Abstract: A sealed nickel-metal hydride storage cell comprises a positive electrode whose electrochemically reactive material is a hydroxide containing principally nickel and a negative electrode whose electrochemically active material is an intermetallic compound capable of forming a hydride when charged. The total quantity of electrochemically active material in the negative electrode exceeds the total quantity of electrochemically active material in the positive electrode so that the total negative capacity exceeds the total positive capacity by an amount of at least 15% referred to as the overcapacity. Part of the overcapacity, referred to as the precharge, is partly in the charged state when the positive electrode is completely discharged and the remaining part, referred to as the surplus, is in the discharged state when the positive electrode is completely charged. The precharge is less than 10% of the negative overcapacity.

Abstract: A non-aqueous rechargeable battery for a vehicle contains a positive electrode, which has a positive electrode active material having a capacity of 120 mAh/g or larger; and a negative electrode, which has a negative electrode active material having a capacity of 280 mAh/g or larger and a reversible rate of the capacity of 80% or more, wherein a ratio of a positive electrode capacity to a negative electrode capacity is set to 0.6 to 0.9. The non-aqueous rechargeable battery has a light weight and a high energy density.

Abstract: Disclosed is a secondary battery in which the characteristic can be improved by optimizing the relation between the thickness of a positive electrode mixture layer and the thickness of a negative electrode mixture layer. The secondary battery comprises a rolled electrode body in which a band-shaped positive electrode and negative electrode are rolled with a separator in between. Lithium metal is to be precipitated in the negative electrode during charging. The capacity of the negative electrode is expressed by the sum of a capacity component by occluding/releasing lithium and a capacity component by precipitating/dissolving lithium metal. The ratio of the thickness of the positive electrode mixture layer to the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer is 0.92 or more. Thereby, stable precipitation of lithium metal in the negative electrode can be achieved and a high energy density and an excellent cycle characteristic can be obtained.

Abstract: A highly reliable rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a separator, a cathode, an electrolyte or an electrolyte solution, and a housing, characterized in that said anode is structured to have a size which is greater than that of said cathode. The rechargeable battery provides an increased energy density and has a prolonged charging and discharging cycle life, in which a dendrite causing a reduction in the battery performance, which is generated upon operating charging in the conventional rechargeable battery, is effectively prevented from generating or from growing in the case where it should be generated.

Abstract: A description is given of a secondary lithium metal battery in which the formation of lithium dendrites is inhibited. The battery (1) comprises negative electrode material (3) on a current collector (5) and positive electrode material (7) on a current collector (9) separated by a separator (11), which may be a polymer gel electrolyte optionally combined with a separator. According to the invention, the negative electrode (anode) has a high specific surface area, so that lithium dendrites are prevented during charging of the negative electrode. Examples of electrode materials of high surface area are particles of graphite, metals such as nickel, or metal foams, e.g. of nickel. Lithium intercalation does not occur in metals, whereas the intercalating capacity for lithium in graphite is at most 25 percent of the capacity of the positive electrode.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium battery includes a negative electrode material having a total irreversible capacity of 45% or less of a total capacity of a positive electrode material. By adjusting the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode material in a wide range, a crystalline structure of the positive electrode material during charge-discharge is stably maintained, and cyclic resistance of the rechargeable lithium battery is improved. Moreover, the rechargeable lithium battery having a large capacity and high cyclic resistance at high temperature can be provided by the use of Li deficient type lithium manganese oxide of a layer structure as a positive electrode material.

Abstract: A roll electrode assembly of a secondary battery includes a positive electrode rolled having a plurality of turns, a negative electrode rolled having a plurality of turns, and first and second separators each rolled to have a plurality of turns. Each turn of the first separator is disposed between each outer surface of the turns of the negative electrode and each inner surface of the turns of the positive electrode. Each turn of the second separator is disposed between each outer surface of the turns of the positive electrode and each inner surface of the turns of the negative electrode. The thickness of the second separator is thinner than that of the first separator.

