Abstract: A new food by lactic fermentation which has a good shape-maintaining property when squeezed from a squeezing tube at normal and lower temperatures is prepared by emulsifying an aqueous solution of non-fat milk solids and/or soybean proteins and fats to form an O/W type emulsion and subjecting said emulsion to lactic fermentation, the protein content of said O/W type emulsion is between 2 and 10% by weight, the fat content is between 20 and 40% by weight and the solid fat index of said fat is characterized as follows:6.about.30 at 5.degree. C., 3.about.20 at 15.degree. C., 1.about.10 at 25.degree. C. and difference between 5.degree. and 15.degree.0 C. being not more than 10, and difference between 15.degree. and 25.degree. C. being not more than 10.

Abstract: A method of making cheese-like food by mixing a proteinaceous component and a fat or oil component, curdling the resulting mixture with a microorganism and/or an enzyme to form a curd, cooking the curd to separate the whey, draining the whey, adding salt, and then working up the resulting material without or with a ripening step for a short period of time is disclosed. The improvement resides in using a fat or oil component selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil; a mixture of rapeseed oil in combination with one or more oils such as laurin fats or oils and other edible oils such as soybean oil; a mixture of rapeseed oil and said other edible oil, or a mixture of said laurin fat or oil and said other edible oil; said fat or oil having a solid fat index determined by a pulse nuclear magnetic resonance method of 20 to 55 at 10.degree. C., 10 to 45 at 20.degree. C., 25 or less at 30.degree. C. and 10 or less at 35.degree. C.

Abstract: Methods and media for preparing bulk cultures of exclusively proteinase negative lactic bacteria and methods for making fermented dairy products such as cheese, cottage cheese, and sour cream employing exclusively proteinase negative lactic bacteria are disclosed. In one preferred embodiment, the medium comprises a whey-based, pH-controlled medium containing sufficient nitrogenous nutrients to render the medium suitable for growing proteinase negative lactic bacteria. The medium is heated to inactivate bacteriophage present therein and subsequently cooled to a temperature favorable to the growth of proteinase negative lactic bacteria, and the proteinase negative lactic bacteria are introduced into the medium and allowed to propagate to a population sufficient to serve as an inoculant in making the particular fermented dairy product.

Abstract: A process for improving culture activity of acid producing bacteria in dairy media and for providing a buffering effect therein by the addition of lecithin to provide improved starter cultures for dairy products. Various media wherein the activity of acid producing bacteria is enhanced in the presence of lecithin are also described.

Abstract: A process for producing a cream cheese type food resembled to natural cream cheese, which comprises the steps of:(a) homogenizing and pasteurizing an aqueous mixture of an aqueous dispersion containing non-fat milk solid, a fat or oil and an emulsifier to prepare a cream mix;(b) adding a lactic ferment starter and rennet to the cream mix to ferment the resulting mixture;(c) terminating the lactic fermentation by heating the fermented mixture to 75.degree. to 85.degree. C.;(d) separating and draining whey from the fermented mixture to obtain a curd;(e) adding a stabilizer and salt to the curd, heating the resulting mixture to 70.degree. to 85.degree. C. and kneading the mixture with stirring at a rate of 200 to 1,000 r.p.m. in a closed system; and then(f) homogenizing and cooling the mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the recovery of whey proteins and their utilization in cheese making. Whey separated from cheese curd during normal processing is first pasteurized and then subjected to ultrafiltration to provide a whey protein concentrate, the concentrate is mixed with milk and the thus enriched milk is subjected to further ultrafiltration after which it is treated in the usual manner to form a curd.Cheese-making includes fermentation of the enriched curd product of the above process. According an alternate embodiment, the cheese-making comprises the steps of (a) curdling of the mixture of milk and whey protein concentrate and (b) ultrafiltration of the coagulum, in which case the desired cheese is directly obtained after said ultrafiltration.

Abstract: This invention relates to low sodium chloride ripened rennet cheeses and particularly cheddar cheeses. The cheeses generally contain less than about 1.2 percent sodium chloride, and preferably between about 1 percent and about 0.7 percent sodium chloride for cheddar cheeses and its sub-types. The cheeses are made from milk having its total protein content increased from about 1.1 to about 2 times and preferably 1.3 to about 1.9 times its original total protein content by the use of ultrafiltration.

