Abstract: Methods for forming a composite for use as a vehicle weather strip and the products formed thereby are disclosed in which a main body member is formed from an elastomer polymer and an abrasion resistant decorative layer including a blend of a crosslinkable thermoplastic polyolefin and a thermoplastic vulcanizate is applied thereon. The crosslinkable thermoplastic polyolefin preferably includes a crosslinkable olefin homopolymer. The olefin homopolymer preferably contains grafted silane functional groups to allow the material to be crosslinked in the presence of moisture. The abrasion resistant decorative layer may be extruded or otherwise applied onto the main body either prior to or after the main body member is cured and either prior to or after the crosslinkable polyolefin of the abrasion resistant decorative layer is crosslinked. The material of the abrasion resistant decorative layer may be extruded into sheet form and laminated onto the main body member.

Abstract: A thermally-conductive interface interposable intermediate a first heat transfer surface and an opposing second heat transfer surface to provide a thermal pathway therebetween. The interface includes a thermally-conductive compound formed into a layer which is conformable between the first and second heat transfer surface. The compound is an admixture of: (a) a polymeric constituent forming a continuous matrix in the layer; and (b) a dispersed constituent forming discrete domains within the matrix, the domains being form-stable at normal room temperature in a first domain phase and conformable between the first and second heat transfer surface in a second domain phase, and the domains having a domain transition temperature above normal room temperature from the first domain phase to the second domain phase. The dispersed constituent may be a fusible, i.e., low temperature melting, metal or metal alloy.

Abstract: A coextruded, heat-sealable film structure includes a core layer of a thermoplastic polymer having a first side and a second side. A functional layer which is printable, sealable, or can be laminated or is treatable for printing, sealing, or laminating is on the first side of the core layer. A heat-sealable layer is on the second side of the core layer. The heat-sealable layer is composed of a thermoplastic polymer and an amount of a slip system, based upon the entire weight of the heat-sealable layer, sufficient to reduce the coefficient of friction and improve the slip performance of the film structure. The slip system is composed of a silicone gum and at least one antiblocking agent. The film structure exhibits the desirable combination of improved converting performance and excellent machinability performance.

Abstract: A laminated polyester film excellent in blocking resistance and processing suitability and exhibiting excellent electromagnetic transducing characteristics and excellent travel durability, when processed into a magnetic recording medium, and an electromagnetic recording medium using the laminated polyester film as a base film, are provided. This laminated polyester film comprises a polyester layer B containing a cyclic trimer in an amount of not more than 0.8 percent by weight, having a terminal carboxyl group concentration of not more than 35 eq/106 g and containing inactive particles B having an average particle diameter of 50 to 100 nm, and a polyester layer A laminated to one side of the polyester layer B and not containing inactive particles or containing inactive particles A having a smaller average particle diameter than that of the inactive particles B.

Abstract: A thermally-conductive compound for forming a layer which is conformable between a first heat transfer surface and an opposing second heat transfer surface to provide a thermal pathway therebetween. The compound is an admixture of a thermal grease component and a dispersed constituent forming discrete domains within the grease component, the domains being form-stable at normal room temperature in a first phase and conformable between the first and second heat transfer surface in a second phase, and the domains having a domain transition temperature above normal room temperature from the first phase to the second phase. The dispersed constituent may be a fusible, i.e., low temperature melting, metal or metal alloy.

Abstract: A transparent conductive laminate having a completely crystallized, transparent conductive layer on a substrate comprising an organic polymer molding, and a process for producing the same. The transparent conductive layer is excellent in transparency and wet heat confidence and is not excessively low in specific resistivity. The transparent conductive laminate includes a substrate comprising an organic polymer molding having formed thereon a completely crystallized, transparent conductive layer comprising an In—Sn composite oxide having an amount of Sn atom of 1 to 6% by weight based on the total weight of In atom and Sn atom and having a film thickness of 15 to 50 nm, a Hall mobility of 30 to 45 cm2/V-S, and a carrier density of from 2×1020/cm3 to 6×1020/cm3.

