Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a speed of a motor of a metering pump providing pressurized fluid at a dispensing gun. The dispensing gun is opened and closed to dispense fluid onto a substrate being carried by a conveyor past the dispensing gun. The apparatus has a pressure control producing first motor speed signals as a function of changing speeds of the conveyor and changing fluid pressures in the dispensing gun when the dispensing gun is open. A flow control produces second motor speed signals as a function of the changing speeds of the conveyor. During changes in conveyor velocity, a motor speed control provides the first motor speed signal to the pump motor which operates the motor at speeds causing the pump to provide fluid to the dispensing gun at pressures changing at a rate tracking a rate of change of the speed of the conveyor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming thin films, wherein thin films with a uniform thickness can be formed on substrates as objects such as spheroids, even when the films are formed by conventional film-formation methods using an incident particle beam coming from a specific direction (e.g., evaporation and sputtering). In the method, thin films are formed on substrates such as spheroids with an incident particle beam coming from a particle source located in a specific direction by performing a spin motion together with a swing motion. The spin motion is a rotation of the substrate at a constant angular velocity about the spheroidal axis. The swing motion is a rotational oscillation of the same substrate for rotationally oscillating the axis at a constant cycle in one surface, where the center of the rotational oscillation is in the vicinity of the midpoint between two focal points on the axis of the spheroid.

Abstract: Using a scan coating method, a liquid film is formed on a substrate having a temperature distribution for correcting a temperature distribution of a liquid film caused by the heat of evaporation due to the volatilization of a solvent contained in the liquid film, and then the solvent is removed from the liquid film to form a coating film.

Abstract: Application device for a paper machine, a paper machine, a nozzle dampener, and a process for improving the surface of offset paper. The application device includes a plurality of nozzles distributed across a machine width as at least one row of nozzles, such that the plurality of nozzles are oriented to spray a passing paper web. The at least one row of nozzles is adapted for an alternative selective throughput of water and binding agent. The paper machine includes the application device. The nozzle dampener includes a plurality of nozzles distributed across a machine width as at least one row of nozzles, such that the plurality of nozzles are oriented to spray a passing paper web. The at least one row of nozzles are adapted to improve paper properties of offset paper by applying a binding agent onto the passing paper web.

Abstract: A towel dispensing machine for dispensing wet towels, including a cutting mechanism to cut the towels to the desired length and a liquid dispensing device for wetting the towels to produce individual cut, wet towels. Preferably, the towels are also rolled by a rolling mechanism before being dispensed. Additionally, the liquid can be heated to dispense hot wet towels. A method for producing wet towels is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling triggering of spray guns in an automatic spray coating system, includes a hand-held pendant having input controls for entering spray gun “on” and spray gun “off” control parameters based upon observation of parts as they are conveyed past the spray guns by a conveyor. Gun triggering controls for optimized spray patterns, including extended and restricted spray patterns and combinations thereof, are entered and saved in a gun triggering controller according to an operator's inputs which include START SPRAY, STOP SPRAY, SAVE and SET PICKOFF controls. Multiple gun control parameters are stored as unique part coating recipes in the controller and are executable in look-ahead sequence based upon part identification as parts are conveyed toward the spray guns. The multiple gun control parameters are calculated by the controller from a fixed Pickoff distance from a part identification sensor to the spray guns.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for powdering printed paper sheets. According to the invention, the performance of the air-pressure generator which generates the air stream for the powder-air mixture can be adjusted in line with the machine speed or the speed of transportation of the paper sheets.

Abstract: Using a self-cleaning spray chamber for feed pellets including a dry mass flow meter operatively coupled to a hopper for feed pellet flow and a spray chamber. The spray chamber is configured so that the pellet flow leaving the dry mass flow meter strikes the side wall of the spray chamber that opposes the nozzles located within the spray chamber, thereby causing the pellets to frictionally clean the chamber side wall. This cleaning action substantially reduces the need for manually cleaning the spray chamber as the flow of pellets through the spray chamber removes the liquid additive and assists in the coating of the pellets within the spray chamber. The flow meter provides a wide, relatively thin ribbon of pellets to the wall of the spray chamber that opposes the nozzles. This provides a more even distribution of pellets for coating and better protects the sidewall from overspray coating.

