Abstract: A device for evaluating a scale inhibitor for a circulating cooling water system, the device including: an open vessel, the open vessel including a first fixing hole, a second fixing hole, and at least one test hole; a stirrer; a test piece; a condenser; and a constant temperature heater. The open vessel is disposed inside the constant temperature heater. The first fixing hole is used to fix the stirrer. The second fixing hole is used to fix the condenser. The test hole is used to fix the test piece.

Abstract: A process for producing sulfuric acid with reduced levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) within a typical sulfuric acid production line. A hydrazine source material can be mixed with a sulfuric acid effluent at a temperature of at least about 90° C. for a period of at least 1 minute to reduce the level of NOx is the sulfuric acid effluent.

Abstract: A process for treating a milled product to reduce microbial activity at a high confidence level is disclosed. A sterile ready to eat milled product at a high confidence of sterility is also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing sulfuric acid by using hydrogen sulfide. The method comprises the following steps: (1) performing a reduction-oxidation reaction between an H2S feed gas and oxygen comprised in an oxygen-rich air to prepare SO2, controlling residual oxygen after the reduction-oxidation reaction step at a molar percentage of ?2%; (2) cooling the product acquired in step (1) to a temperature between 390° C. and 430° C., and then performing a catalyzed oxidation reaction with oxygen, wherein the catalyzed oxidation reaction is performed in stages until the conversion rate of SO2 is ?98.7% or the outlet concentration of SO2 is ?550 mg/Nm3; and (3) cooling the product acquired in step (2) to a temperature ?10° C. over the dew point temperature of H2SO4, then further cooling to a temperature between 60° C. and 120° C., collecting H2SO4 product, and subjecting the gas acquired after cooling to a coalescent separation before discharging directly into the atmosphere.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new method for decomposing and/or removing hazardous substances using a photocatalytic material. The method of the present invention is sufficiently useful in fields requiring quick decomposition and/or removal of hazardous substances in gas and/or liquid phases. The decomposition method of the present invention using a photocatalytic material enables significantly efficient and rapid decomposition of hazardous substances in gas and/or liquid phases by causing a photocatalytic material to coexist with a dilute hydrogen peroxide solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides for process for inhibiting the levels of nitrogen oxides in process gas streams from sulfuric acid regeneration and sulfuric acid production plants. Partial oxidation of the nitrogen oxides is achieved by feeding a sub stoichiometric amount of ozone as to nitrogen oxides to the process gas stream.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a composite electrode for a battery is provided. The composite electrode includes silver vanadium oxide present in an amount from about 75 weight percent to about 99 weight percent and polypyrrole present in an amount from about 1 weight percent to about 25 weight percent.

Abstract: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is removed from carbon dioxide feed gas comprising SO2 as a contaminant by maintaining the carbon dioxide feed gas at an elevated pressure in contact with an alkaline sorbent for a period of time sufficient to react said alkaline sorbent with SO2. Where NOx, oxygen (O2) and water are also present, not only is the rate of reaction with the sorbent increased, but also additional SO2 is removed by conversion to sulfuric acid, and NOx is removed as nitric acid. The method has particular application in the removal of SO2 and NOx from flue gas produced by oxyfuel combustion of a hydrocarbon or carbonaceous fuel.

