Abstract: This invention provides a film comprising a cross-linked polymer having an oxyalkylene group or a cross-linked polymer having an oxyalkylene group through a urethane bond, as a constituent component, a production method of the film, and an electrochemical apparatus using the film as a separator.The film for separator of an electrochemical apparatus can be easily and uniformly processed, can include an electrolytic solution, exhibits good film thickness and ensures excellent safety and reliability. The electrochemical apparatus is free of leakage of the solution.

Abstract: A lead acid battery having a glass fiber separator material is disclosed. The separator material is a mass of intermeshed glass fibers produced by suspending glass fibers in a gaseous medium, and collecting the suspended glass fibers on a foraminous material. The mass of fibers suspended in the gaseous medium has a BET surface area of from 0.2 to 5 m.sup.2 per gram. A battery having a glass fiber separator material with added cellulose fibrils is also disclosed, as is a battery having a glass fiber separator material with added particulate material such as silica.

Abstract: A recombinant lead acid battery separator formed of a PTFE fibril matrix and a particulate, amorphous silica filler enmeshed in the PTFE matrix. The separator has a tensile strength greater than 0.5 MPa, a bulk density lower than about 0.40 gram/cc and a void volume greater than about 75%. The separator is made by mixing together PTFE and a non-evaporative lubricant, adding amorphous silica during mixing, continuing mixing until a material having a dough-like consistency is obtained, removing the dough-like material and calendering it to form a sheet, removing from about 95% to about 100% by weight of the non-evaporative lubricant from the sheet by solvent extraction, and drying the extracted sheet.

Abstract: A method of forming a porous composite separator layer for an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of printing a thin layer of a separator precursor solution on the surface of one of the electrochemical cell electrodes, drying and curing the thin layer of separator precursor solution so that it transforms into a microporous composite separator structure. In the preferred embodiment, the separator precursor solution is formulated as an ink comprising a silica aerogel filler material dispersed in a solution of polymer binder which is dissolved in a suitable solvent. The process allows the manufacture of thin and flexible composite separators which are conformally bonded to the underlying electrodes.

Abstract: A recombinant lead acid battery separator formed of a PTFE fibril matrix and a particulate, amorphous silica filler enmeshed in the PTFE matrix. The separator has a tensile strength greater than 0.5 MPa, a bulk density lower than about 0.40 gram/cc and a void volume greater than about 75%. The separator is made by mixing together PTFE and a non-evaporative lubricant, adding amorphous silica during mixing, continuing mixing until a material having a dough-like consistency is obtained, removing the dough-like material and calendering it to form a sheet, removing from about 95% to about 100% by weight of the non-evaporative lubricant from the sheet by solvent extraction, and drying the extracted sheet.

Abstract: A method of forming a porous composite separator layer for an electrochemical cell comprising the steps of printing a thin layer of a separator precursor solution on the surface of one of the electrochemical cell electrodes, curing the thin layer of separator precursor solution so that it transforms into a microporous composite separator structure. In the preferred embodiment, the separator precursor solution is formulated as an ink comprising a silica aerogel filler material dispersed in a solution of polymer binder which is dissolved in a suitable solvent. The process allows the manufacture of thin and flexible composite separators which are conformally bonded to the underlying electrodes.

Abstract: Precipitated silica with a sodium sulphate content of 4 to 18 wt. %, particularly with the physical-chemical data:______________________________________ Sodium sulphate content: 4-14 wt. % BET surface area (DIN 66131): 100-190 m.sup.2 /g DBP absorption (anhydrous) 208-250 g/100 g (DIN 53601, ASTM D 2414): 3.0-6.5 wt. % (DIN ISO 787/II) Oversize with >63 .mu.m .ltoreq. 10.0 wt. % ALPINE air-jet sieve >150 .mu.m .ltoreq. 0.1 wt. % >250 .mu.m .ltoreq. 0.01 wt. % ______________________________________It is prepared by introducing hot water into a precipitation vessel, with stirring, adding water glass, then heating the mixture and maintaining the temperature throughout the remainder of the precipitation period. Water glass and sulphuric acid are added simultaneously during this process. The precipitated silica is then separated from the suspension and the filter cake containing sodium sulphate is dried in a spray drier and ground.

Abstract: The present invention provides a general purpose non-aqueous electrolyte cell of high performance, capable of long-term use and/or storage even in high-temperature environments by separating the positive and the negative electrodes with a separator. The separator is made of glass-fiber non-woven cloth having a defined fiber diameter, fiber weight per unit area, and average pore size. The present invention also provides a gasket made of polyphenylene sulfide resin only or substantially of polyphenylene sulfide on which a sealant layer made substantially of blown asphalt is disposed.