Abstract: A method for regulating a coating process for the application of a layer onto a substrate having a diffracted structure is provided. The intensity of a light bundle falling onto a coated substrate and diffracted thereby is determined after transmission and/or reflection of the light bundle for at least the first order or a higher order, and this intensity is utilized as the actual value for regulating the layer thickness.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming thin films, wherein thin films with a uniform thickness can be formed on substrates as objects such as spheroids, even when the films are formed by conventional film-formation methods using an incident particle beam coming from a specific direction (e.g., evaporation and sputtering). In the method, thin films are formed on substrates such as spheroids with an incident particle beam coming from a particle source located in a specific direction by performing a spin motion together with a swing motion. The spin motion is a rotation of the substrate at a constant angular velocity about the spheroidal axis. The swing motion is a rotational oscillation of the same substrate for rotationally oscillating the axis at a constant cycle in one surface, where the center of the rotational oscillation is in the vicinity of the midpoint between two focal points on the axis of the spheroid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for coating liquid films on to the surface of a wafer substrate by rotation the substrate at a speed sufficient to cause a liquid, through centrifugal effect, to flow outwardly toward the perimeter of the surface and form a substantially uniform thickness liquid coating thereon and starting at the central region of the wafer surface and moving radially outward therefrom, spraying a fine mist of the liquid to the surface of the wafer.

Abstract: A spray coating process combines an oil mix spray unit with a low air pressure nozzle to deliver minute quantities of ultra-fine spray of corrosion inhibitor onto a wire surface during a wire processing step. Utilizing a low air pressure nozzle, corrosion inhibitor may be sprayed at a pressure less than one pound per square inch, preventing the formation of spray mist. This system enables an accurate, clean delivery of corrosion inhibitor fluids to the steel cord surface without environmental contamination.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making patterned paper. A printer patterning the paper is arranged in a patterning unit arranged in a paper machine, the printer patterning a paper web being made in the paper machine. The printer is preferably an ink-jet printer. The paper web patterned by the patterning unit can be coated by a coating unit arranged in the paper machine.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for spraying a moving fibrous web with at least one jet. The process includes feeding a controlled volume flow of a spray agent to the at least one jet through at least one pulsing valve, and damping and reducing pulses occurring in the controlled volume flow of the spray agent. The apparatus includes at least one jet arranged to be fed with a controlled volume flow of a spray agent, at least one pulsing valve which feeds the controlled volume flow of the spray agent to said at least one jet, and at least one pulse damper arranged to damp or reduce pulses occurring in the controlled volume flow of the spray agent.

Abstract: A method for controlling triggering of spray guns in an automatic spray coating system, includes a hand-held pendant having input controls for entering spray gun “on” and spray gun “off” control parameters based upon observation of parts as they are conveyed past the spray guns by a conveyor. Gun triggering controls for optimized spray patterns, including extended and restricted spray patterns and combinations thereof, are entered and saved in a gun triggering controller according to an operator's inputs which include START SPRAY, STOP SPRAY, SAVE and SET PICKOFF controls. Multiple gun control parameters are stored as unique part coating recipes in the controller and are executable in look-ahead sequence based upon part identification as parts are conveyed toward the spray guns. The multiple gun control parameters are calculated by the controller from a fixed Pickoff distance from a part identification sensor to the spray guns.

Abstract: A plant and a process for coating a multi-sided mineral fiber base layer with a surface coating in the form of a fibrous non-woven fabric formed of a thermoplastic polymer material on at least part of at least two sides of the base layer to form a mineral fiber element, wherein the plant comprises two or more coating devices, means for melting a thermoplastic polymer material, means for supplying the polymer melt obtained to the coating devices, wherein each coating device comprises a number of dispensing units comprising a number of orifices, means for extruding the polymer melt obtained through the orifices and distributing the extruded polymer material on the surface of the mineral fiber base layer, and means for directing one or more high pressure gas streams closely past the orifices in order to elongate the extruded polymer material so as to form thin filaments and/or fibers, and wherein the coating devices are arranged in separate successive coating stations in such a manner that the coating of individ

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a bituminous coating sheet, wherein a bitumen-impregnated core material provided with a layer of backface bitumen is caused to be in contact with one or more rotating bodies during the manufacture. A slip material dispersed/emulsified or dissolved in a liquid is applied onto the bituminous backface layer on the side that is to be brought into contact with a rotating body; and that the liquid is evaporated prior to contact with the rotating body; and that subsequently a further bituminous layer is applied onto the side which is provided with said slip material.

