Abstract: A substrate having a spacer thereon and an optical device including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a substrate includes a base layer, a transparent column spacer formed on the base layer, and a black layer present between the transparent column spacer and the base layer. In some embodiments, an alignment film is present on the spacer.

Abstract: Implementations of the present disclosure provide methods for treating a processing chamber. In one implementation, the method includes purging a 300 mm substrate processing chamber, without the presence of a substrate, by flowing a purging gas into the substrate processing chamber at a flow rate of about 0.14 sccm/mm2 to about 0.33 sccm/mm2 and a chamber pressure of about 1 Torr to about 30 Torr, with a throttle valve of a vacuum pump system of the substrate processing chamber in a fully opened position, wherein the purging gas is chemically reactive with deposition residue on exposed surfaces of the substrate processing chamber.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device comprising a first electrode; a hole transport layer disposed on the first electrode; an emission layer disposed on the hole transport layer and comprising a plurality of light emitting particles; an electron transport layer disposed on the emission layer and comprising a metal oxide particle-organic polymer composite comprising a plurality of metal oxide particles and an organic polymer; and a second electrode disposed on the electron transport layer, wherein the organic polymer is present in the metal oxide particle-organic polymer composition in an amount of about 7 weight percent to about 30 weight percent based on a total weight of the electron transport layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an undercoat layer, and a photosensitive layer adjacent to the undercoat layer in this order, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transporting material having a polymerizable functional group, a cross-linking agent, and a thermoplastic resin having a polymerizable functional group, and at least one type of particles selected from the group consisting of resin particles having a hollow structure and rubber particles, wherein a content of the electron transporting material in the undercoat layer is 30% by mass or more with respect to a total mass of the composition, and wherein a content of the at least one type of particles in the undercoat layer is 10% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less with respect to the content of the electron transporting material.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, in which the undercoat layer contains a polymer of a composition containing a compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support, an intermediate layer formed on the support, a charge generating layer formed directly on the intermediate layer, and a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer, in which the intermediate layer contains a compound represented by the formula (1).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a laminated body, the laminated body including a support, an undercoat layer, and a charge generating layer. The undercoat layer includes a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transport material represented by formula (1), a cross-linking agent, and a thermoplastic resin having a polymerizable functional group, the laminated body satisfying expressions (2) and (3) Z1—X—Z2??(1) 0.20?|Vd2?Vd1|?2.0??(2) ??10??(3) in which Z1 and Z2 are groups having electron transport property, X is a linker, Vd2 and Vd1 are surface potentials of the charge generating layer after charging and ? is transit time based on a change rate of the surface of the charge generating layer, each as defined in the specification.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a single layer type photosensitive layer which includes a binder resin, a charge generating material, a hole transport material, a first electron transport material represented by the formula (1), and a second electron transport material represented by the formula (2), wherein X1 represents an oxygen atom or ?C(CN)2; R11 to R17 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; and R18 represents an alkyl group, -L111-O—R112, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; provided that L111 represents an alkylene group, and R112 represents an alkyl group, wherein X2 represents an oxygen atom or ?C(CN)2; R21 to R27 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group; and R28 represents an alkylene group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms or the like.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical base and a photosensitive layer disposed on the cylindrical base. The photosensitive layer has a photoconductive layer disposed on the cylindrical base, a charge injection blocking layer disposed on the photoconductive layer, and a surface layer disposed on the charge injection blocking layer. The charge injection blocking layer contains at least one of nitrogen and oxygen, carbon, and a group 13 element. A content of the at least one of nitrogen and oxygen contained in the charge injection blocking layer is lower on a side of the surface layer than on a side of the photosensitive layer.

Abstract: A first surface mirror including for example a substrate, a reflective layer (including aluminum, an aluminum alloy, silver, and/or a silver alloy), a dielectric layer, and an overcoat layer, a method of making the same, and a scanner and/or copier including the same are provided.

Abstract: A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate, an undercoat layer that is provided on the electroconductive substrate, contains a binder resin, metal oxide particles and an electron accepting compound having an acidic group and has an AC impedance of from 1×105? to 1×108? under the measurement condition in which a temperature is 22° C., a humidity is 50% RH, an AC voltage is ±1 V, and a frequency is 1 Hz and an AC impedance of from 1×103? to 1×108? under the measurement condition in which a temperature is 22° C., a humidity is 50% RH, an AC voltage is ±1 V, and a frequency is 100 Hz, and a photosensitive layer that is provided on the undercoat layer.

