Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a fluidized bed boiler, comprising: a) setting the ratio of secondary oxygen containing gas to primary oxygen containing fluidizing gas to a value ranging from 0.0 to 0.8; b) carrying out the combustion of fuel with a fluidized bed comprising ilmenite particle; and to a fluidized bed boiler.

Abstract: Embodiments of a hydrogen sulfide destruction and sulfur recovery system of the present invention generally include a tower, sulfur introduction piping, oxygen introduction piping, and hydrogen sulfide introduction piping, wherein said tower contains a lower cooling component positioned in a vapor space of a tower bottom section, a lower vapor space fluidly connected to an upper vapor space, one or more upper and lower catalyst beds, a first condensation cooling component and a collection tray disposed in a first condensation section, a second condensation cooling component disposed in a second condensation section, a fluid pathway, partially defined by a collection tray weir, between the first condensation section and the second condensation section, a fluid pathway between a bottom section of the second condensation section and the tower bottom section, and a second condensation section bottom section gas outlet. Embodiments of a method of using the system are also provided.

Abstract: This invention describes a sulfurous acid generator that employs a burn chamber that acts as a sulfur hopper. Generally, the burn chamber is not in sulfur communication with a sulfur hopper that is separate and distinct from the burn chamber. Instead, the burn chamber may be adapted to hold enough sulfur to allow the generator to produce sulfurous acid for a desired period of time without needing more sulfur to be added to the sulfur being combusted in the burn chamber.

Abstract: SO3 is formed from a replenished circulating inventory of fresh and recycled SO2. Also, a feed stream of replenished SO2 is heated by indirect heat exchange with a hot stream of SO2 and SO3 whereby the hot stream is cooled for separating the two gases. The heated feed stream of replenished SO2 serves as a hot gaseous feed to a sulfur burner. This SO2 feed is divided into two feed streams, one being oxygenated with pure oxygen and the other remains as an SO2 feed. These feeds plus a feed of molten sulfur are concurrently and separately introduced into the sulfur burner where additional SO2 is formed via continuous exothermic reaction. Although heated, the oxygenated feed(s) of SO2 bring in the needed oxygen for the reaction and the feeds of the oxygenated and non-oxygenated SO2 serve as a heat sink in the sulfur burner to reduce the temperature therein.

Abstract: A process for the combustion of a liquid in a combustion chamber includes atomizing liquid sulfur using a rotary atomizer and introducing the liquid sulfur into the combustion chamber. The liquid sulfur is charged onto an inside of a cup. The cup is rotated so as to form a liquid film on the inside of the cup and so that parts of the liquid film are radially flung off from an edge of the cup edge into the combustion chamber. The rotational speed of the cup is varied so as to control a thickness of the liquid film in the cup to between 200 and 1000 ?m. The liquid sulfur is evaporated and subsequently burnt in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A process for the combustion of a liquid in a combustion chamber includes atomizing liquid sulfur using a rotary atomizer and introducing the liquid sulfur into the combustion chamber. The liquid sulfur is charged onto an inside of a cup. The cup is rotated so as to form a liquid film on the inside of the cup and so that parts of the liquid film arc radially flung off from an edge of the cup edge into the combustion chamber. The rotational speed of the cup is varied so as to control a thickness of the liquid film in the cup to between 200 and 1000 ?m. The liquid sulfur is evaporated and subsequently burnt in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and a device for the combustion of sulphur and/or sulphur-containing compounds, via which a sufficient production of SO2-containing gases having a high SO2 concentration is made possible. The combustion preferably proceeds using a combustion gas which has an oxygen fraction at least as high as air, but preferably a higher fraction of oxygen. The process and the device should be suitable, in particular, for providing sulphur dioxide as a source for further production of sulphuric acid or highly concentrated SO3-containing gases. In addition, the device and the process should be suitable for oxidizing hydrogen-sulphide-containing gases, such as occur, for example, in the refinery industry, in high concentrations to SO2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and a device for the combustion of sulphur and/or sulphur-containing compounds, with formation of sulphur dioxide.