Abstract: Continuous bath or curtain processes for the thermal deposition of a coating from a coating solution onto a moving metal web are used to apply a coating onto the web. The compositions that result from the processes are substantially free of defects relative to batch processes. The continuous process is particularly applicable for priming zinc and zinc-alloy coated steel webs.

Abstract: A method of applying a coating material to a moving strip of substrate comprising the steps of: (a) providing a supply signal from a controller to a coating supply unit to control the supply of coating material from the coating supply unit through a liquid usage detector and a liquid meter unit and to a coater for application to the moving strip; (b) providing a measure signal from the liquid usage detector to the controller to measure the flow rate of coating material through the liquid usage detector; (c) providing a delivery control signal from the controller to the liquid meter unit to control the amount of coating material delivered from the coater to the moving strip; (d) providing a heating signal from the controller to the inline heater to control the heating of coating material within the inline heater; and (e) providing a dispense signal from the controller to the coater to dispense coating material from the coater for application to the moving strip.

Abstract: A method for forming a bonding on a tapered surface of a wall of a part to substantially eliminate the tapered surface. The method includes positioning the part and a sprayer at a predetermined distance, supplying a bonding material to the sprayer, and applying differing amounts of the bonding material from the sprayer to the tapered surface of the wall of the part to change the tapered surface of the wall of the part to a substantially non-tapered surface.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for the spray application of additive compositions containing additive materials in the manufacture of sheet material products, such as paper products, textile products, and flexible sheet products by using compressed fluids, such as carbon dioxide and ethane, as a spraying medium. Additive compositions with high viscosity and which are substantially free of water and/or volatile solvent can be applied to sheet materials. Water-borne additive compositions with reduced water content can also be applied to sheet materials. One preferred spray method uses a decompressive spray of the compressed fluid which produces a uniform spray pattern and a narrow droplet size distribution that can improve application efficiency and quality when additive compositions are applied during the spraying step to rapidly conveyed sheet materials.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrical cable including coating a conductor wire with a heated fused plastic material, spraying a lubricating material onto the surface of the fused plastic material, and cooling the fused plastic material together with the lubricating material. The method is performed using an apparatus including a reel for providing a wire conductor, an extruding head, a tank containing plastic material, a device for applying the lubricating material, a device to cool the plastic material together with the lubricating material, and a reel for taking up the processed cable.

Abstract: A method and article are disclosed wherein a substrate is provided with a photocatalytically-activated self-cleaning surface by forming a photocatalytically-activated self-cleaning coating on the substrate by spray pyrolysis chemical vapor deposition or magnetron sputter vacuum deposition. The coating has a thickness of at least about 500 Angstroms to limit sodium-ion poisoning to a portion of the coating facing the substrate. Alternatively, a sodium ion diffusion barrier layer is deposited over the substrate prior to the deposition of the photocatalytically-activated self-cleaning coating to prevent sodium ion poisoning of the photocatalytically-activated self-cleaning coating. The substrate includes glass substrates, including glass sheet and continuous float glass ribbon.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for directly or indirectly applying a liquid or pasty application medium (2) onto one or both sides of a continuous surface (4), wherein the application medium (2) is applied to the surface (4) in a plurality of single application regions by means of a plurality of single application nozzles (12) spaced apart from one another side by side and/or in succession in the direction of width (B) and/or longitudinal direction of the surface (4) and clearly distanced (D) from the surface (4), the application medium (2) emerging from each of these nozzles, wherein adjacent single application regions each intersect (U) at least in part in their respective edge regions, causing a layer of application medium to be produced across substantially the entire width (B) of the surface (4) to be coated. The invention also relates to an apparatus for performing this method.

Abstract: A liquid film forming method of dropping a liquid from a dropping nozzle or dropping nozzles of a dropping unit onto a substrate to be processed, and then providing relative movement between the dropping unit and the substrate while keeping the liquid dropping on the substrate, so as to form a liquid film on the substrate.