Abstract: A gel-type storage battery is made by preparing porous electrolyte pads having internal pockets containing a dry powdered gelling agent, and inserting the pad between adjacent battery electrodes before addition of acid. The gelling agent may include acid resistant superabsorbing polymer particles, which cause the pads to swell into intimate contact with the electrodes upon addition of the aqueous acid.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell having an electrolyte, a first and second electrode and a primer comprised of lithium polysilicate and carbon, applied to at least one of the first and second electrodes, wherein the primer is chemically and electrochemically stable and electronically conductive so as to decrease interfacial resistance in the cell to enhance columbic efficiency.

Abstract: A conductive polymer comprises a silicon-containing polymer having, in the main chain thereof, Si--Si bonds or both Si--Si bonds and C--C multiple bonds, and ferric chloride doped in said polymer through vapor phase doping. A method for preparing such a conductive polymer is also described.

Abstract: A stable and durable electrode assembly for a lead-acid storage battery to provide a longer-life lead-acid storage battery is described. A synthetic resin-made separator and a glass mat, which is wider than the separator, are coordinately stacked together and then folded in such a manner that the separator is positioned within the glass mat and the side edge portions of the separator overlap and the side edge portions of the glass mat overlap. The overlapped side edge portions are respectively seal-bonded to each other to provide a pocket-type electrode assembly wherein the outer surface thereof is a pocket-type glass mat which surrounds a pocket-type separator.

Abstract: A flexible polymeric film useful as an interelectrode separator or electrolyte member in electrolytic devices, such as rechargeable batteries, comprises a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride with 8 to 25% hexafluoropropylene. The film may be cast or formed as a self-supporting layer retaining about 20% to 70% of a high-boiling solvent or solvent mixture comprising such solvents as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and dibutyl phthalate. The film may be used in such form or after leaching of the retained solvent with a film-inert low-boiling solvent to provide a separator member into which a solution of electrolytic salt is subsequently imbibed to displace retained solvent or replace solvent previously leached from the polymeric matrix.

Abstract: A battery separator composed of a microporous sheet product having first and second major surfaces and a thickness of less than about 50 mils, formed from a uniform mixture of a halogenated polyolefin polymer and a filler or a halogenated polyolefin polymer and surfactant/filler agent, said sheet product having a fibrous sheet embedded within said mixture and between the first and second major surfaces. The porosity of the sheet product is at least about 50 volume percent composed of pores such that the average pore diameter increases from each major surface towards the interior of the sheet product's thickness.

Abstract: The invention is to a non-woven fabric sheet for a storage battery separator. The sheet has an excellent property of holding electrolyte by using conjugate fibers having a specific sectional form. The sheet comprises an ethylene copolymer having a specific structure which can introduce a desirable amount of sulfo groups efficiently under mild reaction conditions. Conjugate fibers having a split sectional form include a first component and a second component having a radial arrangement. The conjugate fibers are obtained by forming an ethylene based random copolymer containing a unit represented by a formula --CH.sub.2 CH(COOH)--, with polypropylene. Subsequently, a non-woven fabric sheet of a thermally bonding type is obtained by mixing the conjugate fibers with polypropoylene fibers. Subsequently, a non-woven fabric sheet for a storage battery separator is obtained by sulfonating the non-woven fabric sheet using gas such as SO.sub.3 to form a unit of the formula --CH.sub.2 C(SO.sub.3 H)(COOH)--.

Abstract: A battery separator composed of a microporous sheet product having first and second major surfaces and a thickness of less than about 50 mils, formed from a uniform mixture of a thermoplastic polyurethane polymer having a high degree of hard segments with a filler or said polyurethane with a structure enhancing agent, said sheet product having a sheet embedded within said mixture and between the first and second major surfaces. The sheet product has porosity of at least about 50 volume percent composed of pores such that the nominal pore diameter increases from each major surface towards the interior, center of the sheet product's thickness.

Abstract: A thin microporous sheet product useful as a battery separator composed of a highly filled polymeric matrix having a porous support sheet encapsulated between the sheet product's first and second major surfaces and to a process of forming the sheet product.

