Abstract: Methods for converting hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen-rich reformate that incorporate a carbon dioxide fixing mechanism into the initial hydrocarbon conversion process. The mechanism utilizes a carbon dioxide fixing material to remove carbon dioxide from the reformate product stream. The removal of carbon dioxide from the product stream shifts the reforming reaction equilibrium toward higher hydrocarbon conversion with only small amounts of carbon oxides produced. Repeated absorption/desorption of carbon dioxide by the fixing materials tends to decrease the fixing capacity of the materials. Hydration of the carbon dioxide fixing materials between one or more cycles serves to sustain their fixing capacity and to enhance the efficiencies of the reforming and shift reactions occurring in the catalyst bed. Hydration can occur during reactor start-up or shut down, periodically over a number of cycles, and/or upon a monitored change in the reformate composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a method, system, and device for producing a steady flow of carbon dioxide. In one embodiment, the invention may be used as an attractant for an insect species, particularly a hematophagous insect species.

Abstract: The invention is a method and composition for producing carbon dioxide that is based on the reaction or activation of at least one carbon-containing compound with protons. The carbon-containing compound can be in the form of a powder, an impregnated carrier (e.g. zeolite crystals) or an aqueous solution and is preferably selected from the group consisting of carbonates, bicarbonates or sesquicarbonates. The protons are preferably provided by a proton-generating species such as an acid or metal salt. The method and composition can further include a water-retaining substance and/or a chlorine dioxide-producing compound in accordance with the invention.

Abstract: A method of filling a sealed elastomer chamber (2, 6, 8) with gas is provided, wherein the chamber is filled with the gas chemically produced by thermal decomposition of a gas producing material (12, 14, 16) inside of the chamber itself using a usual means of a high frequency electromagnetic heating. This method is easier than a conventional gas filling method by charging a compressed gas from outside of the chamber to obtain a desired internal pressure in the chamber, and makes it possible to fill more than two sealed elastomer chambers individually with gas at one time.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the extraction, production and purification of carbon dioxide gas. The process may also be employed for the production of aqueous and/or organic solutions of bicarbonate ions using a precursor feed stream of gas containing carbon dioxide. The process consists of the countercurrent flushing of a packed tower-type bioreactor with gas containing carbon dioxide and a liquid solvent. The bioreactor contains carbonic anhydrase covalently bound to an inert inorganic support. The carbon dioxide of the gaseous phase diffuses into the liquid phase. The immobilized carbonic anhydrase catalyses the hydration of the carbon dioxide which forms hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The solution of ions may be employed directly or, alternatively, subjected to an ion-exchange resin to immobilize the bicarbonate ions. The aqueous solution of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions may also be recirculated into a second identical bioreactor, wherein they are catalytically converted to water and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for continuous long term dosing of CO2 in biologically used media, comprising the steps below: i) expelling an aqueous acid solution from a storage container by means of a chemical reaction which generates gas pressure, ii) dripping the acid solution into a solid and/or liquid carbonate or hydrogen carbonate composition, and iii) supply of the corresponding CO2 to the medium which is used biologically, as well as a set and a reequipment set for carrying out this method.

Abstract: A method of recovering carbon dioxide gas from the combustion exhaust gas of fossil fuel, using a combustion equipment, wherein fuel gas is supplied to an anode chamber of a molten carbonate fuel cell and oxidizing gas is supplied to a cathode chamber of the fuel cell, the combustion exhaust gas from the combustion equipment is suuplied to the cathode chamber as part of the oxidizaing gas, CO.sub.2 in the combustion exhaust gas is allowed to react with O.sub.2 in the oxidizing gas at the cathode to produce carbonate ion, which is allowed to pass through the electrolyte of the fuel cell and to reach the anode, which the carbonate ion is allowed to react with hydrogen in the fuel gas to produce CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O, the anode exhaust gas containing CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O generated at the anode is discharged from the anode chamber, H.sub.2 O is separated from the anode discharge gas and high-concentration CO.sub.2 gas is recovered.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of potassium nitrate by means of the reaction of nitric acid with potassium carbonate, wherein potassium carbonate is obtained by means of an electrochemical process.