Abstract: A method of coating a substrate which is a core for a pharmaceutical dosage form, which comprises electrostatically applying to a surface of the core a powder material comprising active material, the coating material applied constituting a dosage of active material, wherein the powder material includes composite particles, each composite particle comprising two or more components having different physical and/or chemical properties.

Abstract: Composite particles made of a resin and filler material are provided for use in subterranean formations. The filler is finely divided mineral and optional fiber. The particles are proppants useful to prop open subterranean formation fractures. The particles are also useful for water filtration. Methods of making the composite particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of obtaining high-quality uniform images without image defects and nonuniformity in image density. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a step forming a functional film on a substrate, and a washing step of spraying water on the substrate surface from concentrically arranged nozzle groups positioned in a twisted relationship before the step of forming the functional film.

Abstract: A web (110) including a fibrous material and superabsorbent material is fed to a knife (120). The web (110) has a first surface, a second surface, a first side edge and a second side edge. The knife (120) cuts the web (110) into individual absorbent members having a pair of opposing cut ends. The individual absorbent members have a first surface, a second surface, a first side edge, a second side edge, a first end edge and a second end edge, with the first and second end edges corresponding to the cut ends. A flowable superabsorbent movement obstruction agent (122) is applied to the cut ends.

Abstract: In practice it is desirable to enrich feedstuff pellets with various additives in quite small amounts, e.g. only 100 g per ton, preferably that they are sprayed in a dissolved or suspended state on a flat stream of the pellets in cold condition. It is known to arrange this by using a falling stream of the pellets along an inclined chute. However, it is difficult hereby to achieve any particularly good dosing precision of the sprayed materials, some of which can be quite expensive. Moreover, the associated plants are difficult to install in normal premises. With the invention, a flat stream is produced by using an ejector wheel, whereby the chute can be quite short for reducing the construction height and, at the same time that this in itself improves the dosing accuracy, use is made of a continuous mass flow measurement which is used for the regulation of the dosing or the ejector capacity in achieving extra good liquid-dosing precision.

Abstract: Superabsorbent-containing composites prepared in a fluidized bed coating apparatus according to the process of the present invention contain at least one particle of a superabsorbent material covered with at least a first layer of at least one particle of at least one coating material. The superabsorbent-containing composites prepared in a fluidized bed coating apparatus according to the process of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in sanitary napkins, diapers and other disposable absorbent articles that handle complex fluids.

Abstract: A method for painting a vehicle is disclosed. The method includes applying a first base coat to a first portion of the body of the vehicle and applying a second base coat to a second portion of the vehicle while the first base coat remains unmasked, effective to cooperate with the first base coat to form a line of demarcation.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for detecting or inspecting for a lining of a container closure that is formed of a sheet metal and has a panel on an inside surface of the closure. The panel of the closure has a lining formed thereon. The system according to the present invention includes a conveyor for moving plural closures longitudinally and substantially through the system, a color sensor that inspects the panel of each one of the closures on the conveyor for a predetermined color, and a separator that is capable of removing closures that lack the predetermined color. The system may include an oven downstream from the sensor to bake the lining. Thus, the system automatically identifies and removes the closure having the deficient color from the conveyor. A corresponding method for identifying and removing a closure having a deficient color is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a distinctive method and apparatus (20) for forming an article which includes one or more selectively configured strands of material. In particular aspects, the invention can provide a method and apparatus for wrapping a strand of material with selected filaments, and desirably, the filaments can be adhesive filaments. The technique of the invention can include a moving of a strand of material (22) at a selected speed along an appointed machine-direction (34). At least a first, substantially continuous filament (24) can be directed onto the strand of material (22) along a corresponding, oscillating filament path (26) to form a first plurality of filament threads (28) which extend from opposed lateral side regions (30) of the strand of material (22).

