Abstract: To produce high-pressure hydrogen, water and a hydrogen-generating material (MgH2) which reacts with water to generate hydrogen are weighed so that a target high hydrogen pressure is generated in a high-pressure container. Then, the hydrogen-generating material is introduced into the high-pressure container through its supply port, and water is introduced into the high-pressure container through the supply port. Thereafter, the supply port is closed, thereby causing a reaction between the hydrogen-generating material and the water, so that the hydrogen pressure in the high-pressure container reaches a target high hydrogen pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen, the method including contacting a quantity of aqueous liquid with a quantity of dissociation initiating material in a reaction vessel; monitoring the temperature and/or pressure in the reaction vessel; monitoring the surface area of dissociation initiating material in contact with the aqueous liquid; and controlling the surface area of dissociation initiating material in contact with the aqueous liquid in response to the temperature, pressure, or both, or changes therein, or both, in the reaction vessel.

Abstract: Process for the production of hydrogen consisting in subjecting a solid to oxidation and treating, in a different zone, the oxidized form thus produced with a reducing stream, preferably a hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Provided is a method of and an apparatus for decomposing hydrogen. The method includes the steps of introducing hydrocarbons into a reaction vessel in a closed-loop system, at least partially decomposing the hydrocarbons into hydrogen by heating the hydrocarbons in the reaction vessel in the presence of a catalyst, introducing the hydrogen into a cassette with metal oxide contained therein, reducing the metal oxide in the cassette to metal or metal oxide having a lower valence by at least partially reacting the metal oxide with the hydrogen to form water, and returning unreacted hydrogen to the reaction vessel. Also provided is a method for producing hydrogen for an apparatus in need thereof.

Abstract: A method for efficiently recovering hydrogen from resin waste. The method, characterized by reacting waste containing resin with water in the presence of hydrous iron oxide particles or/and iron oxide particles.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of hydrogen gas. The method includes the reduction of steam utilizing a metal species, such as iron or tin, to form pure hydrogen gas. At least two reactors are preferably utilized to continuously form additional metal for the reduction of the steam by reducing a metal oxide. No substantial transport of the non-gaseous reactants (e.g., the metal and metal oxide) is required, thereby simplifying the apparatus and reducing the overall cost of the hydrogen production.

Abstract: A method for the production of hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is formed by steam reduction using a metal/metal oxide couple to remove oxygen from water. Steam is contacted with a molten metal mixture including a first reactive metal such as iron dissolved in a diluent metal such as tin. The reactive metal oxidizes to a metal oxide, forming a hydrogen gas and the metal oxide can then be reduced back to the metal for further production of hydrogen without substantial movement of the metal or metal oxide to a second reactor.

Abstract: A method for the production of ammonia. The method includes the reduction of steam using a metal species such as iron or tin to form pure hydrogen gas and the reaction of hydrogen gas with nitrogen gas to form ammonia. The nitrogen gas can be formed by extracting the oxygen from air through the oxidation of a metal, yielding nitrogen gas.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen includes providing a feed stream comprising water; contacting at least one proton conducting membrane adapted to interact with the feed stream; splitting the water into hydrogen and oxygen at a predetermined temperature; and separating the hydrogen from the oxygen. Preferably the proton conducting membrane comprises a proton conductor and a second phase material. Preferable proton conductors suitable for use in a proton conducting membrane include a lanthanide element, a Group VIA element and a Group IA or Group IIA element such as barium, strontium, or combinations of these elements. More preferred proton conductors include yttrium. Preferable second phase materials include platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, vanadium, silver, gold, copper, rhodium, ruthenium, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, and combinations of these. More preferably second phase materials suitable for use in a proton conducting membrane include nickel, palladium, and combinations of these.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for the continuous production of hydrogen. The present method comprises reacting a metal catalyst with a degassed aqueous organic acid solution within a reaction vessel under anaerobic conditions at a constant temperature of ≦80° C. and at a pH ranging from about 4 to about 9. The reaction forms a metal oxide when the metal catalyst reacts with the water component of the organic acid solution while generating hydrogen, then the organic acid solution reduces the metal oxide thereby regenerating the metal catalyst and producing water, thus permitting the oxidation and reduction to reoccur in a continual reaction cycle. The present method also allows the continuous production of hydrogen to be sustained by feeding the reaction with a continuous supply of degassed aqueous organic acid solution.