Abstract: A process for a combustion of sulfur with an oxygen-containing gas to produce sulfur dioxide. The process includes introducing the sulfur and the oxygen-containing gas to a furnace. The sulfur is evaporated and subsequently a portion of the sulfur is oxidized to sulfur dioxide under sub-stoichiometric conditions in a first portion of the furnace. The sulfur dioxide formed in the first furnace portion is introduced together with any unoxidized sulfur to a second portion of the furnace which is disposed adjacent to the first furnace portion. The sulfur dioxide and unoxidized sulfur are subjected to post-combustion with the oxygen-containing gas in an inlet of a downstream waste heat boiler.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen from a light hydrocarbon gas with the hydrocarbon gas being converted to particulate carbon and hydrogen and thereafter quenched with liquid sulfur with the purified hydrogen being recovered as a product.

Abstract: A process for treating a gas stream comprising H2S that includes the step of selectively oxidizing the H2S of the gas stream within a catalytic zone containing an oxidation catalyst and in the presence of an inert liquid medium and molecular oxygen to form elemental sulfur and a gas stream depleted of H2S. A liquid stream yielded from the catalytic zone and containing the inert liquid medium and liquid elemental sulfur undergoes a separation into a first liquid phase rich in the inert liquid medium and a second liquid phase rich in elemental sulfur. Either at least a part of the liquid stream or at least a part of the second liquid phase, or both, undergoes a combustion to form a fluid stream that comprises sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: This invention presents a sulphurous acid generator which employs a concentric hopper and burn chamber in which the burn chamber is surrounded or substantially surrounded by the hopper. The present invention also employs means for substantially eliminating any discharge plume.

Abstract: A process for treating a gas stream comprising H2S that includes the step of selectively oxidizing the H2S of the gas stream within a catalytic zone containing an oxidation catalyst and in the presence of an inert liquid medium and molecular oxygen to form elemental sulfur and a gas stream depleted of H2S. A liquid stream yielded from the catalytic zone and containing the inert liquid medium and liquid elemental sulfur undergoes a separation into a first liquid phase rich in the inert liquid medium and a second liquid phase rich in elemental sulfur. Either at least a part of the liquid stream or at least a part of the second liquid phase, or both, undergoes a combustion to form a fluid stream that comprises sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes for the production of a sulfur dioxide-containing combustion gas are provided in which a sulfur-containing liquid is pneumatically atomized with a sulfur gun or lance that utilizes an atomizing gas to form an atomized combustion mixture for combustion in a sulfur furnace. The sulfur dioxide-containing combustion gas may be used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process.

Abstract: A process for a combustion of sulfur with an oxygen-containing gas to produce sulfur dioxide. The process includes introducing the sulfur and the oxygen-containing gas to a furnace. The sulfur is evaporated and subsequently a portion of the sulfur is oxidized to sulfur dioxide under sub-stoichiometric conditions in a first portion of the furnace. The sulfur dioxide formed in the first furnace portion is introduced together with any unoxidized sulfur to a second portion of the furnace which is disposed adjacent to the first furnace portion. The sulfur dioxide and unoxidized sulfur are subjected to post-combustion with the oxygen-containing gas in an inlet of a downstream waste heat boiler.

Abstract: A method for producing sulfur and energy from an acid gas stream containing hydrogen sulfide by partially combusting the acid gas stream to produce a combustion product gas, mixing a sulfur dioxide stream with the combustion product gas, separating sulfur from the mixture, combusting sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide and heat energy and passing at least a portion of the sulfur dioxide to the combustion product gas.