Abstract: There are provided methods for making a fragranced glove. The first method comprises the steps of: providing a glove with an inside surface and an outside surface, applying a fragrance to the glove, tumbling the glove to evenly distribute the fragrance, and drying the glove to remove the residual fragrance. The second method comprises the steps of providing a cured glove having an inside surface and an outside surface placed in their proper positions; halogenating the glove; rinsing the halogenated glove in a rinse solution; drying the rinsed glove; and applying a fragrance on the glove. The third method comprises providing a cured glove having an inside surface and an outside surface; halogenating the glove; neutralizing the halogenated glove; rinsing the glove in a rinse solution after neutralizing; drying the rinsed glove; cooling the dried glove; applying a fragrance onto the dried glove; and, tumbling the glove to distribute evenly the fragrance.

Abstract: A parpermaking belt comprises a reinforcing element and a resinous framework joined together. The resinous framework is formed by a plurality of resinous beads which mutually contract or cross-over. Super-knuckles extending outwardly from the reinforcing element are formed at points of contact. A preferred continuous process for making the belt comprises extruding, in a pre-selected pattern, a plurality of beads of a resinous material onto the forming surface thereby forming the resinous framework thereon, joining the resinous framework and the reinforcing element together, and then solidifying the resinous framework. The resinous material may comprise at least two chemically-active materials capable of cross-linking upon contract.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dispensing precise quantities of reagents is disclosed including a positive displacement syringe pump in series with a dispenser, such as an aerosol dispenser or solenoid valve dispenser. The pump is controlled by a stepper motor or the like to provide an incremental quantity or continuous flow of reagent to the dispenser. The pump and dispenser are operated in cooperation with one another such that the quantity and/or flow rate of liquid dispensed by the dispenser can be precisely metered substantially independently of the particular operating parameters of said dispenser to attain a desired flow rate, droplet size or mist quality, droplet frequency and/or droplet velocity.

Abstract: A papermaking belt comprises a reinforcing element and a resinous framework joined together. The resinous framework is formed by a plurality of resinous beads which mutually contact or cross-over. Super-knuckles extending outwardly from the reinforcing element are formed at points of contact. A preferred continuous process for making the belt comprises extruding, in a pre-selected pattern, a plurality of beads of a resinous material onto the forming surface thereby forming the resinous framework thereon, joining the resinous framework and the reinforcing element together, and then solidifying the resinous framework. The resinous material may comprise at least two chemically-active materials capable of cross-linking upon contact.

Abstract: In the jet straying of ink droplets in a decorative pattern onto a fabric during which a jet spray head shuttles across the fabric changing directions at opposite selvage edges, the provision in an interposed position between the spray head and upstanding selvage edge fibers of shields preventing contact therebetween which maintains bubble closures over exit openings in the jet spray head intact and obviates inadvertent gravity flow of ink as might mar the decorative pattern.

Abstract: A device for direct or indirect application of a liquid or viscous coating medium onto a moving material web, specifically a paper or cardboard web, includes an applicator unit which, in the direct application method, applies the coating medium in the form of a coating layer directly onto the material web at a point of application. In the indirect application method, the coating medium is first applied onto an applicator element, for example an applicator roll, which then transfers, at the point of application, the coating medium to the material web in the form of a coating layer. In addition, a drying device for drying of the coating layer is provided downstream from the point of application, viewed in the direction of flow of the material web. In the applicator unit, a device for moistening and/or warming the material web, coating medium or the coating layer is additionally provided before the drying device, viewed in the flow direction of the material web.

Abstract: An apparatus for coating seeds and particulate material includes an elongated tray operably mounted on a support frame with a motor for oscillating the tray to move particulate material from a rearward end to a forward end therealong. The tray includes a perforated support surface with a saw-toothed cross-sectional shape such that the particulate climbs the inclined tread of each sawtooth and drops from the forward end of one tread to the rearward end of an adjacent tread to form a “curtain”. A plurality of spray nozzles are located over the tray to direct coating solution onto the seeds as they move along the tray. Preferably, the nozzles direct spray towards the curtain of falling seeds between the treads. An upper housing on the support frame includes an air plenum which directs air downwardly onto the seeds on the support surface and through the perforated support surface to a second air plenum formed under the support surface.