Abstract: A sheet-like separator has an electrolyte dripping speed of 100 mm/hr or less, wherein the values of repellent force on the pouring repellent force curve of pouring of dilute sulfuric acid shown in FIG. 1 are the following:______________________________________ if point S = P kg/dm.sup.2, point B .gtoreq. 0.55P kg/dm.sup.2 point C .gtoreq. 0.40P kg/dm.sup.2 ______________________________________A valve regulated lead acid battery employs the separator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a separator and spacer for use in non-aqueous inorganic electrolyte cells using oxyhalides as both a solvent and cathode active material, and an alkali metal as anode active material. There is provided a non-aqueous inorganic electrolyte cell which has a good discharge performance, preservability, and a safety to resist the charging at 5 V caused due to erroneous operations and accidents, by specifying a content of glass involved in the separator made of mainly glass fibers, specifying the type of synthetic resin of other components than glass fibers, or by specifying an oxyhalide absorbance of materials from which the separator and the spacer are produced.

Abstract: This invention pertains to Lithium batteries using Li ion (Li.sup.+) conductive solid polymer electrolytes composed of solvates of Li salts immobilized in a solid organic polymer matrix. In particular, this invention relates to Li batteries using solid polymer electrolytes derived by immobilizing solvates formed between a Li salt and an aprotic organic solvent (or mixture of such solvents) in poly(vinyl chloride).

Abstract: A separator in which a flowing rate of an electrolyte is less than 100 mm/hr and a sealed lead acid battery using the separator.

Abstract: A battery separator comprises a fibrous mat which is filled with a mixture of very fine mineral powder and a binder resin. The mat may be either woven or nonwoven and the filler material generally comprises silicon materials. The binder in selected from a group of organic resinous or plastic materials, such as latex. The separator may further comprise a second attached mat of mineral or organic fibers or ribs. Further, the separator may be crimped or embossed if desired.

Abstract: A battery separator for use in deep cycle traction batteries, such as golf cart batteries. The separator is formed of a microporous, mainly polymeric layer, preferably in the form of a synthetic paper; a glass mat layer adjacent one surface of the microporous layer; and a coating on one or both sides of the mircoporous layer/glass mat combination. The coating is preferably formed of natural rubber which positively affects top-of-charge behavior and reduces the possibility of antimony poisoning, thus providing for longer and improved battery performance and life.

Abstract: Improvements are disclosed for electrochemical cells of the type comprising at least two bipolar electrodes, with a space occurring between adjacent electrodes which contains a liquid electrolyte. Improvement include forming improved plates for the electrodes from a thermoplastic polymer containing carbon black, wherein the electrodes are formed by dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent, mixing carbon black with the solvent solution of the polymer, evaporating the solvent from the polymer solution containing the dispersed carbon black, pulverizing the resultant mixture of polymer and carbon black to form a powder, and pressing the powder at an elevated temperature into the improved plates. There is further disclosed, improvements in the formation of electrochemically active material on the plates of the bipolar electrodes, as well as improved separators for positioning between the bipolar electrodes and improved means for sealing the spaces between bipolar electrodes.

Abstract: Fibers and filaments of an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyolefin that have a void volume greater than about 20% and are wettble. Wettability is imparted to the fibers and filaments by incorporating a filler into the composition that is hygroscopic, has a particle size less than about 10 microns in diameter and a surface area greater than about 30 square meters per gram. The preferred fillers are those that contain surface silanol groups. The fibers and filaments are formed by the process of preparing a mixture of an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyolefin, filler and plasticizer, metering the mixture to an extruder, heating and kneading the blend in the extruder, conveying the extrudate to a fiber or filament forming type die, expressing the extrudate through the die openings to form fibers or filaments, and extracting at least a portion of the extractable plasticizer to provide the desired porosity.

Abstract: An integrated composite-type separator sheet for use in a sealed type lead acid storage battery comprising: (i) at least one pressed fiber layer of a first type consisting essentially of glass fibers having an average diameter of 0.1-2 .mu., and (ii) a pressed fiber layer of a second type consisting essentially of glass fibers having an average diameter of 3-10 .mu., said pressed fiber layer of the second type having a thickness at least equal to the thickness of the pressed fiber layer of the first type.The separator and battery of this invention have the following advantages: good close contact between the separator and the electrode plates maintained for a long time during the use of the battery, and greatly improved performance of the battery and its service life, as compared with conventional batteries.

Abstract: An inorganic nonaqueous electrolytic solution type cell comprising a separator which is positioned between a negative electrode and a positive electrode, a bottom insulator which is positioned between a bottom of a cell container and a positive electrode, and an electrolytic solution comprising an electrolyte and an oxyhalide which is in the liquid state at room temperature and serves as an active material for a positive electrode and a solvent for the electrolytic solution, wherein each of the separator and the bottom insulator comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a microporous film of an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and a composite sheet of a microporous film of an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and a nonwoven glass fabric.