Abstract: A method for recovering diluted waste sulfuric acid by extractive rectification with concentrated sulfuric acid which is re-concentrated for reutilization. Waste sulfuric acid from the nitration process is fed into a first column, optionally together with another waste sulfuric acid in a DNT washing acid, and divided into an overhead product containing nitric acid and nitro-organic compounds and a prepurified sulfuric acid in the bottom product. The prepurified sulfuric acid withdrawn from the bottom of the first column is fed to the top of a second column, into the bottom zone of which another waste sulfuric acid is fed in the form of a diluted sulfuric acid recovered from the nitric acid concentration system so the prepurified sulfuric acid from the first column is further purified in the second column and is preconcentrated along with the diluted sulfuric acid recovered from the extractive rectification of nitric acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides for process for inhibiting the levels of nitrogen oxides in process gas streams from sulfuric acid regeneration and production plants. The process gas stream from the waste heat boiler and the candle mist eliminator is contacted with ozone which will react with nitrogen oxides present in the flue gas.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is purified by processes employing NOx-rich sulfuric acid that can be formed by removal of SO2 from the carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is purified by processes employing NOx-rich sulfuric acid that can be formed by removal of SO2 from the carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for recovering diluted waste sulfuric acid containing impurities from nitration processes, a highly concentrated nitric acid required in the nitration process being produced in association with the nitration process by means of extractive rectification with concentrated sulfuric acid which is re-concentrated in order to be reutilized. According to the inventive method, the waste sulfuric acid from the nitration process is fed to the top of a first, indirectly heated stripping column, optionally together with another waste sulfuric acid in the form of a DNT washing acid, and is divided into an overhead product containing nitric acid and nitro-organic compounds as well as a prepurified sulfuric acid in the bottom product.

Abstract: The present invention provides for process for inhibiting the levels of nitrogen oxides in process gas streams from sulfuric acid regeneration and production plants. The process gas stream from the waste heat boiler and the candle mist eliminator is contacted with ozone which will react with nitrogen oxides present in the flue gas.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is purified by processes employing NOx-rich sulfuric acid that can be formed by removal of SO2 from the carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides for process for inhibiting the levels of nitrogen oxides in process gas streams from sulfuric acid regeneration and production plants. The process gas stream from the waste heat boiler and the candle mist eliminator is contacted with ozone which will react with nitrogen oxides present in the flue gas.

Abstract: SO2 and/or NOx are removed from gaseous CO2 at elevated pressure(s) in the presence of molecular oxygen and water and, when SO2 is to be removed, NOx, to convert SO2 to sulfuric acid and/or NOx to nitric acid. The sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid is/are then removed from the gaseous carbon dioxide to produce SO2-free, NOx-lean carbon dioxide gas. The invention has particular application in the removal of SO2 and/or NOx from carbon dioxide flue gas produced in an oxyfuel combustion process, for example, in a pulverized coal fired power station.

Abstract: Stirred acid resistant shallow cylindrical reactors are used to produce both nitric and sulfuric acid from a feed gas stream arranged to contain both sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides passed over or through the mixed acids. The homogeneous catalytic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids uses the highly oxidizing nitrosyl ion to further oxidize the gaseous oxide stream to sulfuric and nitric acids. Oxygen or air then oxidizes the nitrosyl ion reduction products back to nitrosyl ion for further reaction. The acids are separated by distillation, and concentrated using heat from the burner and the reaction heat. The modified sulfur burner used operates at temperatures to oxidize some of the nitrogen in the air. The temperature required may be obtained by increasing the oxygen of the air by pure oxygen. More nitrogen oxides may be produced by a glow discharge into the burner air or burning of ammonia. Any heavy metals such as mercury will be first oxidized then precipitated as sulfates.

Abstract: A process for production of sulphuric acid comprising condensing sulphuric acid vapour from a gas mixture containing 0.01 to 10 vol. % of H2SO4 vapour calculated at complete hydration of SO3 in the gas to H2SO4 and 0 to 50 vol. % of water vapour by cooling of the gas in a sulphuric acid tower, wherein a stream containing NH3 is added upstream of the tower in an amount corresponding to 0.01-100 ppm NH3 by vol. in the gas stream at the entry of the tower.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of oleum of a concentration of 10 to 45% by weight of SO3 and/or sulphuric acid of a concentration of 94 to 100% by weight of H2SO4 by combustion of sulphur with atmospheric oxygen according to the principle of superstoichiometric combustion, cooling the resultant sulphur-dioxide-containing gases to 350° C. to 500° C., catalytic conversion of these cooled gases to give sulphur-trioxide-containing gases in the presence of a vanadium-containing catalyst using single or double contact catalysis, absorption of the sulphur-trioxide-containing gases after cooling, if appropriate removal of liquids from the gases after absorption and energy recovery, with liquid sulphur being injected into the hot combustion gas stream perpendicular to the main direction of flow in the form of a fan using one or more bimodal fan-type nozzles.