Abstract: A method for using selected strains of Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis, which have been modified to be non-lactose fermenting, for the preservation of foods containing lactose is described. The subspecies is more generally known as Streptococcus diacetilactis. The selected Streptococcus diacetilactis strains have been modified by curing to remove at least one natural plasmid which controls the fermentation of lactose to lactic acid while retaining the ability of this subspecies to inhibit bacterial spoilage in foods. The plasmid removed by curing is about 41 megadaltons (Mdal) in mass. The method using the modified strains of Streptococcus diacetilactis is particularly adapted for the preservation of milk products.

Abstract: A method of producing a low-fat cheese product comprises the steps of inoculating milk having a fat content of between 0.3% and 1.5% with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus and with a culture of Lactobacillus casei in addition to a normal cheese starter culture whereby the culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus produce the required flavor and rapid fermentation of lactose and the culture of Lactobacillus casei assists in hydrolysis of protein. Syneresis of the curd is impeded by the addition of a monovalent cation such as sodium in the form of sodium chloride.

Abstract: In the manufacture of Cheese of the "pasta filata" type, an intermediate product is obtained by carrying out the coagulation of a protein concentrate, obtained by ultrafiltration of milk, by means of an acid whose concentration is selected so that the calcium concentration, in the coagel resulting from the coagulation, after separation of liquid, is below about 1.5% calculated on the weight of fatfree dry solids.

Abstract: A cultured egg-milk product is formed by combining whole or skim milk, skim milk powder, sugar and liquid, whole or powdered egg, adding selected bacterial cultures such as LB.sub.1 strain of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and TS.sub.2 strain of Streptococcus thermophilus, and fermenting until a predetermined degree of bacterial growth has been achieved to produce a cultured egg-milk product having desired qualities of texture and taste.

Abstract: A yeast decomposed product or a mixture of a yeast decomposed product and an albumen decomposed product is added to a fermented milk product such as cheese or yogurt to prevent fermentative rancid odor, maintain texture and enhance flavor.

Abstract: A yogurt spread is produced which resembles conventional cream cheese in appearance, texture and taste, but which has a fat content substantially below that of conventional cream cheese and imitation cream cheese products. The yogurt spread is produced by preparing a yogurt with yogurt starter, mixing with the yogurt a brine solution containing about 3-12% salt in an amount of about one-fourth to equal by volume of the yogurt, and centrifuging the resultant mixture of yogurt and brine solution to remove the bulk of whey therefrom to obtain said spread resembling cream cheese.

Abstract: A process for producing a cream cheese-like food comprising casein, an oil or fat, an emulsifying agent, lactose, a calcium salt in an amount of 4-24 mg, preferably 6-15 mg (as calcium) per gram of casein, and an orthophosphate wherein these ingredients are mixed together to obtain a solution. The resulting mixture solution is pasteurized, homogenized and cooled to 20.degree.-32.degree. C. to obtain an emulsion, then a starter and rennet are added to the emulsion. The whole emulsion mixture is fermented at 20.degree.-32.degree. C., the fermentation process is suspended in the pH range of 5.4-5.9, then glucono .delta.-lactone, a stabilizer and necessary additives are added thereto. The resultant whole mixture is pasteurized, charged into containers and then cooled. This method can be practiced to continuously make a cream cheese-like food by using a stirring device, homogenizer, transportation line, etc., which equipment is generally used in the dairy industries.

Abstract: To obtain a pasteurized cheese in powder form which, after reconstitution, has the properties of Mozzarella, a colloidal lactic solution having protein/lactose and protein/calcium ratios at least about twice as high as those of natural milk and a pH of from 5.0 to 5.5 is prepared, the pH of the solution thus prepared is adjusted to between 6.3 and 6.4, the solution is pasteurized and its pH is returned to 5.0 to 5.5 before drying by spray-drying.

Abstract: A process is provided for the manufacture of cheese and cheese like products from an edible protein-fat-salts composition which is substantially free of fermentable sugars and in which the protein and salts are capable of forming a stable matrix for the fat. Milk protein is treated with a protease to hydrolyze the protein and to develop cheese flavor components and precursors therefor. The hydrolyzed milk protein is mixed with the protein fat-salts composition and the product is made into curd which is cured in an unusually short period of time to provide cheese or cheese-like products. Butter fat may also be treated with a lipase to hydrolyze the butter fat and to develop cheese flavor components and precursors therefor. The hydrolyzed butter fat is also mixed with the protein-fat-salts composition prior to making curd.

Abstract: Acid salts such as sodium bisulfate are used as acidifiers for milk, as well as acidogens in the setting of acidified milk, in acid cheese curd manufacture. The use of an acid salt enables acidifying heated milk or heating milk after acidifying without precipitating protein from the milk.