Abstract: Present invention relates to a CdZnMS photocatalyst for producing hydrogen from water and a method for preparing thereof and a method for producing hydrogen by using said photocatalyst.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method of producing hydrogen gas. The method comprises the steps of: providing in a reaction container a composition including respective quantities of particulate elemental magnesium, particulate elemental iron, an additional elemental metal selected from the group consisting of particulate elemental aluminum and particulate elemental zinc at a level of from about 1-10% by weight, an alkali metal salt and water; causing said composition to react in said container to generate hydrogen gas; and recovering said evolved hydrogen gas.

Abstract: Methods and products for thermally degrading unwanted substances is provided which involves contacting such substances with a particulate metal composition in the presence of water and an alkali metal salt, and causing sufficient heat to be generated during such contacting to degrade the substance. The particulate metal compositions include respective quantities of particulate iron and magnesium, and optionally quantities of particulate aluminum and zinc. The compositions generate temperatures on the order of 300-550° F. during such thermal degradations, along with quantities of hydrogen gas and water vapor.

Abstract: Methods and products for thermally degrading unwanted substances is provided which involves contacting such substances with a particulate metal composition in the presence of water and an alkali metal salt, and causing sufficient heat to be generated during such contacting to degrade the substance. The particulate metal compositions include respective quantities of particulate iron and magnesium, and optionally quantities of particulate aluminum and zinc. The compositions generate temperatures on the order of 300-550.degree. F. during such thermal degradations, along with quantities of hydrogen gas and water vapor.

Abstract: Methods and products for thermally degrading unwanted substances is provided which involves contacting such substances with a particulate metal composition in the presence of water and an alkali metal salt, and causing sufficient heat to be generated during such contacting to degrade the substance. The particulate metal compositions include respective quantities of particulate iron and magnesium, and optionally quantities of particulate aluminum and zinc. The compositions generate temperatures on the order of 300-550.degree. F. during such thermal degradations, along with quantities of hydrogen gas and water vapor.

Abstract: The catalyzed method of this invention features a method for operating an electrical automotive vehicle. The method of the invention utilizes a hydrogen-air fuel cell to power an electrical automotive vehicle having electrical drive motors. Hydrogen to fuel the fuel cell is supplied onboard by a bed of iron that is made to react with H.sub.2 O in the presence of an alkaline catalyst at temperatures not exceeding approximately 250.degree. C. The preferred alkali hydroxide is the hydroxide of potassium in a range of concentrations between 50 to 60 percent by weight, with the preferred concentration being about 53%. The hydrogen for fueling the fuel cell is generated onboard the automobile, in situ, by using a storage compartment containing iron materials. The hydrogen is generated by passing heated water over freshly ground iron, which then becomes iron oxide. The vehicle's operator obtains a fresh charge of the new iron materials from an iron fuel station for placement in a compartment of the vehicle.

Abstract: The new iron material and catalyst admixture of this invention features a method for operating an electrical automotive vehicle. The method of the invention utilizes a hydrogen-air fuel cell to power an electrical automotive vehicle having electrical drive motors. Hydrogen to fuel the fuel cell is supplied onboard by a reactor bed of iron that is made to react with H.sub.2 O in the presence of an alkali hydroxide catalyst at temperatures not exceeding approximately 250.degree. C. The preferred alkali hydroxide is the hydroxide of potassium in a range of concentrations between 50 to 60 percent by weight, with the preferred concentration being about 53%. The hydrogen for fueling the fuel cell is generated onboard the automobile, in situ, by using a storage compartment containing iron materials. The hydrogen is generated by passing heated H.sub.2 O over the iron, which then becomes iron oxide.

Abstract: The new iron material and catalyst admixture of this invention feature a method for operating an automotive vehicle that is designed to internally combust hydrogen generated in situ aboard the vehicle. The method of the invention utilizes hydrogen from an onboard reactor to power an automotive vehicle. Hydrogen from the onboard reactor is generated by a bed of iron that is made to react with H.sub.2 O in the presence of an alkali hydroxide catalyst at temperatures not exceeding approximately 250.degree. C. The preferred alkali hydroxide is the hydroxide of potassium in a range of concentrations between 50 to 60 percent by weight, with the preferred concentration being about 53%. The iron materials of this invention may comprise in situ freshly-ground particulates as an added enhancement for the reactivity between the iron and H.sub.2 O. The particles range in diameter size from approximately 25 to 1,200 .mu.