Abstract: Energy conserving limestone calcining system, including a process and apparatus in which in a first step or kiln zone limestone is heated, e.g., at 1700.degree.-2100.degree. F., sufficiently to achieve more than only about 50 or 60%, e.g.

Abstract: This invention is a regenerable process for producing gaseous hydrogen sulfide in concentrated form from sulfur dioxide obtained from a dilute gas source by (1) reacting the SO.sub.2 with a concentrated solution of Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3 to form Na.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.5 in solution and then either: (2) reacting the Na.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.5 with Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 to form solid Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3, a concentrated solution of Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3 which is recycled to the SO.sub.2 reaction and concentrated gaseous CO.sub.3 which is used in a subsequent step, (3) reducing the Na.sub.2 SO.sub.3 to Na.sub.2 S, (4) reacting the Na.sub.2 S with solid NaHCO.sub.3 to form gaseous H.sub.2 S and Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3, (5) recycling part of the Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 to (2) above and reacting the remainder with concentrated CO.sub.2 from (2) above to form solid NaHCO.sub.3 and recycling the solid NaHCO.sub.3 to (4) above, or; (2) reacting the Na.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.5 with NaHCO.sub.3 to form solid Na.sub.2 SO.sub.

Abstract: A process of making a calcium acetate-containing solution having a pH value at room temperature between about 7 and about 8 is provided comprising reacting acetic acid with a carbonate compound, adding calcined limestone, and optionally finishing off the acid-base reaction with an amount of an alkali metal hydroxide comprising from about 2% to about 5% of the total stoichiometric complement to the amount of acetic acid. Further process options which may be used in the preparation of deicing agents include adding coarse limestone to the above-prepared calcium acetate-containing solution in amounts up to 10% by weight and converting the solution into solid flakes. The calcium acetate salt product can be mixed with an inert solid material having good anti-slip properties.

Abstract: A cyclic process for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides from gaseous mixtures includes treating the mixtures in a first stage with an acidic aqueous media including a peroxygen oxidant to form nitric acid and higher valence nitrogen oides and to capture these oxides as alkali metal salts, especially nitrites and nitrates, in a carbonate/bicarbonate-containing product aqueous media in a second stage. Highly selective recovery of nitrates in high purity and yield may then follow, as by crystallization, with the carbonate and bicarbonate alkali metal salts strongly increasing the selectivity and yield of nitrates. The product nitrites are converted to nitrates by oxidation after lowering the product aqueous media pH to below about 9.Where the gas mixtures include both sulfur dioxide and lower valence nitrogen oxides, the processes for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide may be combined into a single removal/recovery system, or may be effected in sequence.

Abstract: A process of making a calcium acetate-containing solution having a pH value at room temperature between about 7 and about 8 is provided comprising reacting acetic acid with a carbonate compound, adding calcined limestone, and optionally finishing off the acid-base reaction with an amount of an alkali metal hydroxide comprising from about 2% to about 5% of the total stoichiometric complement to the amount of acetic acid. Further process options which may be used in the preparation of deicing agents include adding coarse limestone to the above-prepared calcium acetate-containing solution in amounts up to 10% by weight and converting the solution into solid flakes.

Abstract: A cyclic process for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides from gaseous mixtures includes treating the mixtures with an aqueous media including alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal bicarbonate and a preoxygen oxidant to form higher valence nitrogen oxides and to capture these oxides as alkali metal salts, expecially nitrites and nitrates, in a carbonate/bicarbonate-containing product aqueous media. Highly selective recovery of nitrates in high purity and yield may then follow, as by crystallization, with the carbonate and bicarbonate alkali metal salts strongly increasing the selectivity and yield of nitrates. The product nitrites are converted to nitrates by oxidation after lowering the product aqueous media pH to below about 9.A cyclic process for removing sulfur oxides from gas mixtures includes treating these mixtures with aqueous media including alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal bicarbonate where the ratio of alkali metal to sulfur dioxide is not less than 2.

