based catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst article and its use in an exhaust system for internal combustion engines is disclosed. The catalyst article comprises a substrate which is a wall-flow filter, a first catalyst composition, and a second catalyst composition. The first and second catalyst compositions each independently comprise an oxygen storage component (OSC) derived from a CeZr mixed oxide sol having a D90 of less than 1.3 micron and a particulate inorganic oxide having a D90 of from 1 to 20 microns.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter, including: a honeycomb structure, wherein the honeycomb structure includes a platinum group element-containing catalyst layer, the platinum group element-containing catalyst layer is disposed only on a side of an inner surface of the partition walls surrounding the inflow cells, and the platinum group element-containing catalyst layer is disposed in a range of at least up to 40% with respect to an overall length of the cells starting from the outflow end face and is not disposed in a range of at least up to 30% with respect to the overall length of the cells starting from the inflow end face, in an extending direction of the cells of the honeycomb structure.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter, including: a honeycomb structure, wherein the honeycomb structure includes a platinum group element-containing catalyst layer, the platinum group element-containing catalyst layer is disposed only on a side of an inner surface of the partition walls surrounding the outflow cells, and the platinum group element-containing catalyst layer is disposed in a range of at least up to 35% with respect to an overall length of the cells starting from the outflow end face and is not disposed in a range of at least up to 30% with respect to the overall length of the cells starting from the inflow end face, in an extending direction of the cells of the honeycomb structure.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst composite for abatement of exhaust gas emissions from a lean burn engine is provided, the catalyst composite including a carrier substrate having a length, an inlet end and an outlet end, and an oxidation catalyst material coated on the carrier substrate. The oxidation catalyst material can include a first layer and a second layer. The first layer can include a first oxygen storage component that includes ceria and is impregnated with a palladium (Pd) component and a second component including one or more of magnesium (Mg), rhodium (Rh), and platinum (Pt). The second layer can include a refractory metal oxide component impregnated with platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd), wherein the ratio of Pt to Pd is in the range of about 0:10 to about 10:0.

Abstract: JMZ-1, a zeolite having a CHA structure and containing trimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl)ammonium cations as a structure directing agent is described. A calcined zeolite, JMZ-1C, that does not contain a structure directing agent, is also described. Metal containing JMZ-1C has improved SCR activity compared to CHA-containing zeolites having the same metal loading and comparable silica:alumina ratios (SAR). Methods of preparing JMZ-1, JMZ-1C and metal containing calcined counterparts of JMZ-1C are described along with methods of using JMZ-1C and metal containing calcined counterparts of JMZ-1C in treating exhaust gases.

Abstract: A catalytic wall-flow monolith filter having three-way catalytic activity for use in an emission treatment system of a positive ignition internal combustion engine comprising a porous filter substrate having a first face and a second face defining a longitudinal direction there between and first and second pluralities of channels extending in the longitudinal direction, wherein the first plurality of channels is open at the first face and closed at the second face and the channels of the first plurality of channels are defined in part by channel wall surfaces, wherein the second plurality of channels is open at the second face and closed at the first face and the channels of the second plurality of channels are defined in part by channel wall surfaces and wherein channel walls between the channel wall surfaces of the first plurality of channels and the channel wall surfaces of the second plurality of channels are porous, wherein a first on-wall coating comprising catalytic material having a layer thickness is

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification including: a base of wall flow structure having inlet side cells wherein an end on the exhaust gas inflow side is open and outlet side cells wherein an end on the exhaust gas outflow side is open, and a porous partition wall that partitions the side cells; and first and second catalyst layers disposed in the interior of the porous partition wall so as to be in contact with the side cells, wherein either of the catalyst layers contains an oxidation catalyst but does not contain a reduction catalyst, and the other contains the reduction catalyst but does not contain the oxidation catalyst; and a ratio of the lengths of the catalyst layers differs between a surface of the porous partition wall on the side in contact with the inlet side cells and a surface on the side in contact with the outlet side cells.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes methods for operating an EAS including a close coupled SCR unit, a downstream SCR unit, a diesel oxidation catalyst unit (DOC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The methods utilize the close coupled SCR unit to manage NOx emissions from the EAS during regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF).

