Abstract: A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH4)2SO4)a.(H2SO4)b.(H2O)c.(NH4HSO4)x. In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20.

Abstract: A container, a device, and a method encapsulate a fuel rod or a fuel rod portion in a gas-tight manner. The container has a hollow cylindrical container part which is closed at the free ends of the container part in a fluid-tight manner by a respective single-piece closure stopper. The closure stopper is provided with a channel that fluidically connects the flushing chamber of the container part to the exterior exclusively in an intermediate position, which is assumed prior to reaching an end position during the assembly process and in which the closure stopper additionally projects out of the container part by an axial length compared to the end position of the closure stopper.

Abstract: A system and method for passive capture of ammonia in an enclosure containing material that gives off ammonia. The invention allows for the passage of gaseous NH3 through microporous hydrophobic gas-permeable membranes and its capture in a circulated acidic solution with concomitant production of a concentrated non-volatile ammonium salt.

Abstract: A system and method for passive capture of ammonia in an ammonia-containing liquid effluent. The invention allows for the passage of ammonia through microporous hydrophobic gas-permeable membranes and its capture in a circulated stripping solution with concomitant production of a concentrated non-volatile ammonium salt.

Abstract: A system for the production of ammonium sulfate granules including a pipe cross reactor (PCR) configured to contact concentrated sulfuric acid with anhydrous ammonia to produce a PCR product comprising ammonium sulfate; and a granulator fluidly connected to the PCR, whereby PCR product extracted from the PCR can be introduced into the granulator, an inlet for ammonium sulfate seed material, an ammonia sparger configured to spray liquid anhydrous ammonia directly onto a bed of ammonium sulfate granules within the granulator, a granulator vent configured for extraction of a vapor comprising unreacted ammonia from the granulator, and a granulator product outlet configured for extraction of granulator product comprising ammonium sulfate granules from the granulator. A method of producing ammonium sulfate granules is also provided.