Abstract: A process of making a calcium acetate-containing solution having a pH value at room temperature between about 7 and about 8 is provided comprising reacting acetic acid with a carbonate compound, adding calcined limestone, and optionally finishing off the acid-base reaction with an amount of an alkali metal hydroxide comprising from about 2% to about 5% of the total stoichiometric complement to the amount of acetic acid. Further process options which may be used in the preparation of deicing agents include adding coarse limestone to the above-prepared calcium acetate-containing solution in amounts up to 10% by weight and converting the solution into solid flakes.

Abstract: In stripping ammonia and carbon dioxide from an aqueous ammonium carbonate solution including organic ammonium salts, inorganic base is introduced into the column at a point below the point of the feed introduction and above the column bottom to liberate ammonia from the ammonium salts and thereby produce a bottoms of reduced ammonium content.

Abstract: A process for the production of calcium chloride by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate in the upper sealed portion of a reactor bordered on one side by a filtration sieve. The process comprises reacting the hydrochloric acid with the calcium carbonate to form carbon dioxide and calcium chloride solution, and pressuring the solution of calcium chloride by means of the carbon dioxide across the sieve and towards an outlet of the reactor.

Abstract: An arrangement for carbonating a beverage over an extended period of time through the addition of water or beverage liquid base to a powdered or dry carbonate and acid located in a pressure chamber. A permeable surface of the chamber allows a small quantity of water to enter and initiate a chemical reaction generating gaseous carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide will exit the chamber and carbonate the beverage. A resultant pressure drop in the chamber will permit the entry of more water to generate more carbon dioxide until the pressure is balanced, with the sequence being repetitive. A flavoring chamber containing flavor powder may be superimposed on the pressure chamber to effect admixing of the flavoring and liquid concurrent with carbonation. The pressure chamber, and flavoring chamber, may be formed integrally with a container, or may consist of a separate unit adapted to be placed in a container to which water or liquid base is then added.

Abstract: Alkali and alkaline earth metal bromides may be prepared by reacting a basic compound of an alkali or alkaline earth metal with a reducing agent in the presence of water and thereafter adding thereto stepwise alternate incremental portions of bromine and the basic compound while maintaining the pH less than about 7.0.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of calcium fluoride comprising reacting hexafluoro silicic acid with calcium carbonate in the presence of sulfate or aluminum ions within a pH range of between about 2 and 6 and separating the calcium fluoride precipitate from the resulting aqueous silica sol.

Abstract: A method for the thermochemical production of hydrogen from water is disclosed in which barium iodide, carbon dioxide, ammonia and water are allowed to react with one another and give rise to barium carbonate and ammonium iodide, the ammonium iodide thus produced is thermally decomposed to produce hydrogen, iodine and ammonia, and the hydrogen thus produced is recovered as the product. The by-produced barium carbonate is allowed to react with the iodine remaining after the separation of hydrogen thereby to produce barium iodide, carbon dioxide and oxygen, and the barium iodide and carbon dioxide are recycled to the reaction system. The ammonia which remains after the separation of hydrogen is also recycled to the reaction system. By causing the by-products occurring in the various reactions to be recycled to the relevant reaction systems, hydrogen is efficiently produced from water at a reaction temperature of not more than 800.degree. C.

Abstract: A solution of sodium ammonium phosphate is prepared by reacting monoammonium phosphate with sodium carbonate in a vertical column having vapor-liquid contact means at a temperature in the range of 150.degree.F. up to the boiling point.

Abstract: A dry alkaline earth metal silicate or an alkali metal silicate is reacted with a concentrated mineral acid to form silico-formic acid and hydrogen salt. The acid and hydrogen salt is reacted with a dry alkali metal carbonate or hydroxide to produce monosilanal. Monosilanol is reacted with water to produce monosilandiol.