Abstract: A process for production of sulphuric acid comprising condensing sulphuric acid vapour from a gas mixture containing 0.01 to 10 vol. % of H2SO4 vapour calculated at complete hydration of SO3 in the gas to H2SO4 and 0 to 50 vol. % of water vapour by cooling of the gas in a sulphuric acid tower, wherein a stream containing NH3 is added upstream of the tower in an amount corresponding to 0.01-100 ppm NH3 by vol. in the gas stream at the entry of the tower.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel method for producing high-purity sulfuric acid for use in the semiconductor industry. The method comprises the addition of a hydrogen peroxide solution to an engineered oelum in order to reduce the SO2 concentration, evaporation of the SO3 and separation of acid traces. The high-purity SO3 is then enriched with inert gas and the SO3 is absorbed into sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Process for preparing sulphuric acid from gasses containing SO3 and gaseous nitrosylsulphuric acid (NO+HSO4− or HO3SONO) by contact with 94% to 98% sulphuric acid, wherein the gases flow through at least one cooler and are cooled down to 160° C. to 130° C. to condense out nitrosylsulphuric acid before being brought into contact with the sulphuric acid.

Abstract: A process is provided for the combustion of ammonium salts of sulfuric acid contained in aqueous media. More particularly, a reductive combustion process which produces a combustion gas containing a divalent sulfur compound having a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The process is suitable for combusting ammonium salts of sulfuric acid produced during manufacture of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMBA) or methionine. The divalent sulfur compounds in the combustion gas may be further converted to other useful sulfur products and recycled for use in the manufacture of HMBA or methionine.

Abstract: A process is provided for the purification of sulfuric acid contaminated with impurities, such as nitric acid, nitrosylsulfuric acid, dinitrotoluenes and mononitrotoluenes, wherein this contaminated sulfuric acid was obtained from the production of nitrated toluene using toluene and nitric acid. The contaminated sulfuric acid is preheated to a temperature in the range of 50 to 180.degree. C. in a heat exchanger. The heated, contaminated sulfuric acid is freed from steam-volatile impurities, such as dinitrotoluenes and mononitrotoluenes, and the nitrogen-containing compounds within the sulfuric acid are decomposed by counter currently contacting the contaminated sulfuric acid with steam and vapors from a downstream concentration step in a steam stripper, which is operated at a pressure ranging from 300 to 1,000 mbars. The steam-stripped sulfuric acid is fed into a first concentration stage, which is operated at the same pressure used in the steam stripper.

Abstract: A process is provided for the recovery of sulfuric acid from NH.sub.4 HSO.sub.4 and (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 salts produced from the sulfuric acid hydrolysis of methylmercaptopropionaldehyde (MMP) cyanohydrin to produce 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid (MHA), which can be used as an additive in animal feed. The sulfate salts are combusted in a furnace to produce sulfur dioxide; the sulfur dioxide is contacted with an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, where the sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfuric acid. The product sulfuric acid is recovered.

Abstract: A process is provided for the destruction of nitrogen oxides in sulfuric acid by adding a reducing agent, such as hydrazine, sulfamic acid or urea, and an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide or persulfates, into the nitrogen oxides contaminated sulfuric acid. The nitrogen oxides contaminated sulfuric acid is treated at a temperature between 15.degree. C. and 100.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for producing in liquid phase, concentrated sulfuric acid in the liquid phase from a source of sulfur dioxide, is described. The process comprises, converting the source of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. The liquid phase, comprises:a) nitric acid at a sufficient concentration to commence conversion in the presence of oxygen, of sulfur dioxide into sulfuric acid in the initial absence of sulfuric acid,b) nitric acid at a sufficient concentration to maintain conversion of sulfur dioxide in the presence of sulfuric acid either generated by said conversion or present at commencement of said conversion, andc) combined concentration of nitric acid and sulfuric acid ranging from 5M to 16M where the concentration of nitric acid is at least 5M in the initial absence of sulfuric acid, anda source of oxygen is introduced to the aqueous phase at a concentration sufficient to provide for such catalytic conversion of SO.sub.2 to H.sub.2 SO.sub.4.