Abstract: Catalyzed particulate filters comprise three-way conversion (TWC) catalytic material that permeates walls of a particulate filter such that the catalyzed particulate filter has a coated porosity that is less than an uncoated porosity of the particulate filter. The coated porosity is linearly proportional to a washcoat loading of the TWC catalytic material. A coated backpressure is non-detrimental to performance of the engine. Such catalyzed particulate filters may be used in an emission treatment system downstream of a gasoline direct injection engine for treatment of an exhaust stream comprising hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for emissions control of a vehicle. In one example, a catalyst may include a cerium-based support material and a transition metal catalyst loaded on the support material, the transition metal catalyst including nickel and copper, wherein nickel in the transition metal catalyst is included in a monatomic layer loaded on the support material. In some examples, limiting nickel to the monatomic layer may mitigate extensive transition metal catalyst degradation ascribed to sintering of thicker nickel washcoat layers. Further, by utilizing the cerium-based support material, side reactions involving nickel in the transition metal catalyst with other support materials may be prevented.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst which comprises a carrier substrate, palladium, and a zeolite, the largest channels of which are formed by 10 tetradrically coordinated atoms; to the use of said catalyst as a passive nitrogen oxide adsorber, an exhaust gas system which contains said catalyst and an SCR catalyst, and to a method for purifying the exhaust gas of motor vehicles using said exhaust gas system.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysts.

Abstract: A NOx absorber catalyst for treating an exhaust gas from a lean burn engine. The NOx absorber catalyst comprises a molecular sieve catalyst comprising a noble metal and a molecular sieve, wherein the molecular sieve contains the noble metal; an oxygen storage material for protecting the molecular sieve catalyst; and a substrate having an inlet end and an outlet end.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally provides catalysts, catalyst articles and catalyst systems including such catalyst articles. In particular, the catalyst composition includes a metal ion-exchanged molecular sieve ion-exchanged with at least one additional metal, which reduces the number of metal centers often present in metal promoted zeolite catalysts. Methods of making and using the catalyst composition are also provided, as well as emission treatment systems including a catalyst article coated with the catalyst composition. The catalyst article present in such emission treatment systems is useful to catalyze the reduction of nitrogen oxides in gas exhaust in the presence of a reductant while minimizing the amount of dinitrogen oxide emission.

Abstract: The present invention relates to crystalline zeolites with an ERI/CHA intergrowth framework type and to a process for making said zeolites. The ERI content of the zeolites ranges from 10 to 85 wt.-%, based on the total weight of ERI and CHA. The zeolites may further comprise 0.1 to 10 wt.-% copper, calculated as CuO, and one or more alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in an amount of 0.1 to 5 wt.-%, calculated as pure metals.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides the exhaust gas purification catalyst with the improved purification performance under the high Ga condition and the atmosphere where the A/F is rich. The present disclosure relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst including a catalyst coating layer on a substrate, the catalyst coating layer containing a noble metal and a metal oxide, wherein in the catalyst coating layer: an average thickness of the coating layer is in a range from 50 ?m to 100 ?m; a porosity measured by a weight-in-water method is in a range from 50% by volume to 80% by volume; and high-aspect-ratio pores having an aspect ratio of 5 or more account for 0.

Abstract: A microporous crystalline material having a molar silica to alumina ratio (SAR) ranging from 10 to 15 and a fraction of Al in the zeolite framework of 0.63 or greater is disclosed. A method of selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas that comprises contacting exhaust gases, typically in the presence of ammonia, urea, an ammonia generating compound, or a hydrocarbon compound, with an article comprising the disclosed microporous crystalline is also disclosed. Further, a method of making the disclosed microporous crystalline material is disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a plug-in hybrid vehicle which includes an exhaust treatment unit which communicates with an engine and discharges exhaust gas generated by combustion of liquid fuel, an oxidation catalyst and an SCR which are placed in a middle part of the exhaust treatment unit to remove impurities contained in the exhaust gas, and an external charging mechanism which is electrically connected with a battery and charges the battery with external electrical power, where the external charging mechanism includes a first heater unit and a second heater unit which heat the oxidation catalyst and the SCR with electrical power stored in the battery or external electrical power when the battery is charged with the external electrical power in a state where the fuel-based power unit and the electrical power unit are stopped.

Abstract: A controller calculates a predicted value of the exhaust pressure between a catalyst and a filter for a case in which engine fuel containing no manganese is used continuously. Also, the controller calculates a correlation value proportional to the amount of heat received by the catalyst when the catalyst temperature is higher than or equal to the adhesion temperature of manganese oxide. Further, the controller determines that there is a removal requirement for removing manganese oxide from the catalyst when the difference between the predicted value and the detected pressure of the exhaust pressure between the catalyst and the filter is greater than a specified determination value, and the correlation value is greater than or equal to a specified determination value. The controller executes the removal process by performing fuel amount increase control when it is determined that there is a removal requirement.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst includes cerium dioxide particles and a metal oxide. The cerium dioxide particles contain an ancillary component that is at least one of lanthanum, aluminum, and iron. The metal oxide contains iron and manganese and is held by the cerium dioxide particles.

