Abstract: A microporous lead-containing solid material is produced, which can serve as a carrier for desired materials into a reaction for various desired purposes. For example, if the microporous solid is impregnated with borax it tends to inhibit the growth of unduly large crystals of tetrabasic lead, which is useful in producing batteries having improved functional qualities.

Abstract: The use of metal-accumulating plants for implementing chemical reactions.

Abstract: Wet process of low environmental impact recovers the lead content of an electrode slime and/or of lead minerals in the valuable form of high purity-lead carbonates that are convertible to highly pure lead oxide by heat treatment in oven at relatively low temperature, perfectly suited for making active electrode pastes of new batteries or other uses.

Abstract: A solid state reaction method for the production of tetrabasic lead sulfate includes the steps of mixing a stoichiometric mixture of 5PbO and (NH4)2SO4 and heating the stoichiometric mixture of 5PbO and (NH4)2SO4 at a temperature between 500 and 700° C. for 3 to 8 hours. The method also includes the steps of deagglomerating and sieving resulting tetrabasic lead sulfate.

Abstract: The present invention includes pure single-crystalline metal oxide and metal fluoride nanostructures, and methods of making same. These nanostructures include nanorods and nanoarrays.

Abstract: A solid state reaction method for the production of tetrabasic lead sulfate includes the steps of mixing a stoichiometric mixture of 5PbO and H2SO4 and heating the stoichiometric mixture of 5PbO and H2SO4 at a temperature between 500 and 700° C. for 3 to 8 hours. The method also includes the steps of deagglomerating and sieving resulting tetrabasic lead sulfate.

Abstract: A solid state reaction method for the production of tetrabasic lead sulfate includes the steps of mixing a stoichiometric mixture of 4PbO and PbCO3 and H2SO4 and heating the stoichiometric mixture of 4PbO and PbCO3 and H2SO4 at a temperature between 500 and 700° C. for 3 to 8 hours. The method also includes the steps of deagglomerating and sieving resulting tetrabasic lead sulfate.

Abstract: Described is an additive for producing the positive active material for lead-acid storage batteries on the basis of finely divided tetrabasic lead sulfate. The additive contains a tetrabasic lead sulfate of an average particle size smaller than about 3 ?m as well as finely divided silicic acid for preventing an agglomeration of the particles of the tetrabasic lead sulfate. During maturation, this additive ensures the formation of the structure of a tetrabasic lead sulfate crystal with a very narrow bandwidth of crystal sizes and a very homogeneous distribution. In a subsequent electrochemical formation to lead oxide, this leads to particularly efficient lead-acid storage batteries. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of making the additive according to the invention as well as its advantageous use in the positive material for the maturation and drying of singled and not singled plates in the production of lead-acid storage batteries.

Abstract: A solid state reaction method for the production of tetrabasic lead sulfate includes the steps of mixing a stoichiometric mixture of 4PbO and PbCO3 and H2SO4 and heating the stoichiometric mixture of 4PbO and PbCO3 and H2SO4 at a temperature between 500 and 700° C. for 3 to 8 hours. The method also includes the steps of deagglomerating and sieving resulting tetrabasic lead sulfate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing an electroactive metal polyanion or a mixed metal polyanion comprising forming a slurry comprising a polymeric material, a solvent, a polyanion source or alkali metal polyanion source and at least one metal ion source; heating said slurry at a temperature and for a time sufficient to remove the solvent and form an essentially dried mixture; and heating said mixture at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce an electroactive metal polyanion or electroactive mixed metal polyanion.

Abstract: A solid state reaction method for the production of tetrabasic lead sulfate includes the steps of mixing a stoichiometric mixture of 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O and PbO and heating the stoichiometric mixture of 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O and PbO at a temperature between 500 and 700° C. for 3 to 8 hours. The method also includes the steps of deagglomerating and sieving resulting tetrabasic lead sulfate.