Abstract: A coating liquid for an undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is formed by sequentially stacking the undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer on an electrically conductive support, wherein the coating liquid comprises titanium oxide microparticles and silicon nitride microparticles as an inorganic compound, a binder resin and an organic solvent.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes, for example, a supporting substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer, and where the charge transport layer contains a mixture of a charge transport component and a bio-based polycarbonate.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a long-term potential variation and a short-term potential variation are suppressed, a method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. An intermediate layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by applying a coating liquid for the intermediate layer, which contains an organic resin and a rutile-type acidic titania sol containing tin, and drying the applied coating liquid.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor that can improve unevenness in image density and reduce image defects such as fogging and dots. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive support, an intermediate layer, and a photosensitive layer. The intermediate layer includes metal oxide particles surface-treated with a titanium chelate compound represented by the following formula (1): Ti(OR)n(L)4-n??(1) wherein R at each occurrence independently represents a C1-16 aliphatic hydrocarbon group; L at each occurrence independently represents a ligand derived from a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of ?-ketoester represented by the following formula (1a): ?-diketone represented by the following formula (1b): and a C3-10 alkylene glycol; n represents an integer of 1 to 3; if n is 2 or more, two Rs may be coupled to each other.

Abstract: Embodiments pertain to a novel imaging member, namely, an imaging member or photoreceptor comprising a protective outer layer which comprises light-absorbing composition that substantially prevents any light absorption by the overcoat layer. The composition comprises a low strength thermal plastic resin and a high optical density yellow dye. Thus, the light-blocking protective layer reduces the intrinsic light shock suffered by conventional overcoat layers without negatively impacting electrical properties of the overcoat layer and while improving print quality.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer which is formed on the undercoat layer and contains a charge generating substance and a hole transporting substance. The undercoat layer contains a specific amine compound, titanium oxide crystal particles having an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 15 nm or less and an organic resin.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer which is provided on the conductive substrate and includes a binder resin and metal oxide particles of which the surfaces are treated with at least two kinds of coupling agents of a first coupling agent having an electron-donating group and a second coupling agent having an electron-accepting group; and a photosensitive layer which is provided on the undercoat layer.

Abstract: A photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a phthalocyanine pigment and a specific dicyanoethylene compound. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer and/or an undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member include a specific dicyanoethylene compound, and the photosensitive layer includes the phthalocyanine pigment.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor including an electrically conductive substrate, an intermediate layer, and a photosensitive layer that are formed on the electrically conductive support, the intermediate layer including first titanium oxide particles surface-treated with a first reactive organic silicon compound, second titanium oxide particles surface-treated with a second reactive organic silicon compound different from the first reactive organic silicon compound, and a binder resin. The first reactive organic silicon compound is methyl hydrogen polysiloxane. The second reactive organic silicon compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (1): R—Si—(X)3??(1) R represents a alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted by at least one of acryloxy and methacryloxy groups or unsubstituted; and X represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained by providing an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer on a conductive support in the stated order, the electrophotographic photosensitive member being characterized in that the intermediate layer contains a specific polyolefin resin and a specific organic electron-transporting substance, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes, for example, a supporting substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer, and where the charge transport layer contains a mixture of a charge transport component and a tetraaryl polycarbonate.

Abstract: The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive support and an intermediate layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, which are provided on the conductive support in this order. The intermediate layer contains an ethylene-acrylic acid binary copolymer and a polyolefin resin in which repeating structural units are contained in a particular ratio.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained by providing an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer on a conductive support in the stated order, the electrophotographic photosensitive member being characterized in that the intermediate layer contains a specific polyolefin resin and a specific organic electron-transporting substance, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has a change layer consisting of five or more a-SiC intermediate layers, provided between an a-Si photoconductive layer and an a-SiC surface layer. Where two layers contiguous to each other in which C/(Si+C) is from 0.35 to 0.65 are selected from among the a-SiC intermediate layers included in the change layer, the rate of increase between the C/(Si+C) of an a-SiC intermediate layer on the photoconductive layer side and the C/(Si+C) of an a-SiC intermediate layer on the surface layer side (i.e., the rate of increase between layers) is 19% or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a conductive support, an intermediate layer provided on the conductive support, and a photosensitive layer provided on the intermediate layer, in which at least one of the intermediate layer and the photosensitive layer comprises a compound represented by the following formula (1):

