Abstract: In an image forming system, an image-bearing member having a photoconductor layer comprising an Si-based non-single crystal material is charged at a relatively low potential of 250 to 600 volts by a contact charging member in the presence of electroconductive fine powder. An electrostatic latent image formed on the image-bearing member is developed with a magnetic toner which includes magnetic toner particles comprising at least a binder resin and a magnetic iron oxide, and inorganic fine powder and electroconductive fine powder present at the surface of the magnetic toner particles. The magnetic toner has a weight-average particle size of 3-10 ?m and an average circularity of 0.950 to 0.995, and contains 0.05 to 3.00% of isolated iron-containing particles.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor comprising at least an electroconductive support and a photoconductive layer which is formed on said electroconductive support, the outermost layer of the photoconductor contains particles comprising a polyorganosiloxane-containing phase which contains polyorganosiloxane and an organic polymer-containing phase which contains organic polymer without silicon and has a polyorganosiloxane content which is less than the polyorganosiloxane-containing phase, each phase being exposed at the top surface of the photoconductor.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor in which at least a photosensitive layer is provided above an electroconductive substrate, the outermost surface layer of the electroconductive substrate contains at least an inorganic filler, a binder resin, and an aliphatic polyester, or, alternatively, the outermost surface layer of the electroconductive substrate contains at least an inorganic filler and a binder resin and the binder resin is a copolymer polyarylate having an alkylene-arylcarboxylate structural unit, also an image forming method, image forming apparatus, and image forming apparatus processing unit in which the electrophotographic photoreceptor is used.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor that can sufficiently prevent occurrence of filming, whereby defects on an image can be sufficiently prevented, and an electrophotographic process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are to be provided. The electrophotographic photoreceptor contains an electroconductive substrate having provided thereon a photosensitive layer, and an outermost layer of the photosensitive layer has a dynamic hardness of about from 13.0×109 to 100.0×109 N/m2. According to the invention, occurrence of flaws on the surface of the photoreceptor can be sufficiently prevented, and cracking of a member made in contact with the photoreceptor can also be sufficiently prevented. Therefore, occurrence of filming is sufficiently prevented, and occurrence of defects on an image is also sufficiently prevented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photosensitive member for electrophotography which comprises a electroconductive support and one or more layers that include a photosensitive layer formed on the surface of the electroconductive support, wherein the outermost layer comprises binder resin, fluororesin particles A and fluororesin particles B.

Abstract: An imaging member having a substrate, a charge transport layer having charge transport materials dispersed therein, and an overcoat layer, wherein at least one of the charge transport layer and the overcoat layer comprise nano-size fillers having a particle size of from about 1 to about 250 nanometers.