Abstract: A vehicle (V) includes a battery enclosure (152) enclosing a battery system (B). Each battery (Bn) includes a cell (1) that comprises a rolled lamination (LM) of a positive sheet electrode (11) having layers (13) of positive-pole-oriented active substance coated on both side of a charge collecting sheet (12), a negative sheet electrode (21) having layers (23) of negative-pole-oriented active substance coated on both sides of another charge collecting sheet (22), and electrolyte-containing separator (31) between the layers of active substances. The batter further includes a cell enclosure (2) totally enclosing the cell. A gas effluent system (100) for the battery system comprises a gas release system (RSn) for generated gas in the cell of each battery to be released outside the cell enclosure, and a gas discharge system (DS) for released gas to be discharged outside the battery enclosure. The gas release system comprises gas release circuitry including a network (NT) of blanks (Cp: P=1,2, . . . , q, . .

Abstract: A roll electrode assembly used in a secondary battery includes a positive electrode applied with a positive active material, a negative electrode applied with a negative active material, and a separator disposed between said positive and negative electrodes. A thickness of the positive or negative active materials applied on opposite sides of positive or negative substrates of the positive or negative electrodes are different from each other such that the capacity ratio between the positive and negative electrodes can be maintained above 1.

Abstract: An alkaline dry cell includes an anode inside a cathode. The anode includes a metal anode current collector inside an gel anode, which has zinc alloy powder as an active material. The cathode includes a cathode depolarizing mixture, which has electrolytic manganese dioxide as an active material, in a closed-end metal cathode can. Small amounts of the active materials can be used economically. A theoretical capacity ratio (NE/PE) between the anode and the cathode is in a range of 1.0 to 1.20. A contact area ratio (PA/NA) between an anode-opposed area of the cathode depolarizing mixture and a contact area of the anode current collector against the gel anode is in a range of 1.82 to 8.24. A short charge-up time makes the alkaline dry cell suitable to power the flash of a camera.

Abstract: A battery apparatus comprising a casing, at least two stacked lithium ion cells a member for maximizing the utilization of the casing and a member for precluding inadvertent deformation of the casing. The casing includes a non-uniform inner periphery. Each of at least two stacked lithium ion cells is positioned within the casing. The utilization maximizing member maximizes the utilization of the inner periphery of the casing by facilitating the independent shaping of each of the at least two stacked lithium ion cells to confirm to the inner periphery. As a result, the shape of one cell does not limit or dictate the shape of any other cell. The deformation precluding member is associated with each of the at least two lithium ion cells, and, substantially precludes inadvertent deformation of the casing by the at least two lithium ion cells, during cell cycling and storage. The invention further includes a process for fabricating a battery apparatus.

Abstract: A battery has an organic electrolyte, a negative electrode having at least one metal out of alkaline metal and alkaline metal alloy, and a positive electrode including a conductive core having at least one metal out of porous metal plate and metal mesh, wherein an active material covers the core. At least a part of one side of the core is exposed from the active material at a position confronting the negative electrode, and the width of narrowest part of the metal is greater than the thickness of the negative electrode. In this constitution, the discharge reaction is delayed in the exposed portion of the core of the positive electrode. By this delay in discharge reaction, the electric connection of the negative electrode is maintained up to the end of discharge. Hence, voltage drop at the end of discharge is suppressed. As a result, the battery having an excellent discharge capacity up to the end of the discharge is obtained.

Abstract: A rectangular battery having an electrode group which is inserted in a battery case having an airtight structure. The electrode group is formed by alternately stacking positive electrodes and negative electrodes via separators. The battery case is rectangular had has a closed bottom and an open part that is airtightly sealed by a cover. The outermost electrodes, which are located on both faces of the electrode group, are coated with an active material on a surface of a core. Furthermore, the outermost electrodes have the same polarity and the cores thereof directly contact an inside surface of the outer battery case. In one embodiment, the capacity of the outermost electrodes is smaller than the capacity of the inwardly disposed electrodes of the same polarity.