Abstract: To provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can reproduce good images with less positive ghost and also has a good photosensitivity, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is incorporated in its photosensitive layer with a copolymer having a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (1) and a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (2), or a copolymer having a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (1) and a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (3).

Abstract: To provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can reproduce good images with less positive ghost and also has a good photosensitivity, the electrophotographic photosensitive member is incorporated in its photosensitive layer with a copolymer having a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (1) and a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (2), or a copolymer having a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (1) and a repeating structural unit represented by the formula (3).

Abstract: The present embodiments are generally directed to an improved imaging member exhibiting various advantages over conventional imaging members. More specifically, the present embodiments are directed to an improved charge blocking layer formed from an aqueous-based coating solution which exhibits improved shelf life and coating properties, such as increased homogeneity and adhesion, and methods for making the same. The aqueous-based coating solution is environment-friendly and avoids the need to use more expensive organic solvents which involve higher safety risks in the manufacturing process.

Abstract: A method of forming double-sided patterns in a touch panel circuit is disclosed. A first conductive layer and a second conductive layer are respectively formed on both sides of a substrate. A blocking layer is formed on a top surface of the first conductive layer for blocking ultraviolet (UV) light. A first photoresist layer is formed on a top surface of the blocking layer, and a second photoresist layer is formed on a bottom surface of the second conductive layer. Accordingly, two sides of the substrate may be exposed, developed and etched at the same time, thereby substantially simplifying the process of manufacturing the touch panel circuit.

Abstract: To provide a coating fluid for forming an undercoat layer having high stability, a high quality and long-life electrophotographic photoreceptor capable of forming a high quality image in various environments, with which image defects such as black spots or color spots hardly occur, an image forming apparatus using such a photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic cartridge using such a photoreceptor. A coating fluid for forming un undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing titanium oxide particles and a binder resin, characterized in that titanium oxide agglomerated secondary particles in the coating fluid have a volume average particle size of at most 0.1 ?m and a cumulative 90% particle size of at most 0.3 ?m.

Abstract: The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to layer(s) that are useful in imaging apparatus members and components, for use in electrophotography, including digital, apparatuses. More particularly, the present embodiments provide the negatively charged electrophotographic imaging members with a novel cross-linked charge blocking undercoat layer, which is created to comprise of a binary composition of melamine and formaldehyde or a triple composition consisting of a hydroxyl functional acrylic polyol binder and a methylolation of melamine-formaldehyde, and methods for making the same. The charge blocking layer provides stabilized cyclic photo-electrical properties, enhanced mechanical adhesion bonding, and improved copy print out quality for service life extension.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising at least a photosensitive layer on an electroconductive substrate, a surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor including a fluorinated alkyl group-containing copolymer having repeating units represented by the following formulae A and B, and fluorine-based resin particles: wherein in Formulae A and B, l, m and n each independently represent a integer number of 1 or more; p, q, r and s each independently represent 0 or an integer of 1 or more; t represents an integer of from 1 to 7; R1, R2, R3, and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; X represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, —S—, —O—, —NH— or a single bond; Y represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, —(CzH2z-1(OH))— or a single bond; and z represents an integer of 1 or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor that stabilizes electrical performances and prevents generation of image faults such as memories, irrespective of types of organic materials of resin binder and charge transport material, and variation of temperature and humidity of the operation environment. An electrophotographic photoconductor includes at least a photosensitive layer formed over a conductive substrate, wherein the photosensitive layer contains a cyclohexane dimethanol-diaryl ester compound represented by the formula (I): in formula (I), each of R1 through R10 represents independently, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of carbon number of from 1 to 5, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group of carbon number of from 1 to 5.