Abstract: A photoreceptor with good mechanical and physical properties is provided with an overcoat layer comprising a copolymer of an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated monomer wherein the weight percent of the ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic-acid is at least 25% up to 99% of the copolymer. The copolymer may comprise an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated monomer wherein the copolymer has an acid value of at least 150 mg KOH/g the copolymer. The copolymer may be present in a blend with a second polymer or copolymer comprised of units derived from a second ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated monomer that is different from the an ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or the ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated monomer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate, and optionally a protective layer overlying the photosensitive layer, wherein an outermost layer of the photoreceptor includes a filler, a binder resin and an organic compound having an acid value of from 10 to 700 mgKOH/g. The photosensitive layer can be the outermost layer. A coating liquid for an outermost layer of a photoreceptor including a filler, a binder resin, an organic compound having an acid value of from 10 to 700 mgKOH/g and plural organic solvents. A method for preparing a photoreceptor including forming a photosensitive layer, and coating the coating liquid on the photosensitive layer. An image forming method and apparatus and a process cartridge using the photoreceptor are also provided.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising the steps of depositing a non-single crystal material composed basically of silicon atoms, on a cylindrical substrate in a deposition chamber, thereafter once taking the substrate with film out of the deposition chamber, then returning it to the deposition chamber, and thereafter again depositing thereon a non-single-crystal material composed basically of carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the process comprises the steps of depositing on a cylindrical substrate a photoconductive layer formed of a non-single crystal material, subjecting to surface processing the deposited film having protrusions present at its surface, and depositing on the processed surface a surface protective layer formed of a non-single-crystal material. Also disclosed is the electrophotographic photosensitive member thus obtained, and an electrophotographic apparatus having that member.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging device including a substrate corresponding to a pixel. The substrate carries thereon a light receiving section, which is a stack of, in this order, a photoconductive layer for absorbing light in a wavelength region for red, a photoconductive layer for absorbing light in a wavelength region for green, and a photoconductive layer for absorbing light in a wavelength region for blue. A transparent electrode layer is provided on each of the photoconductive layers. The transparent electrode layer placed above the photoconductive layer and the transparent electrode layer placed below the photoconductive layer are sandwiching a translucent reflective layer for reflecting the light in the green wavelength region. Similarly, a translucent reflective layer is sandwiched between the transparent electrode layer placed above the photoconductive layer and the transparent electrode layer placed below the photoconductive layer for reflecting the light in the blue wavelength region.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer formed by using a halogen-free solvent, arranged in this order, in which the charge generation layer contains a charge generation material having an average particle diameter smaller than a surface roughness of a plane where the electroconductive substrate is arranged, and a polyvinyl acetal resin having a ratio Mw/Mn of a weight-average molecular weight Mw to a number-average molecular weight Mn is 2.2 or more.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support, and provided thereon a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer and a protective layer in this order, the layer thickness a0 (&mgr;m) of the charge transport layer at the middle portion of the conductive support in its generatrix direction, the layer thickness b0 (&mgr;m) of the protective layer at the middle portion of the conductive support in its generatrix direction, the layer thickness a (&mgr;m) of the charge transport layer at a portion other than the middle portion and the layer thickness b (&mgr;m) of the protective layer at the portion other than the middle portion satisfy the following expression (1) in a region satisfying 0.8 (&mgr;m)≦(a0−a)≦3.0 (&mgr;m): b0×(a/a0)3≦b(&mgr;m)≦b0×(a/a0)1/4  (1). Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: A photoreceptor comprising a support layer and a photoconductive layer, wherein at least a portion of an exposed surface of the photoreceptor is roughened.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate, and optionally a protective layer overlying the photosensitive layer, wherein an outermost layer of the photoreceptor includes a filler, a binder resin and an organic compound having an acid value of from 10 to 700 mgKOH/g. The photosensitive layer can be the outermost layer. A coating liquid for an outermost layer of a photoreceptor including a filler, a binder resin, an organic compound having an acid value of from 10 to 700 mgKOH/g and plural organic solvents. A method for preparing a photoreceptor including forming a photosensitive layer, and coating the coating liquid on the photosensitive layer. An image forming method and apparatus and a process cartridge using the photoreceptor are also provided.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer on a support in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises an acrylic polymer having a polyfluoroolefin unit and an alkylene oxide unit, and having a number-average molecular weight in a range of 2,000 to 20,000; a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus both comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic process using an amorphous silicon photosensitive member which has a surface protective layer and effecting reverse development and cleaning with a cleaning blade, the surface moving speed PS (mm/sec) of the photosensitive member is 320 mm/sec or more and a film thickness and a specific resistance value of the surface protective layer are respectively Ds (&mgr;m) and Rs (&OHgr;·cm) which fulfill the following conditions: 1.0×109≦Rs≦1.0×1013 Ds≦−0.136Ln(Rs)+(−0.004×PS+6).

Abstract: A process for reducing image defects in an electrostatographic image resulting from particulate contamination. A primary imaging member, including a photoconductive element and an outermost layer of silicon carbide, is uniformly charged in an electrostatographic imaging apparatus subject to particulate contamination. The electrostatographic imaging apparatus includes a charging station, an exposing station, at least one developing station, and a transfer station comprising an electrically biased roller transfer assembly. The primary imaging member is exposed imagewise at the exposing station to form a latent image on the imaging member, which is thereafter developed with toner at the developing station to form a developed image on the imaging member.

Abstract: An imaging method utilizing an imaging member containing a supporting substrate, a layer of a charge carrier injecting surface, a hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a layer of a charge carrier transport material, a layer of an charge carrier generating material, an optional charge trapping layer, a crossed linked silicone rubber, and an electrically insulating overcoating layer. The member is first charged with electrostatic charges of a first polarity, charged a second time with electrostatic charges of a polarity opposite to said first polarity in order to substantially neutralize the charges residing on the electrically insulating surface of the member and exposed to an imagewise pattern of activating electromagnetic radiation whereby an electrostatic latent image is formed. The electrostatic latent image may be developed to form a visible image which may be transferred to a receiver member. The imaging member may be reused after erasure and cleaning.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including at least an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer overlying the electroconductive substrate and including at least a charge generation layer; a charge transport layer; and a protective layer including a filler, wherein the filler is dispersed in the protective layer so as to occupy an area of from 3 to 5% of a cross section of the protective layer; the filler has particle diameter distribution having a peak at a diameter of from 0.2 to 0.3 &mgr;m; and the particles of the filler having a particle diameter of not less than 0.3 &mgr;m occupies an area of from 10 to 30% of the area of all the filler in the cross section of the protective layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in this order, a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer. The thickness d (&mgr;m) of the protective layer, the universal hardness Hu-1 (N/mm2) of the protective layer, and the universal hardness Hu-2 (N/mm2) of the photosensitive layer after peeling off the protective layer satisfy the following expression (1): 5.8×d+Hu-2≦Hu-1≦−2.45×d2+44.4×d+Hu-2  (1). Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have the above electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including a photosensitive layer on an electroconductive substrate, wherein nitrate ion is present on the surface of the photosensitive layer in an amount of from 50 to 300 &mgr;g per 1 m2 of the surface of the photosensitive layer when the nitrate ion is determined by an ion chromatographic method. Preferably a material having a fluorine atom and a carbon atom or a fatty acid metal salt such as zinc stearate is further present on the surface of the photosensitive layer such that the F/C ratio is from 0.05 to 0.5 or the Zn/C ratio is from 0.001 to 0.1. An image forming apparatus using the photoreceptor is also provided.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor in which at least a photosensitive layer is provided above an electroconductive substrate, the outermost surface layer of the electroconductive substrate contains at least an inorganic filler, a binder resin, and an aliphatic polyester, or, alternatively, the outermost surface layer of the electroconductive substrate contains at least an inorganic filler and a binder resin and the binder resin is a copolymer polyarylate having an alkylene-arylcarboxylate structural unit, also an image forming method, image forming apparatus, and image forming apparatus processing unit in which the electrophotographic photoreceptor is used.