Abstract: Nitric oxide is produced by reacting aqueous nitric acid with gaseous sulfur dioxide in a gas-liquid contact reactor. The reaction is conducted in the presence of a stoichiometric excess of nitric acid to minimize the production of byproduct nitrous oxide and nitrogen. The nitric oxide product gas is chilled sufficiently to freeze most of the water and byproduct nitrogen dioxide contained in the nitric oxide product gas. Residual nitrogen dioxide can be removed by adsorptive separation using an adsorbent which preferentially adsorbs nitrogen dioxide.

Abstract: A process is provided for the restoration of hydrogen sulfide removal capacity in nitrogen-treated carbonaceous chars which have become exhausted for hydrogen sulfide capacity when used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams containing oxygen and water. This process entails washing the spent carbonaceous char with water of sufficient quantity to remove the majority of the hydrogen sulfide reaction products. By the use of this process a significant proportion of the original hydrogen sulfide capacity of the nitrogen-treated carbonaceous char is recovered.

Abstract: A process, using regenerable adsorption materials, for purifying exhaust gases that have been contaminated with at least SO.sub.2, a heavy metal such as mercury and additional toxic gases such as dioxins and furans is disclosed. The process includes adsorbing the exhaust gases where the gas if freed of SO.sub.2, heavy metal and additional toxic gases, and optionally subjecting the gas from the adsorber to further treatment. The contaminated adsorber material is subjected to an oxygen-free regeneration process and the gas from the regeneration process is scrubbed and subsequently processed into pure sulfuric acid in a nitric oxide-sulphuric acid plant.

Abstract: In the continuous production of oleum having a concentration of 10 to 45% by weight SO.sub.3 and/or sulfuric acid having a concentration of 94 to 100% by weight H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 by burning sulfur with atomospheric oxygen on the principle of overstoichiometric or understoichiometric burning, cooling the resulting SO.sub.2 -containing gas to 390.degree.-480.degree. C., catalytically reacting the cooled gas to SO.sub.3 -containing gas on a vanadium-containing catalyst on the principle of single- or double-contact catalysis, absorbing the SO.sub.3 -containing gas after cooling and, optionally, separating liquid from the gas after absorption, followed by recovering energy, the improvement which comprises effecting the burning of the sulfur with atomospheric oxygen in the presence of a dry SO.sub.2 -containing gas which contains up to 5,000 ppm (NO).sub.x expressed as NO.

Abstract: Process for conditioning waste sulfuric acid which is prone to precipitation of tars or resins, which comprises adding emulsifiers, preferably long-chain polyethers, to the waste sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Solutions of sulfuric acid having a polyamide, such as gelatin, dissolved therein are less corrosive than polyamide-free solutions of sulfuric acid of equal sulfuric acid concentration, while retaining essentially all of the acidity. The polyamide-safened sulfuric acid solutions of the invention are useful in place of sulfuric acid solutions for many purposes, e.g., as cleaners and herbicides, and for the treatment of cellulosic materials.

Abstract: Contaminants in spent nitric-sulfuric nitration acid can be removed by mixing the spent acid with urea and heating to 75.degree.-150.degree. C. Off-gas from the spent acid/urea reaction is passed through a Group IB, VB, VIB or VIII metal containing catalyst to decompose nitrous oxides and the so-treated off-gas is contacted with spent acid, denitrated spent acid, or fresh sulfuric acid, and optionally air (i.e. oxygen), to absorb oxides of nitrogen. The spent acid scrubbing fluid is then subjected to the same process for removing contaminants.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for decoloring sulphuric acid produced in accordance with the contact method, comprising one or more absorption circuits. The produced sulphuric acid is decolored by adding hydrogen peroxide to the system. The method is characterized by adding the hydrogen peroxide to the sulphuric acid in the final absorption circuit, and by maintaining the temperature in this circuit above about 70.degree. C.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for removing sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from the gaseous combustion products of sulfur-containing fossil fuel, such as high sulfur coal, comprising passing the combustion products into a reaction chamber, introducing atomic oxygen and air into the chamber, subjecting the resulting gaseous mixture to a plurality of confined, upwardly spiralling vortical movements in series, maintaining a reservoir of sulfuric acid in the reaction chamber, each vortical movement being of sufficient velocity as to atomize and elevate the sulfuric acid in the reservoir and to intermix it with the combustion products, impinging the vortical mixture against rapidly rotating surfaces whereby to discharge the mixture outwardly against the chamber walls to fall by gravity into the reservoir, and repeating the plurality of vortical movements in series in at least one additional reaction chamber, thereby producing sulfuric acid and/or nitrosyl sulfuric acid as a saleable by-product and reducing the sulfur