Abstract: A method for the automated production of liquid SO2 having a purity above 99.9% from elemental sulfur and pure oxygen, in the presence of SO2 recirculated from a closed circuit production system. The temperature of the combustion is controlled by means of pre-defined S, O2 and SO2 ratios. The automation is made based on oxygen sensors and on sulfur and SO2 flow meters with their respective control connections and proportional valves permitting a fine control of the sulfur combustion reaction. Liquefaction of gaseous SO2 produced is carried out alternatively by a cool plant working between ?10 and ?60° C. or with a compression unit working at a pressure between 3.8 and 5.0 bar. The automation permits an optimum temperature control and a clean production of SO2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of oleum of a concentration of 10 to 45% by weight of SO3 and/or sulphuric acid of a concentration of 94 to 100% by weight of H2SO4 by combustion of sulphur with atmospheric oxygen according to the principle of superstoichiometric combustion, cooling the resultant sulphur-dioxide-containing gases to 350° C. to 500° C., catalytic conversion of these cooled gases to give sulphur-trioxide-containing gases in the presence of a vanadium-containing catalyst using single or double contact catalysis, absorption of the sulphur-trioxide-containing gases after cooling, if appropriate removal of liquids from the gases after absorption and energy recovery, with liquid sulphur being injected into the hot combustion gas stream perpendicular to the main direction of flow in the form of a fan using one or more bimodal fan-type nozzles.

Abstract: Production of sulfur dioxide by means of the combustion of sulfur and pure oxygen in a closed system that produces a high yield in the recovery of SO2 and reduces environmental contamination to levels below the standard requirements. Sulfur dioxide is produced by burning sulfur and pure oxygen diluted in recirculated combustive gas that has been previously cooled in order to maintain combustion at less than 1200° C. The gaseous mix thus obtained would be comprised of approximately 16% V/V oxygen and 84% V/V of SO2. This latter percentage makes it very easy to liquefy SO2 so that a 95% SO2 recovery efficiency would be obtained at ?10° C. The non-liquefied gas is recirculated in a closed system. The SO2 content in the 84% V/V SO2 gas could even be liquefied at 20° C., at 5 bar, thus increasing the system's efficiency even further.

Abstract: Method for the automated production of liquid SO2 having a purity above 99.9% from elemental sulfur and pure oxygen, in the presence of SO2 recirculated from the closed circuit production system itself. The temperature of the sulfur is controlled by means of pre-defined S, O2 and SO2 ratios. The automation is made based on oxygen sensors and on sulfur and SO2 flow meters with their respective control connections and proportional valves permitting a fine control of the sulfur combustion reaction. The liquefaction of the gaseous SO2 produced is carried out alternatively by a cool plant working between −10 and −60° C. or with a compression unit working at a pressure between 3.8 and 5.0 bar. The automation permits an optimum temperature control and a clean production of SO2.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing sulfur comprises a vessel containing a plurality of spaced-apart channels each having an upstream end communicating with an upstream manifold and a downstream end communicating with a downstream manifold. Each channel comprises a single, continuous, uninterrupted conversion stage terminating at the downstream channel end. A first mixture, of SO2 and air from the sulfur burner, is introduced into the upstream manifold and flows as a stream through each of the channels where the stream is cooled and the SO2 is converted in the conversion stage to SO3 to produce, at the downstream channel end, a second mixture consisting essentially of SO3 and air. The first mixture is not cooled between the sulfur burner and the converter. The stream flowing through the conversion stage is maintained at a temperature which sustains conversion of SO2 to SO3, without diluting the stream with a cooling fluid or diverting the stream outside the channel contained in the converter vessel.

Abstract: Sulphur is recovered from a first gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide and at least 50% by volume of ammonia and from a second gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide but essentially no ammonia, the first gas stream, the second gas stream, and combustion supporting gas comprising at least one stream of essentially pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air are fed to a single combustion zone or a plurality of combustion zones in parallel with each other without premixing of combustible gas with oxygen or air, and creating in the or each combustion zone at least one region in which thermal cracking of ammonia takes place, and taking from the reactor an effluent gas stream including sulphur vapour, sulphur dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide, but essentially no residual ammonia.

Abstract: A flue gas conditioning system (FGC) for conditioning the flue gas flowing in a flue from a boiler to an electrostatic precipitator by injecting sulfur trioxide into the flue gas upstream of the electrostatic precipitator. The FGC has a source (52) of granulated sulfur which is transported by a conveyor (54) to a sulfur furnace (60) where it is combusted in sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide flows from the sulfur furnace (60) into a catalytic converter 62 which generates sulfur trioxide therefrom. The sulfur trioxide flows from the catalytic converter 62 into probes 64 which are mounted in the flue duct. Alternatively, the FGC has a source (70) of emulsoid sulfur which is pumped by a sulfur pump (72) to the inlet of an atomizing spray nozzle (200) which atomizes the emulsoid sulfur and sprays it into sulfur furnace (50).