Abstract: The invention pertains to linear electrochemical functional elements which consist of strip-shaped ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and/or hydrogen-diffusion electrodes accessible at the ends which are enclosed on all sides in an insulating manner by a jacket of a solid material. The invention describes the structure, production and use of the functional elements in electrochemical measuring techniques.

Abstract: A battery apparatus comprising a casing and at least one stacked lithium ion cell which does not require springs, windings, etc. and a member for precluding inadvertent deformation of the casing. Each of at least one stacked lithium ion cell is positioned within the casing. The deformation precluding member is associated with each of the at least one lithium ion cell, and, substantially precludes inadvertent deformation of the casing by the at least one lithium ion cell, during cell cycling and storage. The invention further includes a process for fabricating a battery apparatus.

Abstract: A battery having two chemical cells. A positive electrode of a first cell is composed of a first catalyst which reduces ions in an electrolyte and generates gas, and a negative electrode of a second cell is composed of a second catalyst which oxidizes the gas generated by the positive electrode of the first cell and generates ions as an active material of the negative electrode of the second cell. A gas-emitting surface of the positive electrode of the first cell and a gas-absorbing surface of the negative electrode of the second cell define a sealed chamber, and the positive electrode of the first cell and the negative electrode of the second cell are electrically connected to move the ions in the electrolyte of the first cell to the second cell without mixing the electrolytes or the like in the first and second cells.

Abstract: Disordered multicomponent hydrogen storage material characterized by extraordinarily high storage capacity due to a high density of useable hydrogen storage sites (greater than 10.sup.23 defect sites/cc) and/or an extremely small crystallite size. The hydrogen storage material can be employed for electrochemical, fuel cell and gas phase applications. The material may be selected from either of the modified LaNi.sub.5 or modified TiNi families formulated to have a crystallite size of less than 200 Angstroms and most preferably less than 100 Angstroms.

Abstract: A sealed alkaline storage battery with a long cycle life is disclosed, in which an inadequate adjustment between some of the electrode plates in a cell and the difference in the deterioration resulting from the difference in the heat dissipating abilities of the plates in the cell has been obviated. The storage battery comprises an electrode group configured by piling up a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes alternately with separators interposed therebetween, wherein the capacities of the respective negative electrodes are larger than those of the adjacent positive electrodes, except for the negative electrodes positioned at both ends of the electrode group. The capacities of the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes in the central part of the electrode group are larger than those of the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes located closer to both ends of the electrode group.

Abstract: Non-aqueous solid electrochemical cells with improved performance can be fabricated by employing intercalation based carbon anodes comprising graphitized microbead carbon particles. When employed in a lithium electrochemical cell sufficient cathode material is employed to intercalate the anode active material to attain a specific electrode capacity of greater than about 372 mAh/g. The electrochemical cell has a cycle life of greater than 200 cycles, and has a first cycle capacity loss of only about 10% to 15%.

Abstract: An improved rechargeable lithium battery is described comprising a transition metal compound as cathode active material and carbonaceous particles as anode active material, having prior intercalated lithium ions in the carbonaceous particles in the anode of the assembled lithium battery, thereby reducing the weight of the cathode active material required. The rechargeable lithium battery has increased energy density per unit weight and per unit volume.

Abstract: An alkali metal/solid cathode electrochemical cell, particularly a Li/CF.sub.x cell, having an electrolyte-to-cathode (E/C) weight ratio of about 0.94 to 0.96, and an anode-to-cathode (A/C) capacity ratio of about 1.03, is described. These ratios provide the cell with an improvement of about 6.7% in terms of volumetric energy density and about 11.9% in terms of gravimetric energy density over prior art Li/CF.sub.x cells.