Abstract: An improved system for generating hydrogen fuel for use in an energy-producing device such as a fuel cell or heat engine is disclosed. The hydrogen is produced at a faster rate by reacting particles of an activated iron reactant with heated water in a fluidized bed-type reactor. The reaction results in an increased rate of hydrogen production along with spent metal oxide particles which are easily and cheaply regenerable.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a process for regenerating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) from aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide (Na.sub.2 S) comprising heating aqueous sodium sulfide in the presence of a metal selected from the group consisting of iron and cobalt, for a time and at a temperature sufficient to form a metal sulfide, sodium hydroxide and molecular hydrogen.

Abstract: Hydrogen gas is generated on demand by reacting hydrochloric acid (haloacid) and a pure metal by flowing the acid upwardly through a bed of metal particles held on a distributor plate within a sliding tray. The tray reciprocates in a receiving vessel. A port in the retaining vessel can be aligned with a drain port in the sliding tray (below the distributor plate) so that the solution in the bed can be shunted directly to an annulus between the retaining vessel and the reactor jacket, thereby eliminating contact of acid and metal and stopping the generation of hydrogen. A coolant may be circulated in the base of the retaining vessel to control the temperature of the acid as it enters the bed, thereby helping to control the reaction rate. A hydrogen generator reactor includes one or more sliding trays housed within a jacket.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the generation of hydrogen gas from hot water by means of a metallic catalyst such as nickel powder and a chelating agent such as EDTA. Temperature of the water should range from about 60.degree. C. to 150.degree. C. but preferably not above the boiling point of the water. The water is preferably heated by waste heat, and the hydrogen is utilized as a supplemental fuel for fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal. Increased hydrogen generation can be obtained by subjecting the water mixture to a magnetic field or to ultrasonic radiation.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a hydrogen generating system which produces hydrogen instantaneously from water ready for use upon demand. The system includes a reactor that has reaction zones wherein catalyst and elevated temperatures generate hydrogen from steam. The zones in the reactor can be in the form of tubes about a heat generating chamber, and the zones are adapted to be interconnected to each other, to atmosphere, and to the source of steam, all to maximize the generation of hydrogen by providing a reactor of optimum flexibility.The present invention also is directed to systems which include the hydrogen generating system and which utilize the generated hydrogen as a fuel or a chemical.

Abstract: A hydrogen generating system which produces hydrogen instantaneously from water ready for use upon demand. The system includes a reactor that has reaction zones wherein catalyst and elevated temperatures generate hydrogen from steam. The zones in the reactor can be in the form of tubes about a heat generating chamber, and the zones are adapted to be interconnected to each other, to atmosphere, and to the source of steam, all to maximize the generation of hydrogen by providing a reactor of optimum flexibility.The present invention also is directed to systems which include the hydrogen generating system and which utilize the generated hydrogen as a fuel or as a chemical.

Abstract: Improved closed-loop pyrochemical processes for the decomposition of water in which at least one reaction step in each process has a high energy requirement that may be expressed in standard Gibbs free energy change terms of more than 10 to 20 kcal/mole at 298.degree. K., .DELTA.G.sup.o.sub.f298. Such high energy steps are carried out in the central reaction chamber of a thermonuclear reactor wherein the energy of intense shock waves, hereinafter called the blast waves, caused by a pellet-by-pellet intermittent thermonuclear reaction provides an automatic drive for the process step kinetics. During the radial outward propagation of the blast wave reaction materials within the chamber are heated and compressed within the blast wave and entrained behind the blast wave. The product density immediately behind the blast wave remains directly proportional to the ambient density ahead of the wave.

Abstract: A solid state renewable energy supply is provided by the oxidation of a passivating oxide forming solid state material in the presence of oxygen under the control of a passivating oxide preventing agent forming thereby an oxide reaction product, heat and hydrogen. The oxide reaction product is then electrolytically or thermo chemically reduced to recover the solid state material. Aluminum is hydrolized in the presence of gallium producing aluminum oxide, heat and hydrogen. The aluminum oxide is in turn electrolyzed back to aluminum.