Abstract: The present invention provides an azo pigment comprising a group represented by the general formula (1) below, an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising an intermediate layer comprising the azo pigment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus that comprise the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic apparatus (e.g., a photocopier or laser printer), an electrophotographic photosensitive member (image-forming part) has a metal substrate roughened on its surface, a metal oxide-containing undercoat layer on the substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer over the undercoat. A coherent light source (e.g., laser) can cause interference fringes that degrade the printed image. Interference fringes are judged (or predicted) as follows: The surface reflectance is measured at intervals over the spectral width of the light source. The measured surface reflectance is corrected, using a mirror-surface conductive substrate as a reference, to obtain a reflectance of the photosensitive member. The reflectance is subjected to a discrete Fourier transformation, which generates a power spectrum, over the spectral width of the light source, from the reflectance as a function of the wavelength.

Abstract: The presently disclosed embodiments relate generally to layers that are useful in imaging apparatus members and components, for use in electrostatographic, including digital, apparatuses. Embodiments pertain to an improved electrostatographic imaging member comprising an interfacial layer further comprising an opaque semi-crystalline polyester resin that is also a hot-melt adhesive to prevent light transmission to the substrate and thus significantly reduce “plywood effect,” a print quality defect.

Abstract: Embodiments relate generally to an imaging member that facilitates removal of the imaging member coating layers disposed over the imaging member and environmentally or “green” methods for using the same. More specifically, the present embodiments disclose an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a specifically formulated undercoat layer that allows easy removal of the photoreceptor layers disposed on top of the undercoat layer. The present embodiments provide a simple yet efficient method for reclaiming recycling or remanufacturing electrophotographic photoreceptors.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes, for example, a substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an undercoat layer thereover wherein the undercoat layer contains an aminosilane and a melamine polymer, a photogenerating layer, and at least one charge transport layer.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes, for example, a substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an undercoat layer thereover, wherein the undercoat layer contains an aminosilane and an epoxysilane, a photogenerating layer, and at least one charge transport layer.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes, for example, a substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an undercoat layer thereover wherein the undercoat layer contains an aminosilane and a urea resin mixture; a photogenerating layer; and at least one charge transport layer.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport component, and a core shell component, and wherein the core is comprised of a metal oxide and the shell is comprised of silica.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes a photogenerating layer and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport component, a fluorinated polymer, and a core shell component, and wherein the core is comprised of a metal oxide and the shell is comprised of silica.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes a supporting substrate, a hole blocking layer, a ground plane layer, a photogenerating layer, and at least one charge transport layer, and where the hole blocking layer includes a SN containing compound and an aminosilane.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes, for example, a supporting substrate, an undercoat layer thereover wherein the undercoat layer contains a metal oxide, a phenolic resin, and a phosphate; a photogenerating layer; and at least one charge transport layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer that are sequentially formed on an electrically conductive substrate, wherein the undercoat layer has a structure in which metal oxide particles and dialkylcitrate-chelated zirconate represented by Formula 1, illustrated below, are dissolved or dispersed in a binder resin, and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor: wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a C1-20 linear or branched alkyl group. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has excellent stability of electrical properties and interlayer adhesion strength, by including the undercoat layer.

Abstract: A photoconductor comprising a supporting substrate, a photogenerating layer, and at least one charge transport layer comprised of at least one charge transport component, and wherein the photogenerating layer contains a thiuram sulfide additive.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive body which has both good image stability and wear resistance under high temperature and high humidity conditions can be obtained by using a novel polycarbonate resin, which contains a structural unit represented by the general formula (I) below and having a long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbon group having a double bond, as a binder resin for a charge transport layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive body. In the formula (I), R1-R4 preferably represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, respectively; a represents a number of 7-20; and R6 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a phenyl group. Particularly preferably, the structural unit represented by the general formula (I) below is derived from 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-10-undecene or 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10-undecene.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having excellent lubricity and abrasion resistance by using a novel polycarbonate resin comprising structural units having a polysiloxane chain in the shape of grafts as represented by the following general formula (1) with a viscosity-average molecular weight of 12,000 to 100,000 as a binder resin for a charge transport layer of a electrophotographic photoreceptor. wherein R1 to R5 each independently represents hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group or an aralkyl group. R6 represents an alkylene group. Y represents a polysiloxane chain.