Abstract: A battery paste additive, and process for making the same comprising micronized seed crystals of tetra basic lead sulfate, is added to battery paste and results in accelerated curing time and other improvements in battery performance. The battery paste additive may be used to produce positive or negative battery plates and may be use with conventional mixing, pasting and curing processes and equipment.

Abstract: The present invention is an additive for producing a positive active material for lead-acid storage batteries on the basis of finely divided tetrabasic lead sulfate. The additive contains a tetrabasic lead sulfate of an average particle size less than about 3 ?m as well as finely divided hydrophobic silicic acid for preventing agglomeration of the particles of the tetrabasic lead sulfate. During maturation, this additive ensures the formation of the structure of a tetrabasic lead sulfate crystal with a very narrow bandwidth of crystal sizes and a very homogeneous distribution. In the subsequent electrochemical formation to lead oxide, this leads to particularly efficient lead-acid storage batteries. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of making the additive according to the invention as well as its advantageous use in the positive material for the maturation and drying of plates in the production of lead-acid storage batteries.

Abstract: The production of tetrabasic lead sulfate by means of solid state reactions at high temperatures allow the formation of powders having a particle size of less than 10 ?m. In the methods the chemical reaction that takes place between lead oxide and different sulfated compounds occurs in a single high temperature treatment. The sulfated compounds used in the present invention to produce the tetrabasic lead sulfate are: PbSO4, 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O, H2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4. There are lead-acid battery pastes produced using the tetrabasic lead sulfate made, the lead-acid battery plates made with the pastes, and the lead-acid batteries subsequently made with the plates.

Abstract: A catalyst of a water insoluble vanadyl sulfate or a complex catalyst, in which a specific oxide and a specific sulfate are combined to the water insoluble vanadyl sulfate are excellent not only in their activity, durability and SO2 resistance, not only in substantially no oxidization of SO2 to SO3 as in HCl resistant. Therefore, using this catalyst, a decomposition treatment of an organic halide(s) can be carried out with high efficiency and good stability. In particular, a efficient decomposition treatment of an organic halides(s) can be carried out also in the cases that dust is coexist; the gas to be treated contains SOX or HCl; or they generate in the decomposition area.

Abstract: A simple, effective, cost-efficient method of precipitating sulfate in an aqueous salt solution and removing the precipitate from the solution. The steps of the method include diluting the solution and slowly adding a precipitant to the solution. By following this method, a sulfate precipitate settles out of the solution quantitatively and can be easily separated from the sulfate-free supernatant.

Abstract: A catalytic reaction apparatus includes a catalytic reaction vessel containing a catalyst for an exothermic reaction. First and second catalyst regions contain a catalyst and have different catalytic performances from one another. At least two raw materials are introduced in the catalytic reaction vessel and passed through the first and second catalyst regions to react to generate heat. The heat is transferred to a heat medium arranged outside and contacting the catalytic reaction vessel so that distribution of temperature is controlled in the catalytic reaction vessel. The difference in catalytic performance is achieved by controlling concentration of the catalyst or by using different catalyst species.

Abstract: Lead oxide is used for neutralizing the sulfuric acid wastewater received from washing charged (formed) electrodes during lead battery production. The neutralization product, including lead sulfate and excess lead oxide, is returned directly to production of the active mass paste. The mother liquor, after a possible use as cleaning water, is subjected to another neutralization with lead oxide, separate from the wastewater received from the electrode washing procedure in view of its possible content of impurities. The resulting lead sulfate is sent to a metal-processing facility for recycling. The neutral mother liquor, after the removal of lead residues by conventional precipitation methods and filtration, is discharged as treated water.