Abstract: A system and method for passive capture of ammonia in an enclosure containing material that gives off ammonia. The invention allows for the passage of gaseous NH3 through microporous hydrophobic gas-permeable membranes and its capture in a circulated acidic solution with concomitant production of a concentrated non-volatile ammonium salt.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for purifying a by-product stream. The process comprises the step of providing a by-product stream comprising an ammonium salt, dimerized amide, and optionally water. The process further comprises the step of precipitating at least a portion of the dimerized amide in the by-product stream to form solid dimerized amide. The process further comprises the step of separating the solid dimerized amide from the by-product stream to form a treated by-product stream comprising less than 1 wt. % solid dimerized amide.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing sulphate or phosphate-based fertilizer from hydrogen sulphide. The method involves feeding a stream containing a substantial volume of hydrogen sulphide and air to a furnace, where it is burned to produce a sulphur dioxide rich gas stream. The sulphur dioxide rich gas stream is then fed to a reactor to produce a sulphuric acid stream and a waste stream comprising carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, trace impurities and trace amounts of unreacted sulphur dioxide. The sulphuric acid stream is finally converted to a sulphate or phosphate-based fertilizer.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method manufacture of an ammonium sulfate composition having a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 1% by weight or less than 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, comprising the following steps: a) reacting i) waste sulfuric acid comprising an organic tertiary amines with ii) ammonia in an amount sufficient to obtain a pH of 9.5 or higher b) separating the organic tertiary amine from the reaction mixture obtained in step a) wherein during the separation the pH of the reaction mixture is maintained at a pH higher than 10 and c) optionally reducing the content of water and/or other volatile components from the aqueous solution comprising the ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: The invention provides a process comprising: a crystallization step of concentrating and crystallizing the ammonium salt of sulfuric acid from an aqueous solution that contains the ammonium salt of sulfuric acid; a solid-liquid separation step of solid-liquid separating the ammonium salt of sulfuric acid obtained in the crystallization step, and a crystallization mother liquid recycling step of recycling a crystallization mother liquid obtained in the solid-liquid separation step to at least one step selected from the crystallization step and one or more steps that precede the crystallization step, in which not all of the crystallization mother liquid is recycled.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for purifying a by-product stream. The process comprises the step of providing a by-product stream comprising an ammonium salt, dimerized amide, and optionally water. The process further comprises the step of precipitating at least a portion of the dimerized amide in the by-product stream to form solid dimerized amide. The process further comprises the step of separating the solid dimerized amide from the by-product stream to form a treated by-product stream comprising less than 1 wt. % solid dimerized amide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of treating an acid gas stream through a series of process steps to provide an ammonium sulfphate stream. The method involves passing the acid gas stream to an incinerator to oxidize the H2S to SO2 to yield an incinerator flue gas stream. The incinerator flue gas stream is passed to a sulphuric acid unit that produces H2SO4 from the SO2 of the incinerator flue gas stream and to yield an aqueous sulphuric acid stream and a sulphuric acid unit off-gas stream. At least part of the aqueous sulphuric acid stream is passed to an ammonia scrubber wherefrom an aqueous ammonium suphate stream is yielded.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method manufacture of an ammonium sulfate composition having a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 1% by weight or less than 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, comprising the following steps: a) reacting i) waste sulfuric acid comprising an organic tertiary amines with ii) ammonia in an amount sufficient to obtain a pH of 9.5 or higher b) separating the organic tertiary amine from the reaction mixture obtained in step a) wherein during the separation the pH of the reaction mixture is maintained at a pH higher than 10 and c) optionally reducing the content of water and/or other volatile components from the aqueous solution comprising the ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing an ammonium salt composition. The process comprises the step of providing a process stream comprising sulfuric acid, methylene dichloride, and a tertiary amine or a precursor thereof. The process further comprises the step of contacting the process stream with ammonia to form a product stream and a waste stream. The product stream comprises the ammonium salt and the waste stream comprises water, methylene dichloride, ammonia, and the tertiary amine. The process further comprises the step of deriving from the waste stream an off gas stream comprising ammonia and a first amount of methylene dichloride. The process also comprises the step of contacting at least a portion of the off gas stream or a derivative thereof with an adsorbent to separate at least a portion of the off gas into a methylene dichloride stream comprising methylene dichloride.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of producing an ammonium salt composition. The process comprises the step of providing a process stream comprising sulfuric acid and at least one tertiary amine. The process further comprises the step of contacting the process stream with ammonia to form a waste stream and a product stream. The waste stream comprises water, tertiary amine, and ammonia and the product stream comprises a first amount of ammonium salt. The process further comprises the step of deriving from the waste stream an off gas stream comprising a preliminary amount of ammonia. The process also comprises the step of contacting the off gas stream with an acid to form an ammonium salt stream and a purge stream. The ammonium salt stream comprises a second amount of ammonium salt and the purge stream comprises a reduced amount of ammonia, which is less than the preliminary amount.

Abstract: Systems and methods of producing chemical compounds are disclosed. An example chemical production system includes a combustion chamber having intake ports for entry of a gas mixture. An igniter ignites the gas mixture in the intake chamber to facilitate a reaction at a high temperature and high pressure. A nozzle restricts exit of the ignited gas mixture from the combustion chamber. An expansion chamber cools the ignited gas. The expansion chamber has an exhaust where the cooled gas exits the expansion chamber. A chemical compound product is formed in the expansion chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treating an acid gas stream (820) comprising H2S and CO2 to provide an aqueous ammonium sulphate stream (190) and an apparatus (1) therefor, the method comprising at least the steps of: (a) passing an acid gas stream (820) comprising H2S and CO2 to an incinerator (850) to oxidise H2S to SO2 to provide an incinerator flue gas stream (860) comprising SO2 and CO2; (b) passing the incinerator flue gas stream (860) to a sulphuric acid unit (900) to produce H2SO4 from SO2 in the flue gas stream (860) to provide an aqueous sulphuric acid stream (910) and a sulphuric acid unit off-gas stream (920) comprising CO2; and (c) passing at least a part of the aqueous sulphuric acid stream (910) to an ammonia scrubber (150) which is provided with a first off-gas stream (120) which comprises NH3, H2S and CO2 to separate NH3 to provide a scrubber off-gas stream (180) comprising H2S and CO2 and an aqueous ammonium sulphate stream (190).