Abstract: The aqueous substance, for example sea water, is boiled, the steam produced is fed under pressure into a turbo-alternator turbine producing electricity, the residual steam is reduced into soft water and the residue of evaporation, for example sea salt, is recovered as a by-product.The steam is fed directly or on leaving the turbine onto iron heated to about 800.degree. C., which supplies hydrogen and as a by-product ferric oxide. The initial source of energy is, besides solar energy, any known source of energy, such as coal situated at great depths. The starting aqueous substance is, apart from sea water, waste sludges, a rock salt solution or a mixture of sludges and salt solution. In the case of sludges, the by-product is a dry and sterilized fertilizer transformable into fuel bricks. The salt residue is transformable by electrolysis into hydrogen and sodium chlorate, which is a fuel. The sludge-salt residue supplies a combustible mixture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing gaseous or liquid fuels or hydrocarbons from solid mineral sources and, more particularly, to a process for producing solid compounds, hereinafter designated fuel precursors, capable of releasing or generating flammable gases or liquids by chemical and/or physical conversion phenomena and to the process and methods to accomplish said fuel generation. The fuel precursors consist primarily of carbides formed from two or more metallic elements combined with carbon. The precursors additionally may contain minor amounts of free metal, unreacted carbon or other impurities.

Abstract: Steam is reformed (i.e. reduced) to hydrogen in two or more successive stages by chemical reaction with intermediates, at least one of which is selected from tin, indium, germanium, molybdenum or WO.sub.2. The oxidized intermediate is regenerated to its original composition by reducing gas in one or more stages. With this multistaged processing in the proper sequence, the proportion of steam converted to hydrogen and the proportion of reducing gas utilized for reduction can both be increased over what is possible in single stage processes.

Abstract: A catalyst is described for use in a process for oxidizing and/or cracking a heavy hydrocarbon under fluidizing conditions in the presence of the catalyst, including simultaneously or subsequently reducing iron oxides in said catalyst and then reacting the reduced oxidation-state iron with steam to produce hydrogen, said catalyst consisting essentially of from 30 to 60 wt % Fe, 0.1 to 10 wt % Ni, and 10 wt % or less SiO.sub.2, and having a specific surface area of from 0.1 to 30 m.sup.2 /g and an apparent specific gravity of from 2.5 to 4.0.

Abstract: A process for processing a sulfur-containing heavy oil, which comprises:in a first zone, catalytically cracking a sulfur-containing heavy oil in the presence of fluidized catalyst particles containing about 30 to 60 wt % Fe to thereby convert the heavy oil to a light oil, deposit sulfur-containing coke on the catalyst particles, and partially fixing the decomposed sulfur compounds with the reduced iron contained in the catalyst particles as iron sulfide;in a second zone, contacting the catalyst from the first zone with an oxygen containing gas in an amount less than that theoretically required to thereby partially combust the coke on the catalyst, reduce the iron in the catalyst, and fix the sulfur compounds contained in the coke as iron sulfide; andin a third zone, contacting the reduced catalyst from the second zone with steam in a fluidized manner to produce hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide and to convert the reduced iron and iron sulfide in the catalyst to iron oxides, with the iron oxide-containing catalyst

Abstract: Supercorroding magnesium alloys that operate like galvanic cells and react apidly and predictably with seawater to produce heat and hydrogen gas. The alloys are formed by a mechanical process that bonds magnesium and noble metal powder particles together in a strong electrical and mechanical bond. The alloy powders can be compacted and sintered to form barstock, etc., suitable for making self-destructing corroding links.

Abstract: A process for producing a cracked distillate and hydrogen from a heavy oil which comprises cracking the heavy oil in the presence of laterite or a laterite-containing catalyst while simultaneously depositing coke on said laterite or laterite-containing catalysts, reducing the laterite or laterite-containing catalyst on which the coke is deposited, and forming a hydrogen-rich gas by contacting the reduced laterite or laterite-containing catalyst with steam.