Abstract: A transparent heat-absorbent multi-layer structure comprising, (A) a first layer, and (B) a second layer is described. The first layer (A) contains at least one organic infrared absorber (e.g., a phthalocyanine) and at least one ultraviolet absorber (e.g., a benzotriazole), and the second layer (B) contains at least one ultraviolet absorber and is substantially free of organic infrared absorbers. The first layer (A) is the only layer in the multi-layer structure that contains an organic infrared absorber. Also described is a method of preparing the multi-layer structure. Molded articles that may comprise the multi-layer structure of the present invention include glazings, such as automotive glazings.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat reflective coated structural article comprising a heat reflective component and a coated structural article component which comprises a substrate having an ionic charge coated with a coating having essentially the same ionic charge. The coating of the coated structural article consists essentially of a filler material and a binder material wherein the binder material bonds the filler material together and to the substrate and wherein the coating does not bleed through the substrate. Nonlimiting examples of the heat reflective component include, elastomeric coatings, aluminum fiber coatings, acrylic and polyurethane coating systems, ceramic coatings insulating paints, metal pigment paints, metal pigment pastes and aluminum flakes. The heat reflective coated structural article of the present invention may be incorporated into commercial roofing products.

Abstract: A fire barrier panel of the kind suitable for lining car decks and engine rooms of high speed aluminum ferries is described. The panel (10) includes a relatively thin layer of inorganic insulating material (12) adhered to a lightweight support structure (14). The layer of inorganic insulating material may be an intumescent material made from mineral fibers. The decribed lightweight support structure (14) is a honeycomb panel having a honeycomb core (18) of non-combustible aluminum foil provided with two face skins made of glass reinforced plastics resin material (16). This construction of the honeycomb panel (14) is lightweight and has high stiffness and rigidity suitable for stiffening and supporting the insulating material into a rigid panel. The layer of intumescent material (12) supported on the panel expands when exposed to high temperatures to form a thick fire insulating barrier panel.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a titanium alloy vacuum container and vacuum parts that can easily achieve an ultra-high vacuum in a short time through vacuum evacuation. The titanium alloy of the titanium alloy vacuum container and vacuum parts has a compact structure composed of fine grains, each having a size of approximately not more than 10 ?m, with a surface that is exposed to at least vacuum being set to have a surface roughness of not more than 50 nm; and in this structure, preferably, the surface roughness thereof may be set to not more than 10 nm, the titanium alloy may have a hardness in a range of not less than 230 Hv to not more than 310 Hv, and the titanium alloy may have a passivity surface film made by a thin titanium oxide layer or nitride layer that is formed on the surface thereof. The titanium alloy, which is desirably used in such titanium alloy vacuum container and vacuum parts, contains 0.3 wt. % to 0.5 wt. % of iron and 0.3 wt. % to 0.5 wt.

Abstract: A multilayer ultrathin film which comprises layers of a polymer and layers of lamina particles alternately assembled, said lamina particles are obtained by exfoliating microcrystals of a layered titanium oxide.

Abstract: Methods for forming a composite extrusion for use as a vehicle weather strip and the products formed thereby are disclosed in which a main body member is formed from an elastomeric thermoset rubber and an abrasion resistant decorative layer comprised of a crosslinkable thermoplastic is extruded thereon. The crosslinkable thermoplastic may be an ethylene-octene copolymer or a copolymerized ethylene-styrene interpolymer. The thermoplastic contains grafted silane functional groups to allow the thermoplastic to be crosslinked in the presence of moisture. The abrasion resistant decorative layer may be extruded onto the thermoset either prior to or after the thermoset is cured and either prior to or after the abrasion resistant decorative layer is crosslinked. The material of the abrasion resistant decorative layer may be extruded into sheet form and laminated onto the main body member.

Abstract: A resin sheet which comprises a base layer containing particles dispersed therein and hence has excellent dimensional stability; a resin sheet which comprises a base layer containing particles dispersed therein and hence has excellent light diffusion properties; resin sheets which comprise either of those resin sheets containing dispersed particles and a reflecting layer, inorganic gas barrier layer, and color filter layer respectively superposed thereon; and a liquid crystal display using any of these resin sheets containing dispersed particles. Some of the resin sheets containing dispersed particles comprise a base layer comprising a thermoplastic resin or thermoset resin and dispersed therein an inorganic oxide having an average particle diameter of 1 to 100 nm, the amount of the inorganic oxide being 0.1 to 23% by weight based on the weight of the base layer.