Abstract: A first embodiment includes a control system which operates a spray gun to apply an even coating of flux to a circuit board or a plurality of different length circuit boards irrespective of the speed that the circuit board(s) move through a coating chamber. In a second embodiment, the control system pulses the spray gun on and off with a pulsing pattern that coats a plurality of zones of a circuit board with spray patterns of different length and thickness.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new methods for delivering solutions during electronic device manufacture. Methods of the invention include delivering metallization solutions to the device at an angle of less than 90 degrees with the surface of the device. The method may further comprise partially treating the device by delivering the metallization solutions from above the device, turning the device over, and then completing treatment by delivering the metallization solutions from below the article. The method is particularly useful in the formation of printed circuit boards and other electronic packaging devices having through-holes and blind vias.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and a device for depositing at least one thin film of a liquid agent on a wireframe element such as an optical fiber designed to form a very fine coating on said wireframe element consisting in spraying the liquid agent on the wireframe element with spraying means, the wireframe element and the spraying means being in relative movement with respect to each other. Preferably, the liquid agent used is obtained from novel acrylphosphorus or metacrylphosphorus compounds. The method is most particularly adapted for coating optical fibers and enables to substantially improve the stress corrosion factor “n” of the fibers and to maintain said factor “n” after aging.

Abstract: Where the length LD of a resin film forming region is, for example, 3 times as long as the pitch of the sprocket holes of the base film, the resin coating is performed by using 6 nozzles, and where the length LD is, for example, 6 times as long as the pitch of the sprocket holes, the resin coating is performed by using 3 nozzles. As a result, the transfer distance of the base film transferred in a single resin coating process is 18 times as long as the pitch of the sprocket holes. It follows that it is possible to set constant the time for the base film to pass through the drying section even if the length LD of the resin film forming region differs.

Abstract: A method of forming one or more polymer containing layers on a substrate using ink jet nozzles. The method is particularly suited to forming one or more polymer containing layers of a photoreceptor. The polymer containing layers may be formed by moving a substrate, in particular a cylindrical substrate, past the ink jet nozzles, by moving the ink jet nozzles over the substrate, or both. The ink jet nozzles are capable of being independently controlled in order to permit precise location of the coating on the substrate.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus are disclosed for coating at least one surface of an article such as a paper plate with a liquid coating. The surface to be coated is passed through a wave of liquid coating, such as an aqueous dispersion, followed by removal of the excess coating. The coating and coating removal steps are carried out in an environment which is vaporous with the vehicle of the liquid coating, which prevents premature drying of the coating and allows for a smooth, even application of the coating to the surface.

Abstract: In a method wherein, before forming a thin film of, for example, metal on a supporting base in a vacuum, a vapor stream of patterning material for forming a pattern in the thin film is applied from nozzle holes, and the thin film is formed after this liquid has been adhered onto the supporting base, the patterning material is applied from the nozzle holes in such manner that it unifies on the supporting base. Thus, even when the pattern width is enlarged, a pattern can be formed in which the blurring at the pattern edges is small.

Abstract: A painting method and a painting apparatus are disclosed, in which a few kinds of five to eight primary color paints are transferred along corresponding paint-transferring lines, and at a primary color paint selecting/extracting unit 6 provided at an intermediate of the painting apparatus 1 necessary primary color paints are selected and extracted for a certain amount and transferred into a paint-transferring passage 5, and then the extracted primary color paints are mixed at an agitating unit 7 provided at an intermediate of the paint-transferring passage 5 such that a suitable color paint having a certain viscosity is prepared. The suitable color paint thus prepared is then transferred to a spray gun G. A washing unit C is provided at the beginning end of the paint-transferring passage 5. When changing the color paint, the common paint-transferring passage 5 is cleaned by washing liquid ejected from the washing unit C.

Abstract: An anode is embedded in an electrolyte layer applied to the surface of a structure such as a pipe section to provide an ionic conductive path between the anode and structure to supply cathodic protection to the structure, where the natural environment may not provide a continuous electrolyte. The anode is comprised of a material normally used as a cathodic protection anode material, such as, an expanded valve metal mesh or ribbon having either an electrochemically active coating or noble metal coating, or a sacrificial anode metal alloy. The anode material is made continuous from one end of the structure to the other and may be connected to a common bus wire from one end to the other. The anode and structure to be protected are connected using wires to a DC power supply that causes cathodic protection current flow to the structure in the case of an impressed current system. No separate power supply is needed in the case of a galvanic or sacrificial anode system.