Abstract: In a reactor for cracking heavy hydrocarbon oil through a fluidized bed of particles of natural ores, coke-like materials are deposited on a top of the reactor or pipe inside surfaces of a transfer line from the reactor to a scrubber. To effectively scour out the deposited coke-like materials, particles of natural ores having a mean diameter of a few hundred .mu.m is made to be contained in an effluent gas from the top of reactor, passing through the transfer line at a concentration of 1 to 40 g/m.sup.3. The particles of natural ores have a good effect of scouring out the deposited coke-like materials and can keep the transfer line efficiently clean even with a small amount of the particles of natural ores, decreasing a pressure drop in the transfer line.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced in a cyclic metals oxidation/carbon reduction process. In particular, elemental iron or cobalt is oxidized in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide with the simultaneous generation of hydrogen. The iron or cobalt oxidation products of the reaction are thereafter reduced to elemental iron or cobalt by contact with a carbonaceous reducing agent at elevated temperatures and the reduced material recycled for reoxidation. In an alternate operation, hydrogen is produced in a cyclic electrolytic/carbon reduction process wherein elemental iron or cobalt is electrolytically converted to corresponding oxidation products with the simultaneous generation of hydrogen. The electrolytic cell used in this process comprises a cathode, a magnetic anode that is adapted to attract and retain iron and/or cobalt particles and an aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: A closed system for obtaining hydrogen from water is provided by combining a first step of obtaining hydrogen by reacting water and ferrous halide, a second step of converting triiron tetraoxide produced as a by-product in the first step to ferrous sulfate, a third step of obtaining oxygen and by-products by thermally decomposing said ferrous sulfate, and a fourth step of returning said by-products by thermally decomposing said ferrous sulfate, and a fourth step of returning said by-products obtained in the third step to any of the previous steps.

Abstract: A hydrogen rich gas such as pure hydrogen, ammonia synthesis gas, or methanol synthesis gas is generated by reacting steam with a nongaseous intermediate, whereby some of the steam is reduced to hydrogen and some of the intermediate is oxidized. Carbon dioxide may be added to or substituted for the steam, whereby carbon monoxide is produced in addition to or in lieu of H.sub.2. The oxidized intermediate is reduced by a reducing gas. The reducing gas is generated by partially reforming a light hydrocarbon such as natural gas or naphtha with steam and/or CO.sub.2, and then partially oxidizing the partially reformed gas with air. The low BTU exhaust gas resulting after reduction of intermediate oxide is used as fuel for the primary reformer. When ammonia synthesis gas is produced by this process, the purge and flash gases from the ammonia synthesis loop are added to the reducing gas.

Abstract: A method for efficient production of hydrogen by thermochemical decomposition of water by use of tri-iron tetraoxide and hydrogen bromide as main cyclic reaction media.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for extracting hydrogen from magma and water by injecting water from above the earth's surface into a pocket of magma and extracting hydrogen produced by the water-magma reaction from the vicinity of the magma.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water comprising the steps of forming ferric chloride from ferriferrous oxide by reaction with a chloride ion yielding substance, thermally reducing the ferric chloride to produce ferrous chloride, reducing the ferrous chloride to metallic iron, then oxidizing the metallic iron with water so as to produce hydrogen. The metallic iron may be formed by reducing the ferrous compound with hydrogen. Two specific reactant regenerative closed cycle systems are disclosed utilizing the process of this invention for the production of hydrogen and oxygen.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced by the thermal decomposition of water at temperatures of 1000.degree. C or below by making use of iron salts and carbon dioxide, which are circulated in closed circuits in the reaction system. The only raw material to be supplied from an external source is water; all intermediates are circulated in the reaction system. A nuclear reactor may be used as a heat source for the reaction.

Abstract: A closed-cycle multi-step thermochemical process is described for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water. The disclosed process utilizes auxiliary compounds of the system iron-chlorine. By using the following two basic process steps:A. reacting an iron oxide with hydrogen chloride or a mixture of hydrogen chloride and chlorine to form iron (II) chloride or iron (III) chloride andB. reacting iron or iron (II) oxide with water to form iron (II) oxide or iron (II) (III) oxideIt is possible to employ a variety of additional steps so that the sum total of the reaction steps consume water, produce hydrogen and oxygen and regenerate the desired starting materials within the closed system.