Abstract: The method of reducing air pollution comprises treating air-polluting waste industrial flue gases containing sulfur dioxide in a manner effective to substantially reduce the content of sulfur dioxide therein and remove it in the form of a sulfuric acid by-product prior to discharge of the treated flue gases into the atmosphere. The treatment involves the use of towers and nitrogen oxides for effecting the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to the trioxide. Preferably, the waste industrial flue gas is separated into a low molecular weight fraction and a higher molecular weight portion, as by centrifugal action to concentrate the heavier sulfur dioxide molecules, before treating only the higher weight portion.

Abstract: A cyclic process for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides from gaseous mixtures includes treating the mixtures in a first stage with an acidic aqueous media including a peroxygen oxidant to form nitric acid and higher valence nitrogen oides and to capture these oxides as alkali metal salts, especially nitrites and nitrates, in a carbonate/bicarbonate-containing product aqueous media in a second stage. Highly selective recovery of nitrates in high purity and yield may then follow, as by crystallization, with the carbonate and bicarbonate alkali metal salts strongly increasing the selectivity and yield of nitrates. The product nitrites are converted to nitrates by oxidation after lowering the product aqueous media pH to below about 9.Where the gas mixtures include both sulfur dioxide and lower valence nitrogen oxides, the processes for removing lower valence nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide may be combined into a single removal/recovery system, or may be effected in sequence.

Abstract: Gas containing nitrogen oxides is treated in two separate stages. In the first stage, the nitrogen oxides in the gas are reacted with sulfurous acid. The gaseous product of this reaction is reacted with an alkaline solution, typically caustic alkali. As a result of these treatments, the nitrogen oxides are converted into neutral salts.

Abstract: A method of separating acids or bases from vapors which are conveyed along with distillation vapors during concentration of a solution, comprising, passing said distillation vapors containing an acid or base, while being maintained at their existing pressure and temperature, through a salt solution which boils at said temperature and pressure, wherein, if an acid is to be removed from the distillation vapors, the salt solution contains a salt having an anion corresponding to that of the acid while being supplied with a base in an amount required to neutralize the acid, the cation of the base proportion corresponding to that of the salt, while, if a base is to be removed from the distillation vapors, the salt solution contains a salt having a cation corresponding to that of the base while being supplied with an acid in an amount required to neutralize the base in the distillation vapors, the anion of the acid corresponding to that of the salt so that salts are formed during neutralization which correspond to t

Abstract: A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from geothermal steam comprising adding free oxygen to the steam and contacting the steam with an oxidation catalyst at a pressure of at least 30 psig and a temperature not greater than the saturation temperature of the steam. The catalyst may comprise activated carbon, a refractory inorganic oxide or a metal phthalocyanine and is wetted with an aqueous solution of thiosulfates, sulfates or polysulfides. The hydrogen sulfide is converted and steam of reduced hydrogen sulfide content is obtained.