Abstract: In the manufacture of sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur is reacted to by finely atomizing liquid sulfur into a vortex of combustion air and returning the atomized sulfur in the vortex during combustion, the ratio of air and sulfur supplied to the vortex being substantially stoichiometric. This ensures that liquid sulfur is not deposited on the walls of a reaction chamber or the structure of a waste heat boiler receiving gases from the combustion chamber, and minimizes generation of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: In the continuous production of oleum having a concentration of 10 to 45% by weight SO.sub.3 and/or sulfuric acid having a concentration of 94 to 100% by weight H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 by burning sulfur with atomospheric oxygen on the principle of overstoichiometric or understoichiometric burning, cooling the resulting SO.sub.2 -containing gas to 390.degree.-480.degree. C., catalytically reacting the cooled gas to SO.sub.3 -containing gas on a vanadium-containing catalyst on the principle of single- or double-contact catalysis, absorbing the SO.sub.3 -containing gas after cooling and, optionally, separating liquid from the gas after absorption, followed by recovering energy, the improvement which comprises effecting the burning of the sulfur with atomospheric oxygen in the presence of a dry SO.sub.2 -containing gas which contains up to 5,000 ppm (NO).sub.x expressed as NO.

Abstract: A method of making high purity sulfur dioxide by submerged combustion is disclosed. Sulfur is combusted in a first liquid pool with an oxygen-containing gas and the vapor effluent is removed and cooled in a first cooling zone to a temperature above approximately 600.degree. F. The condensed sulfur is separated as liquid sulfur from the vapor in the cooled effluent and passed back to the reactor as the supply of liquid sulfur for conversion to sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: A noncatalytic process for producing sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid in which sulfur is combusted with an oxygen-rich gas in the presence of recycled sulfur dioxide-rich gas to form sulfur trioxide which is absorbed in sulfuric acid and yield a sulfur dioxide rich gas which is compressed to form the recycled sulfur dioxide rich gas.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for burning sulfur to sulfur dioxide and generating sulfurous acid comprising a primary sulfur-burning chamber, a sulfur feed tank closely coupled to the primary chamber, a secondary sulfur burning chamber, and an absorption tower, Air is drawn into the primary chamber under turbulent, high velocity negative pressure conditions. Gas passes through the secondary chamber under turbulent negative pressure flow conditions. The apparatus is capable of converting sulfur to sulfur dioxide at a rate in excess of 25 pounds of sulfur per hour per square foot of surface area of the molten pool of sulfur in the primary chamber.

Abstract: Sulfur containing organics, e.g., carbon disulfide carbon oxysulfide, or a mercaptan, are oxidized to sulfur dioxide in gaseopus phase, whether alone or conjointly with hydrogen sulfide and/or elemental sulfur, per se, by passing a gaseous stream thereof, at elevated temperature, over a catalyst composition which comprises (i) a carrier substrate comprising titanium oxide, silica, zirconium oxide, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, silica-titanium oxide, zirconia-titanium oxide, or a zeolite, or admixture thereof, and (ii) a catalytically effective amount of at least one catalytically active element of Group Ib, IIb, IIIb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII or Va of the Periodic Table, e.g., copper, silver, zinc, cadmium, yttrium, a lanthanide, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, tin and/or bismuth, but said catalyst composition being devoid of mixed oxide of spinel type.

Abstract: It has been believed that the Claus reaction in water without additive gives no more than very low conversion and some additive such as buffer or catalyst must be used to attain satisfactory H.sub.2 S conversion.However, it was discovered that when H.sub.2 S and SO.sub.2 are introduced in water simultaneously and continuously for hours, the conversion increased gradually and became steady at high level. The present invention was accomplished base on this inventive knowledge.