Abstract: A low fat cheese product similar to Swiss cheese is produced containing less than 43 percent by weight fat and more than 40 percent by weight moisture, and having an excess of at least 10 mixed round and irregular holes per six inch tier. In the process of producing the cheese, the cheese is cooled to between 35.degree. to 55.degree. F. during pressing, cut into the desired shape, brined, put into boxes, and stored in cold storage and then in warm storage to obtain the desired round and irregular holes.

Abstract: Semi-hard cheese such as Gouda and Edam is produced by subjecting skimmilk to a first stage ultrafiltration, a second stage diafiltration and a third stage ultrafiltration, adding fat to the resultant concentrate, mixing and cooling the resultant fat-containing concentrate in a first scraped heat exchanger, adding additives for making cheese such as rennet and starter, passing the resultant mixture to a second scraped heat exchanger and placing the mixture in molds to form cheese.

Abstract: Cheese curd is produced by acidifying milk with an aqueous acidulant mixture containing about 10 to about 60 parts by weight of an acid salt and about 5 to about 40 parts by weight of a free acid. Cottage cheese curd is produced by using an aqueous mixture of sodium bisulfate and sulfuric acid.

Abstract: The flavor stability of milk is enhanced by heating fresh milk at a temperature and for a time sufficient to significantly lower its bacterial count. Further the yields in a convention cottage cheese or quarg making process are enhanced when milk is similarly heat treated and then aged prior to use in the cheese making process.

Abstract: An ultrafiltration step is used in the production of cream cheese to provide a cheese pre-mix which is cultured to form cream cheese without generating whey. The raw materials for this process include whole milk, cream and whey protein solids. The whey protein solids are substituted for the skim milk powder formerly used. Ultrafiltration yields a retentate having the butterfat and non-fat solids content required for cream cheese manufacture.

Abstract: A food processing component such as an enzyme extract is microencapsulated by mixing the food processing component in aqueous medium with an oleaginous material such as milk fat to form a water-in-oil emulsion and then dispersing the water-in-oil emulsion in an aqueous liquid such as milk to form a suspension of oleaginous microcapsules containing the food processing compoent. By forming microcapsules containing a cheese flavor producing enzyme extract in milk and making cheese curd from the milk, accelerated flavor production can be obtained during ripening of the cheese curd.

Abstract: A method for increasing the yield of cheese from milk involving the adding of lecithin in an amount of 0.001% to 0.15% to the milk prior to the coagulation or the precipitation of any curd in the milk.

Abstract: Cheese is produced by a process wherein milk is subjected to partial ultrafiltration, heat denatured serum proteins are added to the milk before or after ultrafiltration, the milk is coagulated to form a curd wherein 1/4 to 1/2 of the total serum proteins contained in the curd are the added heat denatured proteins, and the curd is drained to produce curd containing a total amount of serum proteins substantially equal to the total serum protein content of the starting milk. The addition of heat denatured serum proteins overcomes a problem of alternation in the normal ripening cycle of cheeses produced from ultrafiltered milk containing an increased quantity of soluble serum proteins.

Abstract: Cheese is produced from ultrafiltered milk by a process wherein milk is acidified by lactic fermentation to a pH of about 4.4 or less to coagulate the milk and flocculate the casein therein, the acidified coagulated milk is ultrafiltered to produce a flowable acidified retentate, the acidified retentate is cooled to a temperature between 0.degree. and 4.degree. C. and stirred while avoiding foam production to deflocculate the casein, and the resultant retentate is converted into cheese by the action of rennet. Prior to converting the retentate into cheese, it may be mixed with an ultrafiltration retentate produced from sweet milk. The process permits accurate adjustment of the calcium content of the cheese being produced.

Abstract: A process and product are provided for the rapid manufacture of cheese products, and particularly process cheese-type products as hereinafter defined. In the process, a cultured component is prepared and mixed with a milk protein concentrate and a fat concentrate, which mixture is fermented to provide a cheese material capable of being made into process cheese-type products by conventional cheese cooking techniques. The cultured component is prepared by proteolyzing milk protein and by lipolyzing milk fat, and forming a mixed fermentate of these hydrolyzed materials. The mixed fermentate is combined with a cheese starter culture and fermented to give the cultured component.