Abstract: A biaxially oriented laminate polyester film for magnetic recording medium, which is a laminate film comprising a base layer (A) formed of a polyester resin and a coating layer (B) which exists on one surface of the base layer (A) and contains a binder resin, added fine particles and a surfactant, wherein the base layer (A) is a biaxially oriented film which substantially contains no fine particles added or contains 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of added fine particles having an average particle diameter of 0.005 to 0.3 &mgr;m, the coating layer (B) has a surface having a central plane roughness (SRa) of 5 nm or less, the surface of the coating layer (B) has protrusions having a major diameter of 0.05 &mgr;m or more in a density of 80,000 pieces/mm2 or less and has extra-large protrusions having a major diameter of 10 &mgr;m or more in a density of 20 pieces/cm2 or less.

Abstract: An aqueous, curable coating composition comprising a mixture of: (a) at least one water-soluble alkali metal silicate and (b) an effective amount of a water-soluble crosslinking agent comprising an alkali metal aluminophosphate, or an alkali metal aluminoborophosphate, or an ammonia aluminophosphate, or an ammonia aluminoborophosphate, or an alkali metal ammonia aluminophosphate, an alkali metal ammonia aluminoborophosphate, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing phosphates. The coating composition will often not contain any visually discernible precipitate. The coating composition may be applied to a substrate, such as a glass, a ceramic, concrete or a metal and thereafter cured by air drying or by heating to a temperature of up to about 240° C. (or higher, if desired).

Abstract: A Ti-base wire rod for forming molten metal excellent both in rod feeding smoothness and arc stability is disclosed. A wire rod 301 is composed of Ti metal, and has in the surficial portion including the surface thereof an oxygen enriched layer having an oxygen concentration higher than that in an inner portion. Ratio Tw/Dw of the thickness Tw of the oxygen enriched layer and the diameter Dw of the wire rod is adjusted within a range of 1×10−3 to 1×10−1, and the average oxygen concentration of the oxygen enriched layer is adjusted to 1 wt % or above.

Abstract: The purpose of the invention is a structure element, particularly an lower wing element of an aircraft, manufactured from a rolled, extruded or forged product made of an alloy with composition (% by weight): Cu=4.6-5.3, Mg=0.10-0.50, Mn=0.15-0.45, Si <0.10, Fe<0.15, Zn<0.20, Cr<0.10, other elements <0.05 each and <0.15 total, the remainder being Al treated by solution heat treating, quenching, controlled tension to more than 1.5% permanent deformation and aging.

Abstract: Described are articles having an aminoplast resin photochromic coating prepared from an aminoplast resin, components(s) having hydroxyl functional groups and photochromic substances. The coatings exhibit a Fischer microhardness of from 45 to 180 Newtons per mm2 and desirable photochromic properties, i.e., the formation of darker activated colors and faster rates of photochromic activation and fade when irradiated with ultraviolet light. Also described are photochromic aminoplast resin articles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cast iron component for enveloped casting which is characterized by that the cast iron component has a surface to which enveloped casting is applied and which has a surface roughness such that a maximum height Ry is from 65 to 260 &mgr;m and a mean spacing of profile irregularities Sm is from 0.6 to 1.5 mm; an enveloped casting product using it; and a method for its production.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy brazing sheet having a four-layered structure, of sheet thickness 0.2 mm or less, and having a core alloy, a filler alloy of an Al—Si alloy on one surface of the core alloy, a sacrificial anode material of an Al—Zn alloy on the other surface of the core alloy, and an intermediate layer between the core alloy and sacrificial anode material, wherein the core alloy is composed of an Al alloy containing given amounts of Si, Fe, Mn, and Cu, with the balance being made of Al and unavoidable impurities, and wherein the intermediate layer is composed of an Al alloy containing given amounts of Si, Fe, Mn, and Cu, with the balance being made of Al and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: A molded plastic article having improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. The article includes a plastic layer and an outer film layer over the plastic layer. The outer film layer has an inner surface adjacent to and bonded to the plastic layer and an outer surface opposed to the inner surface. The plastic layer and outer layer are electrically conductive. Preferably the outer layer has higher conductivity than the plastic layer.