Abstract: A process of producing silicon tetrafluoride from fluoride containing feedstocks. The process calcines the fluoride containing feedstock and a silica containing feedstock before reacting the mixture with sulfuric acid to produce silicon tetrafluoride. The silicon tetrafluoride is scrubbed with sulfuric acid. Excess sulfuric acid is recycled to the process. The process demonstrates an economic and environmentally friendly way to produce high quality silicon tetrafluoride.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process of producing an ammonium salt composition. The process comprises the step of providing a process stream comprising sulfuric acid and at least one tertiary amine. The process further comprises the step of contacting the process stream with ammonia under conditions effective to form a waste stream and a product stream. The waste stream comprises water, the tertiary amine, and ammonia and the product stream comprises a first amount of ammonium salt. The process further comprises the step of deriving from the waste stream an off gas stream comprising a preliminary amount of ammonia. The process also comprises the step of contacting the off gas stream with an acid under conditions effective to form an ammonium salt stream and a purge stream. The ammonium salt stream comprises a second amount of ammonium salt and the purge stream comprises a reduced amount of ammonia, which is less than the preliminary amount.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for producing an ammonium salt composition. The process comprises the step of providing a process stream comprising sulfuric acid, methylene dichloride, and a tertiary amine or a precursor thereof. The process further comprises the step of contacting the process stream with ammonia under conditions effective to form a product stream and a waste stream. The product stream comprises the ammonium salt and the waste stream comprises water, methylene dichloride, ammonia, and the tertiary amine. The process further comprises the step of deriving from the waste stream an off gas stream comprising ammonia and a first amount of methylene dichloride. The process also comprises the step of contacting at least a portion of the off gas stream or a derivative thereof with an adsorbent under conditions effective to separate at least a portion of the off gas into a methylene dichloride stream comprising methylene dichloride.

Abstract: A system and method for passive capture of ammonia in an enclosure containing material that gives off ammonia. The invention allows for the passage of gaseous NH3 through microporous hydrophobic gas-permeable membranes and its capture in a circulated acidic solution with concomitant production of a concentrated non-volatile ammonium salt.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the conversion of gas streams comprising ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and water in the form of liquids or gases that are generated by petroleum refineries and coke ovens to beneficiary agriculture products, by forming ammonium sulfide and then converting the ammonium sulfide, using sulfuric acid, to pure ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the treatment and purification of dangerous wastes containing ammonium salts, particularly ammonium chloride, derived from pharmaceutical and chemical technologies. The process includes the following steps: removing the organic solvent content of the waste mixture, containing an aqueous and non-aqueous phase, by phase separation based on the difference in the special weight and/or by azeotrop distillation, and heating the obtained aqueous solution at its boiling point or at a temperature belonging to the maximal saturation boiling point of the ammonium salt until the non-solvent type organic substances precipitate in the form of a well separable polymerisate phase, whereafter this phase is separated from the aqueous solution of the ammonium salt and the ammonium salt, preferably the ammonium chloride is purified by a method known per se.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an ammonium removal method can comprise: removing a multivalent cation from a stream comprising ammonium to form a treated stream; converting the ammonium in the stream to ammonia by increasing the pH of the stream; and separating the ammonia from the treated stream to form a separated stream and gaseous ammonia. In another embodiment, an ammonium removal method can comprise: a multivalent cation from a stream comprising ammonium to form a treated stream comprising a total of less than or equal to about 50 ppm by weight of multivalent cations; increasing the pH of the stream to a conversion pH; converting the ammonium to ammonia; and separating the ammonia from the treated stream to form a separated stream and gaseous ammonia.

Abstract: An aqueous precipitation process for the preparation of particles comprising primarily silver sulfate, comprising reacting an aqueous soluble silver salt and an aqueous soluble source of inorganic sulfate ion in an agitated precipitation reactor vessel and precipitating particles comprising primarily silver sulfate, wherein the reaction and precipitation are performed in the presence of an aqueous soluble organo-sulfate or organo-sulfonate additive compound, the amount of additive being a minor molar percentage, relative to the molar amount of silver sulfate precipitated, and effective to result in precipitation of particles comprising primarily silver sulfate having a mean grain size of less than 50 micrometers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for removing ammonia as an aqueous salt solution from an acid gas comprising ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. A strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, is used as a scrubbing agent to convert ammonia to an ammonium salt. Control of pH and stripping in combination with reboiler or evaporators reduces hydrogen sulfide concentration. The ammonium salt is produced as an aqueous solution, which may crystallized to form a solid product. The ammonium salt solution or solid may be used as a fertilizer.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling one or more emissions includes introducing ammonia to react with at least a portion of sulfur trioxides in an exhaust emission and result in at least one or more ammoniated compounds. At least a portion of fly ash particles and the ammoniated compounds in the exhaust emission are precipitated. At least a portion of the ammonia from the precipitated ammoniated compounds is recovered with heat from the exhaust emission and the recovered ammonia is reused.