Abstract: Disclosed are a hydrogen-occluding alloy electrode comprising an alloy powder wherein the alloy comprises a Ti--V solid solution mother phase and a secondary phase predominantly containing a Ti--Ni phase or an AB.sub.2 Laves phase in which the secondary phase forms a three-dimensional reticulate skeleton in the alloy; said hydrogen-occluding alloy powder surface-treated with hydrofluoric acid to provide a titanium hydride surface and surface-coated with at least one metal of Ni, Cu and Co.

Abstract: The present invention consists in a rechargeable cell having an anode made from materials in which lithium can be inserted, a cathode and an electrolyte constituted by a solution of a lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent. The material of said cathode includes at least one substance which is a yellow-green single-phase oxide of lithium and manganese with an orthorhombic crystal structure with the following lattice parameters: a=0.459.+-.0.004 nm, b=0.577.+-.0.004 nm and c=0.281.+-.0.003 nm and containing lithium ions in a molar ratio Li/Mn such that 0.85.ltoreq.Li/Mn.ltoreq.1.10. After a first charge said substance is discharged in two stages of which the higher is at a mean voltage greater than 3.5 volts relative to the lithium.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery formed of lead, acidic and basic materials, wherein these materials are in certain ratios by weight. The battery is intended for seasonal use applications, in which the battery may be idle for many months of each year. The battery includes positive and negative battery plates immersed in a sulfuric acid solution. The plates are formed of lead alloys and are coated with positive and negative, respectively, active materials. In addition, the acid solution includes small amounts of Sodium Sulfate that is set in certain proportions to the amount of positive lead oxide materials in the battery.

Abstract: The present invention provides a valve-regulated lead-acid battery in which the theoretical capacity (Ah) of the negative active material in the battery is less than that of the positive active material, the amount of a conductive additive, such as carbon, added into the negative active material is in the range of 0.5 weight % to 7.5 weight % of the negative active material, and the conductive additive is carbon, acetylene black, polyaniline, tin powder, tin compound powder, etc. having an average particle diameter of 100.mu. or less.

Abstract: Hydrogen storage and generation is accomplished using an electrolytic cell which employs an inert gas electrode, a rechargeable battery electrode having an active material which stores hydrogen or is close to the potential of hydrogen, and a sealed housing which houses the electrodes, a separator and an aqueous electrolyte and has a port for extracting hydrogen generated in the cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell using a lithium anode and a silver vanadium oxide cathode is provided in which the cell is anode limited. Preferably, only enough lithium and electrolyte are provided in an Li/SVO cell to allow it to discharge only to the start of the second voltage plateau of its discharge curve. This provides a cell with improved performance in implantable defibrillator applications.

Abstract: Nonaqueous electrolyte rechargeable cells may contain an excess of negative electrode material to improve the rechargeability. This excess of negative electrode material can form brittle alloys with noncorrosive current collector metals in positive electrodes at low cell voltages. The invention discloses that an excess of current collector material in the positive electrode directly opposite to the negative electrode improves the safety characteristics of the rechargeable cells during overdischarge and multiple voltage reversal abuses.

Abstract: This invention teaches rechargeable manganese dioxide cells having alkaline electrolytes, zinc negative electrodes and manganese dioxide positive electrodes. In keeping with the present invention, the positive electrode is essentially unconstrained--that is, no cage is used in the cell to confine the positive electrode. During discharge of a rechargeable alkaline cell, the positive electrode may be inclined to swell, and during the charge cycle it may be inclined to contract or reduce its dimensions. However, the positive electrode is dimensioned so as to substantially fill the entire space allotted for it within the cell, while allowing for a slight accommodation for height-wise or longitudinal expansion or growth in bobbin cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new method of manufacturing a sealed rechargeable alkaline battery including metal oxides as positive electrode active materials and a hydrogen absorbing alloy as a negative electrode material. The basic principle of the method is that, instead of the conventional electrochemical formation, the property of a hydrogen absorbing alloy is utilized to cause the negative electrode to absorb hydrogen to thereby achieve precharged portions within the negative electrode having a relatively larger capacity as compared with the positive electrode. Regardless of the kind of positive electrode, the method of the invention insures a broad freedom in the capacity appropriation between the positive and negative electrodes.