Abstract: In a preferred method, an electrode for a lead-acid battery is prepared in a new continuous process without the conventional curing step. The general procedure for preparing electrodes includes preparing a mixture (paste) comprising an active material precursor and an inhibitor. The active material precursor includes lead oxides having at least 10% by weight lead oxide in the form of Pb.sub.3 O.sub.4 (red lead), and a BET surface area of at least about 0.8 m.sup.2 /gram; desirably about 1.00 to 1.50 m.sup.2 /gram and preferably about 1.0 to 1.25 m.sup.2 /gram. The inhibitor prevents formation of tribasic lead sulfate and tetrabasic lead sulfate from the precursor material, except at elevated temperature. The paste is applied to electrode grids and reacted at elevated temperatures for between about 5 and about 30 minutes, to form the active material of the electrode for both positive and negative electrodes. Plates are then assembled into batteries and charged.

Abstract: A process for recovering in pure metal form substantially all lead from battery sludge is disclosed. The battery sludge is desulfurized, leached with acid, and separated by filtration. Lead is recovered from the filtrate by electrowinning. The residue from the leaching and filtration is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid to cause the simultaneous occurring of the following reactions:C.sub.n (H.sub.2 O).sub.m +H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 .fwdarw.nC+H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 .multidot.mH.sub.2 O (1)C+2PbO.sub.2 +2H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 .fwdarw.2PbSO.sub.4 +CO.sub.2 +2H.sub.2 O (2)up to the quantitative reduction of substantially all of the lead dioxide PbO.sub.2 and elimination of substantially all the organic substances C.sub.n (H.sub.2 O).sub.m contained in the insoluble residue. Lead sulfate from the above reaction is recycled to the desulfurization step.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of hydrated lead oxides in the bivalent state characterized by the step of (1) reacting metallic lead with acetic acid (e.g. ammonium acetate, 5%-30% solution) at a temperature up to 200.degree. C. (e.g. 50.degree.-200.degree. C.) under an atmosphere of an oxygen containing gas (e.g. oxygen) of between 1 and 10 atmospheres absolute pressure to form lead acetate, then (2) reacting the lead acetate with a source of ammonium ion (e.g. ammonia) under an absolute pressure between 1 and 5 atmospheres at a temperature up to 100.degree. C. (e.g. 60.degree.-90.degree. C.) to precipitate lead oxides and, optionally, to produce tri- and tetra- basic lead sulphates, by (3) adding to the lead oxides so precipitated sulphuric acid in the stoichliometric amount to produce tri- or tetra- basic lead sulphate, then (4) separating and drying the tri- or tetra- basic lead sulphate so formed.

Abstract: A process for the purification of crude thionyl chloride wherein the crude thionyl chloride is distilled in the presence of sulfur and a sulfur-aluminum chloride catalyst to convert the impurities, sulfuryl chloride and sulfur dichloride and remove them from the distillate of thionyl chloride. The thionyl chloride collected will contain less than 0.01% sulfuryl chloride, less than 0.1% sulfur monochloride and less than 0.01% sulfur dichloride.

Abstract: Disclosed is a granular stabilizer for chlorine-containing polymers, which comprises porous spherical particles composed of randomly integrated needle crystals of a polybasic sulfuric acid/fatty acid lead salt having a chemical composition of 1 mole of SO.sub.3, 3.7 to 4.5 moles of PbO and 0.06 to 1.27 moles of a higher fatty acid and also having X-ray diffraction peaks at spacings d of 2.95 A and 3.27 A, wherein the fatty acid component is enrolled in the surfaces of the respective needle crystals without substantial phase separation in the surfaces of the spherical particles.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of lead compounds which comprises reacting lead monoxide according to the wet method with an inorganic acid or organic acid in the presence of hydroxylamine under such conditions that the initial pH value of the reaction system is not higher than 7.Lead monoxide according to the wet method has an excellent reactivity with an inorganic acid or organic acid, but it contains higher oxides such as lead dioxide and minium, which cause coloration in lead compound products. According to this process, this undesirable coloration can effectively prevented.