Abstract: A catalyst article including a substrate with an inlet side and an outlet side, a first zone and a second zone, where the first zone includes a passive NOx adsorber (PNA), and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) comprising a platinum group metal on a support and a first SCR catalyst; where the second zone includes a catalyst selected from the group consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a diesel exotherm catalyst (DEC); and where the first zone is located upstream of the second zone. The first zone may include a bottom layer with a blend of: (1) the platinum group metal on a support and (2) the first SCR catalyst; and a top layer with a second SCR catalyst, the top layer located over the bottom layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluid suited for depollution of exhaust gas, notably in internal-combustion engines, allowing both to perform catalytic reduction of the nitrogen oxides (DeNOx) contained in the exhaust gas and to provide particulate filter (PAF) regeneration aid. The fluid is a homogeneous aqueous solution of a reductant or a reductant precursor for the DeNOx process, and it comprises a metallic additive for catalyzing the oxidation of exhaust gas particles. This metallic additive is a basic metal carbonate soluble in said aqueous solution. The invention also describes the preparation method and the use thereof for the depollution of exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst composite, methods, and systems for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions from a diesel engine are described. More particularly, an oxidation catalyst composite including a first washcoat comprising a zeolite, Pt, and first refractory metal oxide support containing manganese, a second washcoat comprising a second refractory metal oxide support, a Pt component and a Pd component, and a third washcoat comprising palladium and a rare earth oxide component is described.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst composite, methods, and systems for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions from a diesel engine are described. More particularly, described is an oxidation catalyst composite including a first oxidation component comprising a first refractory metal oxide support, palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt); a NOx storage component comprising one or more of alumina, silica, titania, ceria, or manganese; and a second oxidation component comprising a second refractory metal oxide, a zeolite, and Pt. The oxidation catalyst composite is sulfur tolerant, adsorbs NOx and thermally releases the stored NOx at temperature less than 350° C.

Abstract: A composite material comprises a macroporous silicate-based material at least partially substituted with at least one microporous zeolite, wherein the microporous zeolite is functionalised with either copper, iron or both copper and iron, and wherein the composite material is in the form of particles. The composite material can be obtained using a method comprising the steps of: (i) providing a mixture comprising a silicate-containing scaffold having a macroporous structure, an aluminium source and an organic template; (ii) hydrothermally treating the mixture to form a microporous zeolite-containing structure substantially retaining the macroporous structure of the silicate-containing scaffold; (iii) incorporating copper, iron or both copper and iron into the zeolite. The silicate-containing scaffold can be a diatomaceous earth.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an SCR-active material, comprising a small-pore zeolite, aluminum oxide and copper, characterized in that it contains 5 to 25 wt-% of aluminum oxide in relation to the entire material and that the copper is present on the aluminum oxide in a first concentration and on the small-pore zeolite in a second concentration.

Abstract: A method and system for treating engine exhaust gas of an engine system is disclosed. The method includes generating ammonia from a urea supply, supplying the ammonia to the engine exhaust gas upstream of a catalyst device, and supplying urea to the engine exhaust gas downstream of the supplying of the ammonia, and downstream of the catalyst device.

Abstract: Provided is a catalyst washcoat comprising (i) a molecular sieve loaded with about 1 to about 10 weight percent of at least non-aluminum promoter metal (wherein the promoter metal weight percent is based on the weight of the molecular sieve); and (ii) about 1 to about 30 weight percent of a binder having a d90 particle size of less than 10 microns (wherein the binder weight percent is based on the total weight of the washcoat). In another aspect of the invention, the catalyst washcoat is applied to a wall-flow filter to form a catalyst article. In another aspect of the invention the catalyst article is part of an exhaust gas treatment system. And in yet another aspect of the invention, provided is a method for treating exhaust gas using the catalyst article.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising a carrier substrate of the length L, a passive nitrogen oxide adsorber and means to control the temperature of the carrier substrate, as well as a process for cleaning of an exhaust gas emitted from a lean burn engine.