Abstract: Energy in the form of heat is recoverable and controllable in a process that reacts an acid and a base in the presence of steam. The recovered heat energy can be used to vaporize water to form steam which when used in conjunction with a turbine will produce electricity.

Abstract: A process for the production of a vanadium compound from carbonaceous residues containing vanadium, which includes the steps of: (a) combusting the carbonaceous residues at a temperature of 500-690° C. in an oxygen-containing gas to form vanadium-containing combustion residues; (b) heating the vanadium-containing combustion residues at a temperature T in ° C. under an oxygen partial pressure of at most T in kPa wherein T and P meet with the following conditions: log10(P)=−3.45×10−3×T+2.21 500≦T≦1300 to obtain a solid product containing less than 5% by weight of carbon and vanadium at least 80% of which is tetravalent vanadium oxide; (c) selectively leach tetravalent vanadium ion with sulfuring acid at pH in the range of 1.5-4; (d) separating a liquid phase from the leached mixture; (e) adding an alkaline substance to the liquid phase to adjust the pH thereof in the range of 4.5-7.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of residual liquors from the ammoniation and carbonation of alkali metal salts containing ammonium salts, sodium salts, soluble sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and water and producing purified ammonium salts, comprising the steps of: eliminating the sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium bicarbonate mixed in the residual liquor by mixing sulfuric acid with the residual liquor in order to obtain a solution of an ammonium salt and a sodium salt; and separating the sodium salt from the solution or mixing the solution with sodium chloride crystals in order to obtain a magma containing sodium salt crystals and ammonium chloride crystals and separating the sodium salt crystals and the ammonium chloride crystals from the magma.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing ammonium salts using a reactor which includes a first tubular reaction chamber having at least one acid feed and at least on ammonia feed which are arranged in a first up-stream part of the reactor. At least one second ammonia feed is introduced into a second part of the reactor which is arranged as an extension of the first and which includes, in a flow direction, a convergent segment, a cylindrical tube and a divergent segment. The second ammonia feed communicates with the second part in the vicinity of the convergent segment and the processes is controlled to obtain basic vapors at an outlet of the reactor.

Abstract: A method of preparing a polycrystalline thin film of a transition metal chalcogenide of an orientation on a substrate which includes (a) depositing a layer of a transition metal material or mixtures thereof on the substrate; and (b) heating the layer in an open system in a gaseous reducing atmosphere containing one or more chalcogen materials for a time sufficient to allow the transition metal material and the chalcogen material to react and form the oriented polycrystalline thin film, the thin film being substantially exclusively oriented in the orientation. Also provided is a method of synthesizing structures of a transition metal chalcogenide selected from the group consisting of single layer or nested or stuffed inorganic fullerenes and nanotubes, including the step of reacting a transition metal compound with a volatile chalcogen compound in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature between about 750.degree. C. and about 1000.degree. C.

Abstract: An aqueous phase oxidization process for the oxidization of any nonoxidized feed material using a mixture of a feed material, an oxidizing acid, such as nitric acid; oxygen gas, water and preferably a stabilizing acid, such as sulfuric acid. The mixture is pressurized in a reactor and maintained at a temperature no greater than about 210.degree. C. Sufficient oxygen gas is added to increase the pressure beyond the pressure resulting from any gases formed during the oxidation process and to ensure that a substantial portion of reduction products of nitric acid formed during oxidation of the feed are substantially reoxidized to nitric acid.

Abstract: A nitrile compound or an amide compound is hydrolyzed in the presence of an inorganic acid or other acidic catalyst or an alkali metal hydroxide or other basic catalyst, and the by-produced ammonium salt of the acidic catalyst or the produced salt of a carboxylic acid and a base is electrodialysed to form an acid and ammonia or aqueous ammonia, or to form a base and ammonia. The obtained acid or base may be recycled as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of the nitrile compound or amide compound, and the obtained ammonia is reutilized as a nitrogen source for the nitrile compound or amide compound. Such amide compound may be produced by hydration of a nitrite compound in the presence of a manganese oxide.