Abstract: Described is a porous flexible sheet of about 93 to 99.5 weight percent amorphous precipitated silica and from about 0.5 to about 7 weight percent fibrillated, unsintered polymeric material, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene. The sheet is useful as a separator in absorbed electrolyte gas recombinant batteries, e.g., lead-acid batteries, and has a tensile strength of less than 75 pounds per square inch (0.5 MPa). The sheet preferably has a porosity of from 85 to 92 percent and exhibits an electrical resistance of less than 3.5 milliohm-in.sup.2 /10 mil when saturated with 37 percent sulfuric acid. The sheet is prepared by subjecting a dry homogeneous mixture of the silica and polymeric material, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, in the above proportions to mechanical shear blending forces to fibrillate the polymer and thereafter dry forming the resulting admixture into sheet form.

Abstract: A separator for an electrochemical primary cell of the metal-air type and having an alkaline electrolyte comprises a support based on woven or non-woven fibers, with at least one of the faces of the support being provided with a film of polyvinyl alcohol is insoluble in the alkaline medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glass microfibre based paper, the said fibres being obtained by centrifugal processing of molten glass which is drawn by an annular gas flow at elevated temperature and velocity, which passes along the peripheral wall of the centrifuge. The centrifuge rotates at a peripheral velocity of between 50 and 20 m/sec. and the quantity of glass drawn is less than 6 tons per day and per meter of centrifuge periphery in the case of microfibres of 2 to 3 microns and less than 1 ton per day and per meter of centrifuge periphery in the case of microfibres of less than 1 micron.

Abstract: A fibrous sheet useful as a battery plate separator is disclosed. The sheet, in a specific embodiment, is made from a mixture of Grade 210 glass fibers, Grade 206 glass fibers, Grade A-20 chopped glass strand, and Grade A-121 polyethylene fibers. The fine glass fibers impart a high absorbency to the sheet; the coarse glass fibers impart a lower absorbency; and the polyethylene fibers, which are hydrophobic, are essentially non-absorbent. The different fibers are used in such proportions that the sheet has the absorbency, usually from 75 to 95 percent, required for use in a recombinant battery, even in the presence of free electrolyte.

Abstract: In an electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, a film of electroconductive polymeric material having a conductor embedded therein at approximately the mid point of the film is used as an electrode active material and a collector associated therewith.

Abstract: A powdered positive mixture, a powdered separator mixture, and a powdered negative mixture are filled sequentially into a mold in layers, then the layers of the positive mixture, the separator mixture and the negative mixture are compacted in the mold to form a laminated tablet. The laminated tablet is placed in a container, and is impregnated with an alkaline electrolyte queous solution. Then the container is sealed to produce an alkaline cell.

Abstract: It has now been discovered that reduction in the coulombic efficiency of metal halogen cells can be minimized if the microporous separator employed in such cells is selected from one which is preferably wet by the aqueous electrolyte and is not wet substantially by the cathodic halogen.

Abstract: A battery separator in the form of a microporous membrane composed of a substantially uniform composition of a polymer mixture of ultra high molecular weight polyolefin, polyethylene terpolymer and polyvinyl chloride, in combination with at least one plasticizer for the polymer mixture and an inert filler.

Abstract: Precipitated amorphous silica useful for manufacturing microporous battery separators is prepared by establishing an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate having an alkali metal oxide concentration of (a) from 2.1-2.6 grams per liter and a temperature of from about 179.degree. F. to 186.degree. F., or (b) from 5.6 to 7.2 grams per liter and a temperature of from 190.degree. to 198.degree. F.; adding from (a) 14.5 to 19 times or (b) 2 to 5 times respectively the amount of alkali metal silicate initially present in the initial aqueous solution simultaneously with acidifying agent, e.g., sulfuric acid, to the initial aqueous solution while maintaining the initial alkali metal oxide concentration therein substantially constant; reducing the pH of the resulting slurry to from 8 to 9; ageing the slurry at precipitation temperatures for from 15 to 90 minutes; reducing the pH of the aged slurry to from 3.8 to 4.7 and then recovering, e.g.

Abstract: In view of operating temperatures above 100.degree. C., a silver oxide/zinc cylindrical cell is provided with a housing cup which is enclosed by a sealing element formed of PTFE, and which incorporates a double-layer separator whose inner layer is formed of a semi-permeable ion exchange membrane and whose outer layer is formed of a flexible ceramic material. The element is protected against extreme overpressure, in excess of 65 bar, by a rupture line in the form of an indentation in the bottom of the cup.

Abstract: A sealed gas recombining lead-acid cell with absorbed electrolyte is produced by assembling unformed plates and high porosity glass mat separator whose surface area is from 0.2-1.7 m.sup.2 /g, adding a limited quantity of acid into the cell, and then either prior to or after sealing of the cell electrochemically forming the plates of the cell in situ. High rate performance of the cell is significantly improved over the cells using conventional high surface area glass separators.