Abstract: Process for the production of liquid sulphur dioxide in a sulphur dioxide facility forming part of a sulphuric acid plant wherein a portion of the sulphur dioxide produced in a sulphur burning furnace is directed to a sulphur dioxide liquefaction means and the resultant tail gas is recycled to the furnace. Relatively high sulphur dioxide concentrations are maintained in all parts of the sulphur dioxide production cycle allowing higher strength sulphur dioxide gases to be generated without overheating the furnace and also lower power requirements in the sulphur dioxide liquefaction step.

Abstract: A highly efficient apparatus for burning sulfur to sulfur dioxide and generating sulfurous acid comprises a primary sulfur-burning chamber, a sulfur feed tank closely coupled to the primary chamber, a secondary sulfur-burning chamber, and an absorption tower. Air is introduced to the primary chamber under turbulent, high-velocity flow conditions. Gas passes through the secondary chamber under turbulent flow conditions. The apparatus is capable of converting sulfur to sulfur dioxide at a rate in excess of 25 pounds of sulfur per hour per square foot of surface area of the molten pool of sulfur in the primary chamber.

Abstract: A method of storing heat is provided utilizing a chemical cycle which interconverts sulfuric acid and sulfur. The method can be used to levelize the energy obtained from intermittent heat sources, such as solar collectors. Dilute sulfuric acid is concentrated by evaporation of water, and the concentrated sulfuric acid is boiled and decomposed using intense heat from the heat source, forming sulfur dioxide and oxygen. The sulfur dioxide is reacted with water in a disproportionation reaction yielding dilute sulfuric acid, which is recycled, and elemental sulfur. The sulfur has substantial potential chemical energy and represents the storage of a significant portion of the energy obtained from the heat source. The sulfur is burned whenever required to release the stored energy.A particularly advantageous use of the heat storage method is in conjunction with a solar-powered facility which uses the Bunsen reaction in a water-splitting process.

Abstract: A process for the selective reduction of nitrogen oxide in a combustion effluent gas stream is disclosed wherein the gas stream is contacted with sulfur at a temperature of about 445.degree. C. to 2000.degree. C., therein converting the NO to N.sub.2 and the sulfur to SO.sub.2.

Abstract: An apparatus for the vaporization of elemental sulfur by means of carrier gas, the apparatus comprising a first thermally insulated vessel for the melting of elemental sulfur, provided with a heating means, a stirrer and an inlet pipe for elemental sulfur, and at least one second vessel inside the first vessel and communicating vessel with it, and provided with heating means, a stirrer, means for feeding carrier gas and an outlet pipe for sulfur vapors, and optionally also provided with thermal insulation, for vaporizing the molten elemental sulfur flowing from the former vessel by means of carrier gas.

Abstract: Sulfur compounds contained in gases containing oxygen and a high content of water vapor are exploited by removing the water vapor content by treating the gases with a glycol and then using the dried gas still containing sulfur compounds, as an oxidation gas for the burning of sulfur or for the roasting of sulfidic ores in the production of highly concentrated sulfuric acid. Apparatus for carrying out the process includes an absorber for absorption by the glycol of the water vapor contained in the gas. The absorber has an exhaust gas conduit connected to a combustion furnace or roasting furnace for the production of sulfur dioxide. A desorber is provided for distilling the water vapor from the glycol and is connected to the absorber by a ring conduit for the glycol enriched with water and for the dewatered glycol. Lastly, apparatus is provided for the heating of the glycol and the desorber.

Abstract: H.sub.2 S and CO.sub.2 from a waste gas are absorbed in an ammoniacal or alkali metal hydroxide solution. The resultant sodium, potassium or ammonium sulfide solution is reacted with pulverized copper oxide and the resultant copper sulfide precipitate is separated and the resultant solution of increased sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonia content is recycled as absorbent for hydrogen sulfide and CO.sub.2. The copper sulfide is roasted to form recyclable copper oxide and product sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: Improvement in the method for recovering sulfur values in the form of sulfur dioxide from spent sulfuric acid by decomposing the spent sulfuric acid at elevated temperature in the presence of elemental sulfur to generate a sulfur dioxide-containing gas stream, which involves: (a) introducing the spent sulfuric acid into a pool of molten sulfur maintained at temperature of at least about 250.degree. C. to thereby generate a gaseous stream comprising sulfur dioxide, vaporous elemental sulfur, and water; (b) cooling said gaseous stream to temperature above the melting point of the sulfur but below about 160.degree. C. to condense elemental sulfur therefrom, separating the condensed elemental sulfur and returning it to the pool of molten sulfur; followed by (c) further cooling the gaseous stream from which elemental sulfur has been condensed to condense water therefrom, and separating the condensed water from the gaseous stream.