Abstract: A flue-gas scrubbing-liquor regeneration process that is based on contacting N-S compounds contained in a flue-gas scrubbing liquor with a lime/limestone solution in a double draw-off crystallizer under suitable pH conditions for precipitating calcium salts of N-S compounds. The precipitated crop is filtered and then hydrolyzed in a sulfuric acid environment to produce gypsum and ammonium sulfate in solution. The hydrolyzed slurry is filtered and the filtrate is neutralized with lime to liberate ammonia gas that is then sparged through a sulfuric acid solution to cause the precipitation of commercial-grade ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: A method for treating residues of barium sulfide or strontium sulfide leaching with waste sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, which method significantly decreases the amount of residual material which must be disposed of.

Abstract: A liquid oxidizing system has a closed circuit in which a liquid containing matter to be oxidized is circulated. The circuit is provided with an ejector for forming a jet stream of the liquid into which oxygen, or both oxygen and an oxidizing catalyst are supplied. The oxygen (and the catalyst) rapidly contacts the matter to be oxidized in the jet stream and oxidizes it. The system is not only applicable to the treatment of waste water, such as from factories, but also useful for making a product by oxidizing a liquid, e.g. iron polysulfate which is a good coagulant.

Abstract: A system for cooling flue gases from a fossil fuel boiler plant, and removing pollutants from the flue gas, is disclosed. In a first section of the apparatus, heat exchange cools the flue gas to just above the condensation point of water, and condensed H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 is collected. In a second section, the gas is cooled further and an acid-containing condensate is collected.

Abstract: Reaction mixtures obtained by Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime with sulfuric acid or oleum are neutralized by a process which comprises the following steps:(a) mixing the reaction mixture with recycled ammonium sulfate mother liquor whose concentration is chosen so that no solid ammonium sulfate is precipitated during the neutralization,(b) neutralization by feeding gaseous ammonia which contains water or an aqueous ammonium sulfate solution in finely divided liquid form through a plurality of nozzle orifices into the solution of the reaction mixture in the ammonium sulfate mother liquor at elevated temperatures,(c) separation of crude lactam from the aqueous ammonium sulfate solution,(d) evaporation of the ammonium sulfate solution under reduced pressure and with separation of the crystalline ammonium sulfate from the ammonium sulfate mother liquor and(e) recycling of the ammonium sulfate mother liquor to stage a).

Abstract: A technique for producing baked products, such as bread with very high protein levels, up to about 45% on a dry basis (18 to 25% on a wet basis), by incorporating in the unrisen dough the desired high protein levels, large amounts of ascorbic acid, e.g. 450 to 850 PPM and small amounts of potassium bromate; and steam treating the full fat wheat germ and soy flakes to remove sulfhydril as measured by the absence of glutathione; and then rising and baking to produce a product of good taste, shelf life and density comparable to what would have been produced in the absence of the high protein levels.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing an acid compound wherein an aqueous medium is pumped through a first reactor into which ammonia is injected. The first reactor comprises a venturi with a mixing deflector in the throat of the venturi. The ammonia is introduced to the first reactor via an inclined fitting proximate to the deflector. The aqueous ammonia medium is caused to flow through a second reactor downstream from the first reactor wherein sulfuric acid is injected and mixed with the aqueous ammonia medium resulting in an exothermic reaction between the ammonia and sulfuric acid under high temperatures and pressures. The sulfuric acid inlet of the second reactor comprises an inclined fitting which extends into the second reactor to form a baffle to facilitate mixing of the sulfuric acid and the aqueous ammonia mixture. The ammonia/sulfuric acid mixture then flows into a vat wherein the temperature and pressure of the compound are reduced.