Abstract: Decomposition of water to hydrogen and oxygen with the aid of a thermochemical cyclic process based upon the iron/chlorine system by reduction of FeCl.sub.2 in the presence of H.sub.2 to Fe, oxidation of the Fe with steam to Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4, treatment of the hot Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 with steam and chlorine to obtain oxygen, conversion of themixture of iron oxides so obtained with hydrogen chloride to FeCl.sub.2 and recycling of the FeCl.sub.2 to the reduction stage, wherein a part of the heat required for the process is supplied by heating the hydrogen and steam in indirect heat exchange with a hot coolant from a high temperature nuclear reactor. The conversion of the iron oxides to FeCl.sub.2 is carried out via the intermediate stage of dimeric FeCl.sub.3 and it is thus possible to convey the solid reaction products by free fall through the reaction zones.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method of disposing of trash comprised of a wide variety of constituents including garbage, metals, glass, plastic and other scrap materials, wherein the trash is directed into an incinerator and subjected to high temperatures to reduce the trash in a manner to permit part of the effluent from the incinerator to be processed for recovery of chemicals therein and to permit all residues to be collected, separated out and further processed as desired. In processing the effluent to retrieve the chemicals therein, chemicals from seawater, brine wells or salt is utilized to combine with the effluent to effect the isolation of a plurality of chemicals derivable from the trash. The chemicals can be stored for subsequent use. Electrical energy, hydrogen and steam can be generated by the burning of the trash in the incinerator.

Abstract: Micro electrochemical cells which utilize an intimate mixture of active and assive metals are reacted with seawater for producing heat and hydrogen gas for use as a heat source, energy source, or buoyancy generator for use in remote areas.

Abstract: Hydrogen and oxygen are obtained from water using a multi-step circulatory process using iron compounds and chlorine as adjuvants. Using three beds, respectively containing magnesium chloride, iron oxide and cuprous chloride, and by a four-step process involving passing steam through the magnesium bed, carbon monoxide through the iron bed, carbon dioxide through the copper bed, and steam through the iron bed one obtains hydrogen and oxygen as end products and is left with the starting materials in the respective beds. An efficiency of about 60% can be achieved by the process.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water comprising the steps of forming ferric chloride from ferriferrous oxide by reaction with a chloride ion yielding substance, reducing the ferric chloride produced with a reducing agent to produce ferrous chloride, thermally reducing the ferric chloride to produce ferrous chloride, then oxidizing either the ferrous compound or metallic iron with water so as to produce hydrogen. The metallic iron may be formed by reducing the ferrous compound with hydrogen. Four specific reactant regenerative closed cycle systems are disclosed utilizing the process of this invention for the production of hydrogen with high energy efficiencies.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen and oxygen by splitting water in a thermocical cycle, according to which in a first method stage a gas mixture of from 1 to 50 parts by volume of steam and 2 parts by volume of sulfur dioxide is reacted at a temperature within the temperature range of from 200.degree. to 400.degree. C with an oxide of one of the metals manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc or cadmium for forming a metal sulfate and for freeing hydrogen gas. Thereupon the hydrogen gas is in a manner known per se separated from the residual gas mixture and in a second method stage after conversion of the metal oxide to a metal sulfate, the metal sulfate for purposes of decomposition or disintegration and for forming a metal oxide, sulfur dioxide gas and oxygen gas, is heated to a temperature within the temperature range of from 700.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Thereupon the oxygen gas is separated from the sulfur dioxide gas in a manner known per se.

Abstract: Micro electrochemical cells which utilize an intimate mixture of active and assive metals are reacted with seawater for producing heat and hydrogen gas for use as a heat source, energy source, or buoyancy generator for use in remote areas.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the processing of fluid materials, particularly in the preparation of samples for radioactive isotope tracer studies by combustion of starting materials containing such isotope tracers. The sample is burned in a combustion chamber which tapers upwardly and inwardly above the sample receptacle so as to approximate the shape of the flame of a burning sample, and the combustion products are continuously exhausted from the combustion chamber and passed through a heat exchanger which condenses the condensable vapors in the combustion products. The condensed vapors are then separated from the gases, and the gases are passed into a reaction column if there is a radioactive isotope tracer remaining in gas form.