Abstract: A novel, improved battery separator material particularly adaptable for use in maintenance free batteries. The battery separator material includes a diatomaceous earth filler, an acrylate copolymer binder and a combination of fibers comprising polyolefin, polyester and glass fibers.

Abstract: Configurations of cross-linked or vulcanized amphophilic or quaternized block copolymer of haloalkyl epoxides and hydroxyl terminated alkadiene polymers are useful as battery separators in both primary and secondary batteries, particularly nickel-zinc batteries. The quaternized block copolymers are prepared by polymerizing a haloalkyl epoxide in the presence of a hydroxyl terminated 1,3-alkadiene to form a block copolymer that is then reacted with an amine to form the quaternized or amphophilic block copolymer that is then cured or cross-linked with sulfur, polyamines, metal oxides, organic peroxides and the like.

Abstract: A separator comprising a sheet of polymer material containing a filler and having an periphery area whose pores are filled with a dielectric elastomer.

Abstract: A porous diaphragm for an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of alkali metal halides is comprised of a thermoplastic support fabric impregnated with particles of a siliceous composition. The thermoplastic support fabric has an anode side, a cathode side opposite the anode side, and a thickness of at least 0.3 millimeters. The cathode side has a greater hydrophobicity than the anode side. To provide greater hydrophobicity which results in controlled, reduced cell voltages, for example, the cathode side of the support fabric is treated with an oxidizing agent.

Abstract: Diaphragms for use in electrolytic cells, e.g., chlor-alkali cells, are beneficially prepared using pulverized expanded vermiculite in place of the historically popular asbestos.

Abstract: A nonaqueous cell employing a liquid cathode, such as an oxyhalide, an active anode, such as lithium, a cathode collector, such as carbon and/or graphite, and a separator between said anode and said collector and wherein said separator comprises a uniform mixture of 85 to 95 weight percent glass fibers having a substantially uniform size and 15 to 5 weight percent binder, such as polyvinyl alcohol.

Abstract: A light weight lead-acid battery (30) having a positive terminal (36) and a negative terminal (34) and including one or more cells or grid stacks having a plurality of vertically stacked conductive monoplates (10, 20) with positive active material and negative active material deposited on alternating plates in the cell or grid stack. Electrolyte layers (26, 28) positioned between each monoplate are included to provide a battery cell having four sides which is capable of being electrically charged and discharged. Two vertical positive bus bars (42, 43) are provided on opposite sides of the battery cell for connecting the monoplates (10) with positive active material together in parallel current conducting relation. In addition, two negative bus bars (38, 39) on opposite sides of the battery cell each being adjacent the positive bus bars are provided for connecting the monoplates (20) with negative active material together in parallel current conducting relation.

Abstract: A battery separator having a low electrical resistance after extended use is made by thermal consolidation and thermal embossing of a paper web formed from a furnish containing a synthetic pulp the fibrils of which are filled with an inorganic filler, the web incorporating a wetting agent which is preferably an organic sulphonate, and organic succinate, or a phenol ethoxylate.

Abstract: A storage battery separator comprising a phenol resin, polyolefin resin and inorganic powder, showing restraint of battery over charging and reduced brittleness, is described.

Abstract: A process for producing a storage battery separator including the mixing of at least 10 parts by weight of glass fiber having at least 1 m.sup.2 /g in specific surface area, with a fibril-formed synthetic fiber which is no greater than 350 c.c. in freeness in which the resultant mixture is formed into a sheetlike member suitable for use as a storage battery separator.

Abstract: A battery separator material which is folded to form an envelope is heat sealed along at least two opposing edges thereof to form a battery separator. The separator material is comprised of discrete polyolefin pulp fibers in a sufficient amount to heat seal the separator along its edges. The fibers are bound by an organic polymeric binder. A process of forming the battery separator is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to microporous membranes having a surfactant impregnated therein which is coated on at least one surface thereof with a polymer coating, such as cellulose acetate. The polymer coating possesses functional groups in the presence of an aqueous alkaline environment which permits it to undergo hydrogen bonding with water and to transport battery electrolyte through the coating by diffusion. The presence of the coating on the normally hydrophobic substrate membrane, when used in conjunction with a suitable surfactant, increases the wettability of the substrate membrane and thereby lowers its electrical resistance. The coating also serves to immobilize various soluble electrode derived ions at the coating-electrolyte interface thereby hindering their penetration into the pores of the substrate microporous membrane.