Abstract: The flexible, weatherable decorative sheet material provided by the present invention comprises a thermoformable decorative paint film having an inner surface and a weatherable, low gloss outer surface suitable for forming an exterior finish for a part, such as an automobile body part. The sheet material further includes an extensible mask layer releasably adhered to the outer surface of the paint film to form a protective film overlying the paint film. The mask layer comprises a film-forming polymer component and a particulate filler, such as silica, dispersed in the polymer component. A method of constructing the decorative sheet material, a method of controlling the gloss appearance of a paint film, and a composite shaped part including the decorative sheet material are also provided.

Abstract: Process for producing a drawn wire, in particular a wire for reinforcing tires, having a diameter of less than 0.3 mm by drawing a base wire rod having a diameter of greater than 5 mm or a predrawn base wire made of steel with the following composition by weight: carbon≦40×10−3% nitrogen≦40×10−3%, the carbon and nitrogen satisfying the relationship C+N≦50×10−3%, 0.2%≦silicon≦1.0%, 0.2%≦manganese≦5%, 9%≦nickel≦12%, 15%≦chromium≦20%, 1.5%≦copper≦4%, sulfur≦10×10−3%, phosphorus<0.050%, 40×10−4%≦total oxygen≦120×10−4%, 0.1×10−4%≦aluminum≦20×10−4%, magnesium≦5×10−4%, 0.

Abstract: A magnetic display sheet of the present invention comprises: a magnet sheet having a magnetized surface, and a non-magnetized surface, which magnet sheet comprises: 400 to 1,900 parts by weight of at least one kind of magnetic particles selected from the group consisting of magnetoplumbite-structure ferrite particles and rare-earth magnet particles, as a filler, and 100 parts by weight of a binder comprising 50 to 95% by weight of at least one thermoplastic elastomer selected from the group consisting of a styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer resin, a styrene-ethylene.butylene-styrene block copolymer resin and an ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber, and 5 to 50% by weight of at least one soft polyolefin selected from the group consisting of a propylene homopolymer and a propylene-ethylene copolymer; and a printing paper sheet for being printed on, said paper sheet being bonded to said non-magnetized surface of said magnet sheet.

Abstract: A hydride battery electrode is coated with palladium or a palladium alloy to improve hydride storage properties and recycle characteristics. A hydrogen purification membrane including a metallic substrate likewise has improved properties upon coating with palladium and a surface species of an alkali metal, alkaline earth element or alkaline earth cation. Novel metal hydrogen purification membranes include vanadium alloyed with at least 1 to 20 atomic percent nickel and/or 1 to 20 atomic percent cobalt and/or 1 to 20 atomic percent palladium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a single-cast, thin wall structure capable of withstanding impinging gases at temperatures of 4300° F. and higher, and method of making the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for gloss coating articles or a portion of an article's surface and articles produced from this method. A corrosion-inhibiting polishing base coat is applied in a known fashion, after which a high-gloss layer produced by atomization, preferably magnetron atomization, is applied. Then, a transparent, wear-resistant top coat layer is applied in a known fashion. The articles can also be pretreated, if desired, and given a protective or other layers. By using this method, parts for vehicles, especially vehicle wheels, can be produced in a great variety of colors and with improved qualities.

Abstract: There is described an electrodeposited alloy layer, in particular an overlay (2) of a plain bearing, comprising a layered alloy having at least one alloying element in addition to a base metal (3), in whose matrix containing the alloying element in a finely crystalline form inorganic particles with a diameter smaller than 2 &mgr;m are incorporated finely divided. To ensure the finely crystalline structure of the alloying element deposited in the alloy matrix, it is proposed that the inorganic particles used as nucleating agents with a diameter of 0.01 to 1 &mgr;m should have a crystal form at least substantially corresponding to the form of crystallization of the alloying element.

Abstract: A transparent electromagnetic wave shield comprising a transparent polymer film and a conductive layer of a linear pattern shape formed on at least one side of said film, wherein the line intervals in said linear pattern are random between 20 &mgr;m and 1 mm.