Abstract: The disclosure describes the recovery of sulfuric acid from industrial liquors containing the same. A selective liquid-liquid extraction of said liquors is carried out under conditions producing an organic phase containing the sulfuric acid and an aqueous phase eventually containing impurities. The organic phase is treated with a base, such as gaseous NH.sub.3, in order to separate the sulfuric acid. This process is simple, non-polluting, and requires little energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for preparing a titanium tanning agent from sulphuric-acid titanium-ferriferous solutions and use thereof for leather tanning.The method for preparing a titanium tanning agent from titanium-ferriferous sulphate solutions comprises introduction, into said solution, of an oxidizing agent comprising a sulphuric-acid solution of a peroxy-titanium complex, follows by the addition of ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid to precipitate a double salt of titanyl and ammonium sulphate in the monohydrate form (NH.sub.4).sub.2 TiO(SO.sub.4).sub.2.H.sub.2 O. The precipitation of this salt is preferably effected prior to its formation in an amount of 75-85% based on TiO.sub.2. The resulting salt is separated and washed; the filtrate and washings are combined and treated with ammonium sulphate to afterprecipitate the salt which is separated and recycled into the starting solution.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the absorption of gaseous or liquid ammonia in acid solutions or slurries, including an ammonia absorption zone separated from a water vapor generation zone disposed at a higher level. A pressure difference is created between the two zones, so that the ammonia absorption takes place completely in the neighborhood of the point of inflow of the ammonia, with a temperature increase localized only near to said inflow point, and thus without giving rise to the generation of water vapor which therefore takes place in a liquid-vapor separation zone located at a higher level with respect to the ammonia absorption zone. The acid solutions or slurries to be neutralized may consist essentially of solutions of phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, solutions resulting from the nitric acid attack on phosphorites, acid slurries resulting from nitric acid attack or sulphonitric acid attack on phosphorites, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Tear gas or CS (o-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile) has two nitrile functional gps which, when removed, effects the chemical conversion of bulk CS to o-chlorostyrene. This involves a first step, an acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis of CS to o-chlorocinnamic acid. Thereafter a second reaction is the decarboxylation of the intermediate product to give o-chlorostyrene.CS is reacted with 70% sulfuric acid at 120.degree. C., producing ammonium sulfate and orth-ochlorocinnamic acid (the intermediate product). This intermediate product is separated and thermally decarboxylated at 270.degree. C. (with a catalytic amount of soda lime and copper powder) to ortho-chlorostyrene.

Abstract: A process for converting chloride salts and sulfuric acid to sulfate salts and elemental chlorine is disclosed. A chloride salt and sulfuric acid are combined in a furnace where they react to produce a sulfate salt and hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride from the furnace contacts a molten salt mixture containing an oxygen compound of vanadium, an alkali metal sulfate and an alkali metal pyrosulfate to recover elemental chlorine. In the absence of an oxygen-bearing gas during the contacting, the vanadium is reduced, but is regenerated to its active higher valence state by separately contacting the molten salt mixture with an oxygen-bearing gas.

Abstract: Ammonium sulfate-bisulfate solution contaminated with metal and other ash producing contaminants is treated by adjusting the pH of the solution to the range that produces a precipitate of the contaminant by the addition of ammonia or ammonium hydroxide; cooled to at least the temperature at which a precipitate is produced; removing the precipitate from the solution; the pH of the solution from which the precipitate has been removed is adjusted to the range at which precipitation is substantially completed by the addition of sulfuric acid; and the SO.sub.4.sup.= ion concentration and the NH.sub.4.sup.+ ion concentration of the solution are adjusted to the range of the solution before initial circulation to produce a solution in which the metal concentration has been sufficiently reduced to permit recycle for use in reclaiming used motor oils.

Abstract: A process for obtaining coarsely crystalline pure ammonium sulfate from reaction mixtures which have been obtained by Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone-oxime with sulfuric acid or oleum, by neutralizing the mixtures with ammonia at an elevated temperature, with the addition of recycled ammonium sulfate mother liquor, the concentration being so chosen that during the neutralization no solid ammonium sulfate precipitates, separating the crude caprolactam from the ammonium sulfate solution, crystallizing ammonium sulfate by evaporating the ammonium sulfate solution under reduced pressure, separating off the crystallized ammonium sulfate and recycling the mother liquor to the neutralization stage. The neutralization is carried out at from 80.degree. to 115.degree. C. under autogenous pressure and the ammonium sulfate solution obtained after separating off the crude lactam is evaporated under a pressure of from 200 to 600 mm Hg while cooling to from 72.degree. to 101.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfuric acid from reaction mixtures containing sulfuric acid and .epsilon.-caprolactam by treating the sulfuric acid with ammonia and sulfur dioxide to produce ammonium sulfate salts and reducing the ammonium sulfate salts to ammonia and sulfur dioxide.

Abstract: An inorganic acid typified by H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 is added to an aqueous slurry of (NH.sub.4).sub.3 AlF.sub.6 and either Al(OH).sub.3 or Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, and the resulting mixture is kept for a while under the atmospheric pressure at or somewhat above room temperature. The acid is added preferably in such an amount that the pH of the slurry after completion of the reaction is 4 to 7.