Abstract: A method of recovering metallic tellurium from a residue dust containing a major amount of lead oxide, a minor amount of tellurium oxide, and a minor amount of iron oxide which comprises the steps of introducing the residue into a leach tank containing water, sulphuric acid and ferric sulphate, the sulphuric acid being present in the leach tank in an amount equal to about 5% to 10% by weight in excess of that stoichiometrically required to react with the lead and tellurium, the ferric sulphate being added as an oxidizing agent, reacting the residue with the sulphuric acid and ferric sulphate to produce lead sulphate and a tellurium solution, removing the lead sulphate and tellurium solution from the leach tank and separating the lead sulphate from the tellurium solution, adding the separated tellurium solution to a tumbler containing particles of metallic iron, agitating the tumbler so that the tellurium solution reacts with the iron to produce ferrous sulphate and metallic tellurium, withdrawing the mixture

Abstract: A multi-step process for recovering metal values from lead smelter matte. The matte is mixed with sulfuric acid and manganese oxide and leaching is effected at atmospheric pressure to form an aqueous solution including dissolved metal sulfates and a residue containing sulfur and lead sulfate. The sulfur is removable by conventional means and the lead sulfate may be returned to the smelter. The pH of the aqueous sulfate solution is adjusted to 3.5 to 4.5 to precipitate ferric iron and arsenic and pH is readjusted to about 3.0 to redissolve coprecipitated copper. After separation from the precipitate, the aqueous solution is mixed with a sulfiding agent, such as sodium sulfide at a pH of not more than 3 to selectively precipitate copper sulfide. After separating the copper sulfide, the aqueous solution is mixed with further sulfiding agent at a pH of 3 to 4.5 to form a cobalt-nickel sulfide precipitate in which the weight ratio of copper-nickel to sulfur is 1.8.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of removing mercury-containing contaminations in gases by passing the gas to be purified through a filter bed which is devised to make the gas contact effectively. The method is characterized in that, the filter bed is consisted of specific material prepared by binding onto a carrier substance such as granulated pumice, with sulfurous substance as contamination absorbing agent, such as natural sulfide minerals subjected to a surface activation pretreatment, synthetized metal sulfides and sulfur.According to the present invention, it is intended to remove contaminations in gases, especially those containing vaporized mercury together with adsorption on the filter bed material, in such a mechanism that mercury, which has a high vapor pressure, is converted into its sulfide, which shows very low vapor pressure, by contacting the gas with sulfides of other metals or with sulfur.

Abstract: Antimony and bismuth are selectively removed from an electrolyte solution, especially a solution used for the electrolytic refining of copper by adding to the electrolyte solution a carbonate of barium, strontium, or lead.

Abstract: A hydrometallurgical process for recycling the paste and electrolyte of junk lead-acid batteries begins by separating the paste and electrolyte from the junk batteries. The paste and electrolyte are then reacted to increase the lead sulfate content of the paste and reduce the acid content of the electrolyte. Excess liquid is then removed from the mixture of paste and electrolyte, after which the paste is mixed with an aqueous ammoniacal ammonium sulfate solution to dissolve a substantial portion of the lead sulfate from the paste. The remaining solid materials are then separated from the resulting pregnant lead solution, after which lead carbonate is precipitated from the pregnant lead solution by the addition of ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate or carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A method of reducing the sulfate ion and sulfuric acid contamination of waste water in lead-acid battery manufacturing operations and recovery of the lead in salvageable form is provided which comprises neutralizing aqueous sulfuric acid wastes by treatment with waste battery paste containing lead oxide under controlled pH conditions.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of lead sulphide with an aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide at a temperature of at least 20.degree. C and in the absence of oxygen is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment the lead sulphate and/or lead sulphite so formed is heated with lead sulphide at a temperature of 700.degree. to 1200.degree. C in the absence of oxygen. Metallic lead is obtained. In the preferred embodiment the lead sulphide may contain zinc sulphide whereby both metallic lead and metallic zinc may be obtained.