Abstract: A decorative roll-patterned metal strip or sheet, preferably aluminium strip or sheet, having: a thickness of about 0.05-1.0 mm, preferably about 0.1-0.8 mm, with a surface having a plurality of indentations of a depth of about 0.001-0.05 mm, preferably about 0.02-0.035 mm, and optionally having a layer of a paint of a thickness of about 3-30 microns, preferably about 10-15 microns, on the surface and within its indentations, the ratio of the depth of the indentations to the thickness of the strip or sheet being in the range of about 1:5 to about 1:100. A process is provided for making the decorative roll-patterned metal strip.

Abstract: Non-directional and diffuse reflecting photometric properties may be imbued to a metal sheet stock, particularly aluminum alloy sheet stock, by directly creating a textured surface on one or more surfaces of the sheet stock through mechanical texturing with at least one textured work roll in a cold roll reducing mill. A textured metal sheet surface thus produced is characterized by having over its entire surface randomly formed imbricated depressions transversely arranged, such that each depression has a substantially transverse width dimension relative to a longitudinal axis of the sheet and a longitudinal dimension greater than its width. The depressions formed are substantially equiaxial. Surface properties of both the textured work roll and the textured metal sheet may be controlled. The metal sheet stock are subjected to finishing steps such as chemical brightening and anodizing, or organic coating to provide lighting sheets with high total reflectance.

Abstract: A magnetic composite tape for inhibiting radiation noise and a radiation noise inhibiting component using such a magnetic composite tape which can be easily attached to a cable and has a high radiation noise inhibiting effect are provided. A magnetic composite tape for radiation noise control has an elongated shape, and includes a magnetic band member and a metal foil provided on the surface of the magnetic band member. The magnetic band member includes a rubber or a flexible resin and ferrite magnetic powders. One side of the metal foil in a width direction projects from one side of the magnetic band member. An adhesive is applied on the other surface of the magnetic band member. The composite tape is wound and attached with the adhesive applied on the other surface of the magnetic band member at a location on a cable, such as an interface cable, a head cable (power supply cable) or the like, which is to located close to an electronic apparatus containing an oscillation circuit.

Abstract: A coated Cu alloy having a high hardness surface which contains intermetallic compounds consisting essentially of Cu and Sn is produced by coating the surface of a Cu alloy with Sn and heat treating the coated Cu alloy to form on the surface thereof a high hardness coating containing Cu--Sn intermetallic compound(s). The coated Cu alloy has improved resistance to abrasion and corrosion and good workability, which permits producing terminal connectors therefrom. The Cu alloy which is coated with Sn consists essentially of 0.01-15 wt % Ni, 0.1-10 wt % Sn, 0.005-0.5 wt % P, and optionally 0.01-40 wt % in total of one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Zn, Ti, Mg, Zr, Ca, Si, Mn, Cd, Al, Pb, Be, Te, In, Ag, B, Y, La, Cr, Ce and Au, with the balance being Cu and incidental impurities.

Abstract: High aspect ratio metal microstructures may be prepared by a method involving(i) forming a layer of a photoresist on a substrate;(ii) exposing the layer to actinic radiation in an imagewise manner and developing the exposed layer to obtain a surface which contains regions having no remaining photoresist and regions covered with photoresist;(iii) metallizing the surface to form a layer of metal on the region of the surface having no remaining photoresist and on the sides of the regions of photoresist remaining on the surface; and(iv) optionally, stripping the photoresist remaining on the surface.Such microstructures are useful as electron emitters, anisotropic high dielectric interconnects, masks for x-ray photolithography, carriers for the controlled release of active agents, and ultramicroelectrode arrays.

Abstract: A business form adapted for both record keeping and the reporting of information includes a record ply (10) and a pressure sensitive adhesive label ply (12), (14), (16) overlying and secured to the record ply (10). The record ply (10) has a plurality of different record receiving locations (36), (38), (40), (42) at each of which variable information to be recorded may be inscribed. Fixed information 46 is inscribed on the record ply and identifies each of the recording receiving locations (36), (38), (40), (42). Die cuts (50) in the pressure sensitive adhesive label ply (12), (14), (16) are provided and are located to define a plurality of removable pressure sensitive adhesive labels (60), (62), (64), (66) that are aligned with corresponding ones of the record receiving locations (36), (38), (40), (42). Fixed information (76) is located on each of the labels and correlates with the fixed information (46) at the corresponding record receiving locations.