Abstract: A nickel-metal hydride secondary cell comprising a non-sinter type nickel positive electrode accommodated in an enclosure and comprised of a conductive core and a layer formed on the conductive core, the layer made of a mixture of nickel hydroxide power and cobalt monoxide powder covered with a layer of high-valence cobalt oxide, a hydrogen absorbing alloy negative electrode accommodated in the enclosure and comprised of a conductive core and a layer formed on the conductive core and made of a mixture hydrogen absorbing alloy powder and carbon black having a specific surface area of 700 m.sup.2 /g or more, and having a capacity 1.0 to 2.5 times the sum of the capacity of the nickel hydroxide contained in the positive electrode and the electricity required to oxidize the cobalt monoxide powder, a separator made of synthetic resin unwoven fabric having a texture size of 50 to 100 g/m.sup.2 and a thickness of 0.1 to 0.

Abstract: A paste-type cadmium electrode for use in an alkaline storage cell, comprising a conductive substrate, an active material layer mainly comprising cadmium oxide and formed on a surface of the conductive substrate, and a conductive layer or a nickel body formed on a surface of the active material layer.The conductive layer either has therein powdered carbon and powdered alkali-resistant metal having a surface area of 0.001 to 0.5 m.sup.2 against 1 g of the active material; comprises powdered carbon, a binder and powdered alkali-resistant metal having an apparent density of 0.2 g/cc or less; or comprises a first conductive layer formed on a surface of the active material layer and comprising powdered alkali-resistant metal and a binder, and a second conductive layer formed on a surface of the first conductive layer and comprising powdered carbon and a binder.The nickel body is dispersed on a surface of the active material layer, the nickel body comprising fiber-type nickel having an average fiber diameter of 1 .

Abstract: A cadmium non-sintered negative electrode for use in an alkaline storage cell comprising a main active material comprising at least one of powdered cadmium oxide and powdered cadmium hydroxide; a reserve charging substance comprising powdered metal cadmium; and an additive comprising powdered nickel hydroxide whose grain shape is substantially globe and/or whose average grain size is 1.5 to 200 .mu.m.

Abstract: A rechargeable alkaline electrochemical cell has a manganese dioxide cathode and a zinc anode. The cathode is mixed with graphite or other conductive carbon and a binder, and is contained by a metallic screen which also serves as an oxygen evolution catalyst. The screen also serves to contain the cathode in place as it tends to expand under use. A diaphram is provided to separate the cathode and anode; an alkaline electrolyte contains the cathode and anode, and the other components of the cell.

Abstract: Novel additives are disclosed comprising a material capable of absorbing hydrogen and recombining oxygen, which additive is ideally suited for incorporation in sealed cells. The additive may be disposed in an energy storage device in several manners such as a coating on a negative electrode, a thin layer disposed between cell separators, an auxilliary electrode, and as one negative electrode in a device having a plurality of negative and positive electrodes.

Abstract: A gas tightly sealed nickel-cadmium cell is provided which works on the oxygen cycle principle and has a charge and discharge reserve at the negative electrode. Further, the partial pressure of the gases which cannot be reacted in the cell is below 0.4 bar. As a result of this substantial removal of the gases which cannot be reacted from the interior space of the cell, there is a considerable rise in the oxygen consumption rate, i.e., the rate at which the oxygen generated in the cell is reacted at the negative electrode, so that higher charge current densities are possible.

Abstract: An electrode comprising as the main component carbon materials that have a layer structure more disordered than graphite and have hexagonal net faces with a selective orientation. Using said electrode, a secondary battery with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution is manufactured, which comprises a positive electrode, a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and a negative electrode that has carbon materials as the active substances that can form an electrochemically reversible compound with a light-weight metal element, wherein said positive electrode is made such that its capacity for being charged or discharged is greater than that of said negative electrode.