Abstract: Cheese made from milk and/or milk-by-products concentrated by membrane filtration sometimes has the disadvantage of having a mealy and/or sandy texture. This can be overcome by using selected ropy cultures of lactic acid bacteria instead of the normal non-ropy cultures used for acidifying the milk product. The effect is particularly useful in the preparation of soft cheese having a smooth texture.

Abstract: Cheese having eyes such as Swiss cheese is produced by a process which results in more uniform eye size and eye distribution, and which requires substantially reduced curing time. In the process, pressing of the curd is carried out for about 2 to 4 hours at 80.degree. F. to 130.degree. F., salting of the curd is carried out in a super saturated salt brine in excess of 85% salinity reading for 30 minutes to 4 hours at about 80.degree. to 130.degree. F. and curing is carried out by aging the curd for about 6 to 24 hours and thereafter force drying the curd with high velocity air at a temperature of about 90.degree. to 300.degree. F. for about 1 to 60 minutes.

Abstract: When making yogurt and quark, mineral salts are selectively removed from milk or other liquid protein-containing milk products and if desired the protein content concentrated by membrane filtration, before coagulating the protein by incubation, for example, with yogurt or quark lactic acid cultures. An improved protein/viscosity relationship is found, giving greater yields of product. Quark is also found to accept a better over-run when made in accordance with the invention.

Abstract: Cheese is prepared by ultrafiltering a milk product to produce a cheese milk having substantially the composition of cheese at the end of whey drainage and converting the cheese milk into cheese by coagulation with rennet.

Abstract: An imitation or synthetic cheese product is produced by reacting an acid precipitated casein with a basic calcium salt to produce a calcium caseinate solution, adding acid to adjust the pH of the calcium caseinate solution, forming a curd of the calcium caseinate by treatment with a coagulating enzyme and admixing the curd with an edible oil or fat, a non-toxic emulsifying agent and acid to produce a cheese-like product having a taste, texture and flavor similar to natural dairy cheese.

Abstract: A process for the production of cheese which comprises preparing a starting material, the composition of which is that of the cheese which it is desired to produce, subjecting this material to a thermal pasteurization or sterilization treatment, packaging the pasteurized or sterilized material under heat in a hermetic container or containers while at the same time adding a fermentation agent to it and, finally, incubating the product thus packaged until fermentation is complete.

Abstract: Alpha cellulose powder is used in the manufacture of dried soft curd cheese, such as bakers cheese or cottage cheese, to increase its texture and water-binding capacity.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the continuous manufacture of cheese starting with the ultrafiltration retentate of milk or a milk product until the solids content is approximately that of the desired cheese. Additional constituents such fat are added so that the resulting cheese precursor or precheese has solids content and fat to solids ratio substantially the same as the desired cheese. The cheese precursor is heated and mixed with rennet. The rate of flow of this mixture into a coagulation cylinder is controlled so that the flow in the coagulation cylinder is laminar throughout. The temperature of the cylinder wall is maintained slightly below that of entering mixture so as to obtain, in equilibrium, the formation of a coagulation front which is substantially plane and at right angles to the axis of the coagulation cylinder, thereby homogenizing the texture of the resulting curd. The cylinder cross section is approximately that of the desired cheese.

Abstract: An electrodialysis method for deacidifying a feedstream comprises a first cell defined by anion-selective membranes and bounded by a pair of cells defined by the anion-selective membranes and a pair of cation-selective membranes. The solution to be treated is fed to the first membrane cell, a basic solution and a concentrating solution are delivered, respectively, to one of the adjacent cells, and an electric field is applied across the assembly. Hydroxyl anions from the basic solution pass into the first cell for neutralizing the acid hydrogen cation while the acid anion passes into one of the adjacent cells through which also flows the basic solution cation to maintain electrical balance.

Abstract: A method for coagulating milk proteins using reduced quantities of enzymes using a two-step process is disclosed. In the first step, a quantity of proteolytic enzyme insufficient to cause coagulation is added to milk at an acidity of .degree. SH of 6.0 to 8.5 and the temperature is maintained at 0.degree. C. to 32.degree. C. for a period of from 1 to 24 hours. In the second step, a second proteolytic enzyme is added at an acidity of .degree. SH of 7.0 to 12.5 and the temperature is maintained at 20.degree. C. to 45.degree. C. for a period of from 5 to 120 minutes. Curd is obtained with an amount of enzyme from 1/15 to 1/2 the amount needed in a single step process.