Abstract: An article includes a substrate having a thermal control coating formed of 1 part by weight of a silicone polymeric matrix having from about 8 to about 4 parts by weight aluminum-doped zinc oxide pigment particles distributed therein. The article may be either relatively thick or flexibly thin, and the coating may be greater than 0.0015 inches thick so as to have a low solar absorptance. The coating has an absorptance of about 0.2-0.3 and an emittance of about 0.9, and is sufficiently electrically conductive to dissipate electrostatic charges.

Abstract: A polymerizable (meth)acrylate system which can be cured at ambient temperature to provide a conductive floor coating or shaped article. The composition comprises (meth)acrylates and optionally other monomers and other components such as pre-polymers, plasticizers, customary additives etc., in combination with amorphous or spheroidal graphite and/or carbon fibers and/or finely divided metal. Other fillers may be added. In particular, amorphous natural graphite, preferably having the particle size 20 to 1000 .mu.m, is suitable. Coatings prepared in this way fulfill the requirements in respect of DIN 51 953.

Abstract: A laminated composite material with improved interlaminar strength and damage tolerance having short rods distributed evenly throughout the composite material perpendicular to the laminae. Each rod is shorter than the thickness of the finished laminate, but several times as long as the thickness of each lamina. The laminate is made by inserting short rods in layers of prepreg material, and then stacking and curing prepreg material with rods inserted therethrough.

Abstract: A metal sheet for making rigid container products, and a method of making the sheet. The sheet has a fissureless surface that retains minute amounts of lubricant in generally uniformly spaced apart elongated micron-sized depressions, the depressions providing a quasi-isotropic surface texture which, in turn, provides a substantially uniform distribution of friction at the interface of the surfaces of the sheet and a tool employed to form the container products. The depressions, in addition, provide the product surface with a high degree of specular reflection of light and thus a bright surface having a high level of distinctness of an image reflected from the surface.

Abstract: An uneven patterned metal strip or plate is formed with an uneven pattern as a surface decorative pattern. The pattern is constituted of one or more pattern unit containing a plurality of uneven dot. Each of the uneven dots has a size D. The uneven dots are arranged in a predetermined density to have given ratio .eta. of occupying area versus plane area in said pattern unit. The size D and area ratio .eta. being in a range of:10.ltoreq.D.ltoreq.300 (.mu.m)30.ltoreq..eta..ltoreq.100 (%)and the size of said pattern unit has minimum length of 1 mm.

Abstract: Patterned structures of submicron dimension formed of supported or unsupported amorphous metals having submicron feature sizes characterized by etching behavior sufficient to allow delineation of sharp edges and smooth flat flanks, resistance to time-dependent dimensional changes caused by creep, flow, in-diffusion of unwanted impurities, out-diffusion of constituent atoms, void formation, grain growth or phase separation and resistance to phase transformations or compound formation.

Abstract: Steel block is directly subjected to cutting to produce steel fibers for reinforcing concrete, which are flat within determined conditions that if length of the steel fiber is L, width is W, thickness is t and flat index is N, and if L is 20 to 40 mm, N=W/t=7 to 9, wherein W=1.5 to 2.5 and t=0.2 to 0.3 mm.

Abstract: To prevent metal fatique, particularly when making a button loop, or nail head thermo compression bond connection to a semiconductor, the connecting wire has a core of copper, or a copper alloy of at least 60% copper content, and a jacket of aluminum, or aluminum alloy, of at least 95% aluminum content; in a preferred form, the core is 94% copper and 6% tin, and the jacket is, for example, 99% aluminum, 1% silicon; 96% aluminum, 4% copper; or 99% aluminum, 1% magnesium, all percentages by weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to improved heat insulating particles with a high heat insulating effect and high mechanical strength. The particles are smooth cells formed around hollow or solid grains of a low heat-conducting material such as silica, alumina, glass, or a synthetic resin like nylon or teflon, which are coated with a material that can readily reflect the heat radiation such as aluminum, copper, gold, silver, stainless steel or titanium. The cells thus-formed are bound together by sintering in the form of a block or any other desirable shape so that the metallic surface cells are bonded together at their points of contact through molecular dispersion of the metal molecules of the respective surfaces.