Abstract: A rechargeable electrochemical device comprising a cathode (6) composed chiefly of activated carbon, anode (3) composed of a lithium alloy, and an electrolyte composed of an organic solvent in which a lithium salt is dissolved. Lithium content in the lithium alloy forming the anode (3) is selected such that, if converted to the electric capacity under the charged condition, the capacity of this alloy ranges from 3 to 20 times the cathode capacity that is obtained when the cathode is discharged from 3.0V to 2.0V in a single-pole potential with respect to metal lithium. This constitution is able to provide a reliable rechargeable electrochemical device, which is proof against super-discharge and excellent in charge and discharge cycle life.

Abstract: The cell of a gas-tight alkaline battery is balanced by subdividing the negative excess capacity into the necessary charge and discharge reserves by individually treating the two electrode polarities prior to their assembly, while avoiding open cell forming. When combining a charged, dried, positive sintered electrode which is suitable for storage with a negative electro-deposited electrode, the latter inherently receives a charge reserve due to partial chemical oxidation with H.sub.2 O.sub.2 l or K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8. When a discharged, but preformed positive sintered electrode is combined with a negative sintered electrode, the latter is electrochemically partially charged to the extent necessary to achieve the desired discharge reserve, and thereafter preserved by immersion in a solution containing sulfuric acid, and possibly CdSO.sub.4.

Abstract: The power characteristics of a lead-acid battery are improved by incorporating a dispersion of 1 to 10% by weight of a thermodynamically stable conductivity additive, such as conductive tin oxide coated glass fibers (34) of filamentary glass wool (42) in the positive active layer (32) carried on the grid (30) of the positive plate (16). The avoiding of positive plate reversal to prevent reduction of the tin oxide is accomplished by (a) employing an oversized positive plate and pre-charging it; (b) by pre-discharging the negative plate; and/or (c) by placing a circuit breaker (26) in combination with the plates (16, 18) and terminals (22, 24) to remove the load when the voltage of the positive plate falls below a pre-selected level.

Abstract: The invention involves a sealed lead-acid battery comprising a cell element having positive plates, negative plates and separators, and electrolyte retained within micropore of the cell element.The micropores of both the plates is substantially filled with the electrolyte, while the micropores of the separators are not completely filled with the electrolyte.The voids formed partially in the micropores of the separators permit transport of the oxygen gas from the positive plates to the negative plates.Such a sealed lead-acid battery has long service life, and excels in ability to O.sub.2 absorb gases and reproduce water during overcharging and to recover by charging after a long overdischarged-state storage.

Abstract: Undesirable heavy metal peroxides formed during the continuous partial oxidation of cadmium electrodes made from a charged strip of material, by means of H.sub.2 O.sub.2, to introduce a charge reserve prior to incorporation in a sealed alkaline battery cell, are removed by an immersion treatment in an alkaline hydroxide solution, with simultaneous desorption of oxygen and removal of the heat of hydrogenation. A subsequent boric acid immersion bath is used to neutralize introduced alkaline residues and to improve the stability of the strip during storage. The phenomena which accompany peroxide decomposition (intense evolution of heat and sputtering of electrolyte) in the completely assembled cell during the introduction of the electrolyte, and which interfere with the metering of the electrolyte, are thus avoided.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical cell having a negative electrode of a stable hydride-forming material, in which a high power density at a low temperature is obtained by adding from 5 to 45% by weight of LaNi.sub.5 or a comparable high-capacity material having a higher plateau pressure than that of the stable hydride-forming material.

Abstract: A motorcycle equipped with an enclosed battery having a closed structure, is characterized by installing the enclosed battery in a manner that a side face of a battery case makes an angle with a vertical direction of a body frame of the motorcycle. With this arrangement of the enclosed battery, it becomes possible to reduce the space for housing the battery or to utilize a so-called dead space, thereby reducing the size or the width of a body frame and improving the functional structure of the motorcycle.