Abstract: Sinter-resistant catalyst systems include a catalytic substrate comprising a plurality of metal catalytic nanoparticles bound to a metal oxide catalyst support, and a coating of oxide nanoparticles disposed on the metal catalytic nanoparticles and optionally on the metal oxide support. The oxide nanoparticles comprise one or more lanthanum oxides and optionally one or more barium oxides, and additionally one or more oxides of aluminum, cerium, zirconium, titanium, silicon, magnesium, zinc, iron, strontium, and calcium. The metal catalytic nanoparticles can include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, rhenium, copper, silver, and/or gold. The metal oxide catalyst support can include one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, TiO2, SiO2, La2O3, MgO, and ZnO. The coating of oxide nanoparticles is about 0.1% to about 50% lanthanum and barium oxides. The oxide nanoparticles can further include one or more oxides of magnesium and/or cobalt.

Abstract: Provided is a two-power-supply load driving fuel cell system capable of improving the durability of the fuel cell and the power efficiency of the system. Even if the variation of a load terminal voltage occurs, the variation of the output terminal of an FC can be suppressed due to the high-speed operation of an FCVCU including an SiC-FET, enabling the durability of the FC to be ensured. In addition, since IGBTs are employed in a BATVCU having large average passing power, the power loss of a fuel cell system can be reduced. It is therefore possible to construct a system that takes advantage of the characteristics of the switching elements used in the FCVCU and the BATVCU.

Abstract: An elemental analysis system includes a reactor having at least one reduction reaction zone including a metal zeolite that can reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) to molecular nitrogen (N2) by selective catalytic reduction. Correspondingly, a method of elemental analysis includes providing a reactor having at least one reduction reaction zone including a metal zeolite and reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) to molecular nitrogen (N2) by selective catalytic reaction on the metal zeolite.

Abstract: An exhaust system for a compression ignition engine comprising an oxidation catalyst for treating carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HCs) in exhaust gas from the compression ignition engine, wherein the oxidation catalyst comprises: a platinum group metal (PGM) component selected from the group consisting of a platinum (Pt) component, a palladium (Pd) component and a combination thereof; an alkaline earth metal component; a support material comprising a modified alumina incorporating a heteroatom component; and a substrate, wherein the platinum group metal (PGM) component, the alkaline earth metal component and the support material are disposed on the substrate.

Abstract: Adhesion of a catalyst layer and an oxide film in a honeycomb substrate for catalyst support is improved. A honeycomb substrate for catalyst support used in purification of exhaust gas includes a honeycomb body and an oxide film that is formed on the surface of the honeycomb body and that has ?-alumina as a main component. The oxide film includes multiple oxide projections that are formed to be dispersed on the film surface and that include a contracted shape in which the width becomes narrower near the honeycomb body, and the density of the projection formations on the film surface is 0.20 (pieces/?m2)-3.00 (pieces/?m2).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of a zeolitic material having a BEA-type framework structure comprising YO2 and X2O3, wherein said process comprises the steps of (1) preparing a mixture comprising one or more sources for YO2 and one or more sources for X2O3; (2) crystallizing the mixture obtained in step (1); (3) subjecting the zeolitic material having a BEA-type framework structure obtained in step (2) to an ion-exchange procedure with Cu; and (4) subjecting the Cu ion-exchanged zeolitic material obtained in step (3) to an ion-exchange procedure with Fe; wherein Y is a tetravalent element, and X is a trivalent element, wherein the mixture provided in step (1) and crystallized in step (2) further comprises seed crystals comprising one or more zeolitic materials having a BEA-type framework structure, and wherein the mixture provided in step (1) and crystallized in step (2) does not contain an organotemplate as a structure-directing agent, as well as to the zeolitic material having

Abstract: These embodiments relate to a method of attaching photocatalytic materials to inorganic surfaces. A method is described wherein metal hydroxide is converted to metal oxide, creating metal oxide linkages to attach photocatalysts to an inorganic surface. The photocatalyst attached inorganic material is useful in products that can partially or fully oxidize certain volatile organic compounds from a gas or liquid stream.

Abstract: A NOx trap catalyst is disclosed. The NOx trap catalyst comprises a noble metal, a NOx storage component, a support, and a first ceria-containing material. The first ceria-containing material is pre-aged prior to incorporation into the NOx trap catalyst, and may have a surface area of less than 80 m2/g. The invention also includes exhaust systems comprising the NOx trap catalyst, and a method for treating exhaust gas utilizing the NOx trap catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst includes LTA zeolite including copper ions, wherein a Si/Al ratio of the LTA zeolite is 2 to 50. The catalyst is coated on a honeycomb carrier or a filter. The catalyst removes NOx from a reaction gas at 100° C. or above. The catalyst has an NOx conversion rate of 80% at 450° C. or above.