Abstract: Sufficient powdered milk and food grade acid are mixed together to obtain an acidified powdered milk mixture which can be reconstituted with water or milk to obtain an acidified reconstituted milk having a pH of from about 4.95 to about 5.3. The mixture may be produced with solid or liquid food grade acids. Acidified reconstituted milk prepared from the mixture does not contain precipitated casein, is not denatured and is suitable for use in cheesemaking.

Abstract: Curd yield in cheesemaking is improved by forming a whey protein-condensed phosphate complex which remains in the curd when whey is separated. The complex is formed by adding a condensed phosphate to milk before or after acidification. Useful phosphates include sodium polyphosphate and potassium polymetaphosphate.

Abstract: Soft and hard types of cheese are prepared from cow milk by a method of using a milk coagulating enzyme from Bacillus substilis mesentericus. The method involves increasing milk acidity before pasteurization to from 0.189 to 0.216% lactic acid, adding an amount of calcium chloride subsequent to pasteurization 2 to 4 fold over that employed in the prior art and adding a sufficient amount of milk coagulating enzyme to cause coagulation within 25 to 40 minutes. Soft and hard cheese prepared by this process have a taste and consistency equivalent to that of soft and hard cheese prepared with rennet from calf stomachs.

Abstract: A process for the production of cheese which comprises treating milk by ultrafiltration to obtain a liquid product containing at least some of the protein constituents of the milk, subjecting this liquid to a heat treatment to bring it to the coagulation temperature, renneting the liquid product after inoculation with suitable ferments, introducing a batch of the renneted liquid into at least one vertical chamber in which it is left to coagulate in the stationary phase until a coherent mass is obtained, displacing the coagulated mass obtained upwards under the effect of a pressure uniformly distributed over the base of the mass, and cutting unit slabs of coagulum which will each constitute a cheese at the top of the chamber after the mass has emerged by a predetermined height.

Abstract: Cheese is prepared from milk which has been delactosed and dewatered by a process involving standardizing fluid whole milk, molecular sieving the standardized milk to substantially separate and remove lactose and water soluble minerals from the milk to render the milk substantially sugar-free, at least partially dewatering the substantially sugar-free milk to substantially the water content desired in a finished cheese, adding a curd foaming agent to produce curd, subjecting the resultant curd to conventional manipulation without substantial syneresis to produce cheese, and molding the resulting cheese to form.

Abstract: Frozen compositions of lactic acid producing bacteria which incorporate an alkali metal salt of glycerophosphoric acid are described. These salts reduce damage to the bacteria upon freezing and storage which with certain bacteria is evidenced by enhanced lactic acid forming activity upon thawing and use of the compositions as fermented dairy product starter cultures.

Abstract: A deproteinated yeast cell membrane product is produced by autolysis of fresh compressed yeast containing about 70 to 71% moisture under anaerobic conditions to produce a pasty yeast mixture containing soluble material and deproteinated yeast cell membranes, and separating the yeast cell membranes from the mixture. Compressed yeast is the sole substance present during autolysis except for an inert gas which may be in contact with the yeast. The yeast cell membrane product has dietetic and therapeutic properties.

Abstract: Yogurt and quark are prepared by a process wherein milk prior to culturing and coagulating is subjected to ultrafiltration to concentrate and to remove mineral salts with or without lactose removal. This process provides a high degree of flexibility in composition, and enhanced viscosity and increased yield. Additionally, quark made by the process is capable of being whipped to at least 200% overrun.

Abstract: Cheese is prepared by a process which involves ultrafiltering milk to produce a milk concentrate having substantially the composition of cheese and drying the concentrate to produce a dry product which can be subsequently rehydrated to is original water content and converted into cheese. Drying can be carried out in more than one step by partially drying, adding additives such as cream, lactic starters and rennet, and then completely drying. The process eliminates conventional draining of whey, and provides a dried product which can be preserved over extended periods of time and subsequently rehydrated and converted into cheese.

Abstract: The pH of milk is lowered to 4.5 to 5.5 by direct acidification without the necessity of cooling the milk to avoid local coagulation and casein precipitation by adding acid as a spray from above a portion of the milk surface undergoing high velocity mixing.

Abstract: A soy cheese having superior texture and body characteristics is made without milk solids by coagulating a fermented emulsion containing soy milk and a fat composition with about 0.05 to about 1.0 weight percent of a coagulant selected from the group consisting of aldonic acid lactones, uronic acid lactones, and mixtures thereof. A flavor producing proteolytic enzyme can be added to the soy milk before formation of the emulsion, to the emulsion prior to fermentation, or to the cooked curd without adversely affecting the texture and body of the resultant soy cheese.