Abstract: A process for preventing electrical capacity loss during storage of a pressurized nickel-hydrogen electrical storage cell. An electrical precharge is applied to the positive electrode of the cell, so that discharge of the cell is negative electrode limited. In one approach, the cell is charged, while sealed, to a state of charge corresponding to a first gas pressure, and then the hydrogen pressure is reduced to a lower value, preferably about atmospheric. In another approach, a current is passed through the cell while the cell is unsealed and maintained at atmospheric gas pressure, until the cell reaches the desired state of charge.

Abstract: The present invention is a sealed storage battery wherein a plurality of flattened unitary cells formed by sealing a polar plate group in an outer bag made of a sheet or a film of synthetic resin are stacked in a direction thicknesswise thereof and accommodated in a pressurized manner in a casing.By so constructing, the unitary cells can be uniformly applied with pressure with the increased capacity for efficiency for a battery, any possible deviation in the lifetime of the cells can be eliminated, and a highly reliable battery of flat type easy to fabricate, and suitable for use as an electric power source for portable electric appliances can be obtained.

Abstract: A sealed, low maintenance battery (10, 100) is formed of a casing (14, 102) having a sealed lid (12, 104) enclosing cell compartments (22, 110) formed by walls (24, 132). The cells comprise a stack (26) of horizontally disposed negative active plates (30) and positive active plates (28) interspersed with porous, resilient separator sheets (30). Each plate has a set of evenly spaced tigs (40, 41) disposed on one side thereof; like polarity tigs being disposed on one side and opposite polarity tigs on the other. Columns of tigs are electrically and mechanically joined by vertical bus bars (46). The bus bars contain outwardly projecting arms (56) of opposite polarity which are electrically joined at each partition wall (24) to electrically connect the cells in series. The stack is compressed by biasing means such as resilient pad (58) attached to the lid or by joining the tigs (52) to the post (48) at a distance less than the thickness of the mat (124).

Abstract: A cadmium electrode for a rechargeable alkaline cell comprises a rigid substrate having particle-receiving recesses therein into and upon which are pressed a particulate mix of binder coated cadmium oxide particles and cadmium particles which constitute an active precharge anti-fading constituent of the mix. The binder coating may be a substantially insulating material, in which case the cadmium particles in various places are pressed into the substrate so that they penetrate through the binder coating to make direct contact with the cadmium oxide particles. The binder is most advantageously a curable butadiene polymer binder coating on the cadmium oxide particles preferably formed by heating an initial slurry of an emulsion of the binder and cadmium oxide particles to vaporize the liquid carrier and at least partially cure the binder material.

Abstract: A lead acid battery comprising: a positive plate; a negative plate having higher capacity than said positive plate; a separator interposed between said plates; and an electrolyte, said plates and said separator being impregnated with said electrolyte, the amount of said electrolyte being limited so that a free electrolyte is not substantially present therein, the theoretical capacity of said positive plate being more than 2.5 times as much as the theoretical capacity of said electrolyte, and thus having an excellent discharge storage property; and a method of storing the retainer type lead acid batteries including above battery to improve the discharge storage property comprising permitting said battery to stand under such a condition that a load is connected between said positive and negative plates when said battery is allowed to stand after the discharge has been finished.

Abstract: A lead-acid battery construction includes gridless reactively limited positive and negative electrode means combined with separator material and an electrolyte. Reactive limitation of the negative electrode means may be realized by providing the negative electrode means with inner portions comprising non-reactive (i.e. solid) lead and outer portions of reactive (i.e. porous) lead. Reactive limitation of the positive electrode means may be provided by the said negative electrode means. The positive electrode means comprises PbO.sub.2 which occurs in outer reacting portions and inner non-reacting portions. The battery having such reactively limited electrode means may only be discharged to the extent that the inner reactive lead portions of the negative electrode means become completely transformed into PbSO.sub.4, whereupon all electrochemical reaction in the battery will cease. That portion of the PbO.sub.2 of the positive electrode means which has not been transformed into PbSO.sub.