Abstract: A method for the separation of nitric acid from a mixture of nitric acid with one or more of phosphoric, sulphuric or hydrochloric acids, in which the nitric acid is selectively extracted from a first phase comprising the acid mixture into a second phase by an amine nitrate. The method may conveniently be carried into effect by treating an aqueous mixture of acids with kerosene containing tri-n-octylamine nitrate and a modifyier e.g. decanol following which the excess nitric acid is stripped from the kerosene phase by water or dilute nitric acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in a process for the manufacture of a nitroaromatic compound produced by the mixed sulfuric-nitric acid nitration method. The improvement resides in the refining of the aqueous acid mixture and comprises the following sequential steps: (a) contacting the mixed aqueous acid mixture, after nitration, with an oxidizing or a reducing agent under conditions effective for removing contaminant nitrous acid; (b) contacting the aqueous acid mixture in step (a) with feed aromatic compound to remove contaminant organics and residual nitric acid and then, if necessary, (c) contacting the remaining acid mixture with sufficient oxidizing agent under oxidizing conditions to remove residual organic components.

Abstract: A process is described for separating SO.sub.2 from a current of gas containing the same, at least intermittently, in a concentration which is impermissibly high for discharge into the ambient atmosphere, with attendant production of sulfuric acid by the nitrogen oxide process, in which latter process the SO.sub.2 -containing gas initially flows through a dentriation zone, or first through a pretreatment zone forming a first sector of an SO.sub.2 -processinbg zone and then through the denitration zone, thereafter through the main sector of the SO.sub.2 -processing zone, and subsequently through a nitrogen oxide absorption zone, in the course of which flow it is brought into contact in at least one of the two sectors of the SO.sub.2 -processing zone with dilute acid having a H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 -concentration of less than 70% by weight (55.degree.

Abstract: Mixtures of nitric acid and sulfuric acid containing in excess of 70% sulfuric acid are denitrated by the addition of sufficient sulfur dioxide to such mixtures to convert the nitric acid to gaseous nitrogen oxides and vaporizing them from the solution in which they are formed. The process is particularly valuable for the treatment of spent nitration acids.

Abstract: The foam formation arising when aqueous waste sulfuric acid is concentrated can be suppressed by adding aromatic nitro compounds such as nitrobenzene to the acid.

Abstract: A process is described for separating SO.sub.2 from a moist current of gas containing the same, at least intermittently, in a concentration which is impermissibly high for discharge into the ambient atmosphere, with attendant production of a strong sulfuric acid by the nitrogen oxide process in a system of reaction zones, in which system the SO.sub.2 -containing gas flows successively through a denitration zone, thereafter through the SO.sub.2 -processing zone, and subsequently through a nitrogen oxide absorption zone, in the course of which flow it is brought into contact, at least in the SO.sub.2 -processing zone, with dilute acid having an H.sub.2 SO.sub.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of converting NO.sub.3.sup.- ions which are contained in denitration waste liquids to nonpoisonous N.sub.2 gas or to valuable by-products. In the method of the invention, concentrated sulfuric acid is added to the waste liquid which results from denitration of exhaust gases which contains calcium nitrate and calcium chloride to obtain a mixed solution of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and calcium sulfate. The ratio of the chloride ions to nitrate ions in the mixed solution is adjusted within the range of Cl.sup.- /NO.sub.3.sup.- = 2-3; the mixed solution is heated to 110.degree. to 150.degree. C after adjusting the concentration of sulfuric acid in the solution to 10 to 70% by weight to thereby convert the mixed solution to a mixed gas essentially including NOCl, Cl.sub.2 and nitrogen oxides. The mixed gas is then passed through concentrated sulfuric acid having a concentration higher than 80% which is maintained at a temperature of 80.degree. to 150.

Abstract: The effluent streams from utility stack gases containing nitric oxides and sulfur dioxide are sequentially oxidized, absorbed with effluent spent alkylation acid, the unabsorbed remaining gases contacted with carbon monoxide from alkylation units in refinery cracking and other industrial plants to form sulfur, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, the carbon dioxide and nitrogen being vented, the sulfur oxidized to sulfur trioxide and contacting aqueous sulfuric acid therewith to effect concentration of said acid and suitability for recycle to an alkylation unit; the absorbate containing spent alkylation acid sequentially treated with a burning, oxidation, aqueous dilution and carbon monoxide treatment steps to form sulfuric acid for recycle to an alkylation unit and venting formed carbon dioxide and nitrogen.