Abstract: A process for production of liquid sulfur trioxide in which sulfur is combusted with oxygen in one stage at a furnace outlet temperature of between about 1000.degree. F and about 2700.degree. F, and the resulting sulfur dioxide-containing gas is subjected to multistage catalytic conversion to sulfur trioxide, the sulfur trioxide being recovered by conventional condensaton techniques. Substantially all the uncondensed gases from the sulfur trioxide condensation step are recycled to the combustion step.

Abstract: Improvement in the method for making a sulfur dioxide-containing gas stream of low elemental sulfur content by contacting a stream of oxygen-containing gas with elemental sulfur maintained above its auto-ignition temperature to generate a gas stream containing sulfur dioxide and gaseous elemental sulfur, followed by contacting this gas stream with liquid elemental sulfur maintained below its auto-ignition temperature, which improvement involves subsequently scrubbing the gas stream in a confined area with water or an aqueous medium, preferably containing small amounts of ammonia, under conditions of turbulent flow to obtain a sulfur dioxide-containing gas stream substantially free of oxygen and sulfur trioxide and containing less than about 0.0002 lb. of sulfur per cubic foot of gas, measured at standard conditions.

Abstract: Process for transforming water-soluble metal sulfate residue obtained from spent sulfuric acid containing inorganic impurities, such as pickle liquors or acid wastes from hydrometallurgical processes, into substantially water-insoluble form suitable for disposal which comprises introducing the residue into a pool of molten sulfur maintained at temperature of at least about 250.degree. C. to thereby generate a gaseous stream comprising sulfur dioxide and to transform the metal sulfate residue into corresponding reduction products, and recovering sulfur dioxide and reduction products associated with sulfur in solid form suitable for disposal.

Abstract: A sulphur-burning and gaseous products absorption system incorporating control means to establish generation of sulphur dioxide at a rate which is compatible with the capacity of absorption means for absorption of the gases by water, together with controls which make the system fail-safe even when unattended. In order to provide an absorption efficiency compatible with clean air standards, a unique absorption tower is provided, together with pre-cooling means further to improve the absorption tower efficiency. Further, the control efficiency and the purity of the product are improved by ebullition control. A unique joint is provided for sealing the sulphur-burning tower against undesirable leakage which also enables this tower readily to be disassembled for maintenance and repair.

Abstract: Finely divided sulfur and an oxygen containing gas are combined and burnt. Finely divided sulfuric acid is introduced into the hot flame gases. The resulting gas containing SO.sub.2, water and oxygen can be processed to pure SO.sub.2.

Abstract: Sulfur dioxide is formed by the combustion of elemental sulfur in two distinct stages wherein oxygen-containing gas in a quantity which is initially less than that stoichiometrically required for total combustion of the sulfur to sulfur dioxide and the sulfur-dioxide gases and residual elemental sulfur are thereupon passed through a heat exchanger and subjected to an afterburning with additional quantities of oxygen-containing gas. 70% to 95% of the total oxygen required for combustion of sulfur is supplied in the initial or combustion stage and the remainder (i.e. 30 to 5%) is supplied in the afterburning stage.

Abstract: The method of recovering liquid sulphur dioxide from gases containing sulphur dioxide by washing with water in an absorption plant and then stripping off absorbed sulphur dioxide at subatmospheric pressure. Water is removed from the stripped gasesby cooling and drying and sulphur dioxide is removed by condensation. The whole system is kept at a subatmospheric pressure by pumping off residual gases after the sulphur dioxide condensation.