Abstract: Magnetic particles for charging means disposed in contact with an electrophotographic photosensitive member for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member based on a voltage applied thereto are provided as particles of a ferrite component represented by the following formula (1): (Fe2O3)X(A)Y(B)Z  (1), wherein A denotes at least one metal oxide component selected from the group consisting of Li2O, MnO and MgO, B denotes at least one metal oxide component different from A; X, Y and Z denote numbers representing mol ratios and satisfying the following conditions: 0.2<X<0.95, 0.01<Y<0.5, X+Y≦1, and 0≦Z<0.79. The magnetic particles show an excellent charging performance, particularly in injection charging, without causing a difficulty, such as soiling or pinhole leakage of the photosensitive member.

Abstract: A photoreceptor with good mechanical and physical properties is provided with an overcoat layer comprising a copolymer of an &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and an &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated monomer wherein the weight percent of the &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic-acid is at least 25% up to 99% of the copolymer. The copolymer may comprise an &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and an &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated monomer wherein the copolymer has an acid value of at least 150 mg KOH/g the copolymer. The copolymer may be present in a blend with a second polymer or copolymer comprised of units derived from a second &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated monomer that is different from the an &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or the &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated monomer.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic process using an amorphous silicon photosensitive member which has a surface protective layer and effecting reverse development and cleaning with a cleaning blade, the surface moving speed PS (mm/sec) of the photosensitive member is 320 mm/sec or more and a film thickness and a specific resistance value of the surface protective layer are respectively Ds (&mgr;m) and Rs (&OHgr;·cm) which fulfill the following conditions:

Abstract: A method for purifying an electronic item material, which comprises dissolving an electronic item material or its intermediate product in an organic solvent and having the solution contacted with activated clay at a temperature of 65° C. to 200° C.

Abstract: An a-Si photosensitive member and an image forming apparatus are provided which prevent fusion bonding in digital copying machines and attain satisfactory image formation. Specifically, in order that even when uneven abrasion occurs on a drum surface layer, it may not substantially affect the image, a photosensitive member formed by successively stacking on a conductive substrate a photoconductive layer comprising amorphous Si and a surface protective layer comprised of an amorphous material is provided such that the spectral reflectance (%) satisfies the relation of 0≦(Max−Min)/(Max+Min)≦0.20, and a center line average roughness Ra1 of the interface on the surface side of the photoconductive layer and the center line average roughness Ra2 of the outermost surface of the surface layer, within the range of 10 &mgr;m×10 &mgr;m, satisfy the relations of Ra1/Ra2≧1.3 and 22 nm≦Ra1≦100 nm.

Abstract: An electrophotographic element comprises: an electrically conducting layer, a charge generating layer overlying the electrically conducting layer, and a charge transport layer overlying the electrically conducting layer. The charge transport layer, which can be an overcoat overlying the charge generating layer, comprises the reaction product in an aqueous medium of a mixture comprising a silsesquioxane polymer and a hole transport compound that comprises a tertiary arylamine containing at least one alcoholic or one phenolic hydroxy substituent.

Abstract: Member for a printer, a fax machine, a copier or a toner cartridge, in which said member has a face in contact with toner particles, said face being provided with a top layer in contact with toner particles, said top layer comprising substantially spherical particles with a Mohs hardness of more than 3 or equal to 3 and an average particle size lower than 100 &mgr;m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including at least an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer overlying the electroconductive substrate and including at least a charge generation layer; a charge transport layer; and a protective layer including a filler, wherein the filler is dispersed in the protective layer so as to occupy an area of from 3 to 5% of a cross section of the protective layer; the filler has particle diameter distribution having a peak at a diameter of from 0.2 to 0.3 &mgr;m; and the particles of the filler having a particle diameter of not less than 0.3 &mgr;m occupies an area of from 10 to 30% of the area of all the filler in the cross section of the protective layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibiting a good durability and stable electrophotographic performances regardless of environmental change is provided by coating the photosensitive layer with a specific protective layer. The protective layer has a thickness of 1-7 &mgr;m and comprises a cured phenolic resin and metal particles or metal oxide particles dispersed therein.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image carrier is disclosed. The image carrier has a photoreceptor made from a photoreceptive layer and a resin layer. The resin layer is made of a siloxane resin having a cross-linked structure, and contains an anti-oxidant.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrophotosensitive material comprising an organic photosensitive layer and an inorganic surface protective layer, wherein at least an outermost part of the organic photosensitive layer contains a diphenylamine compound represented by a formula (1): wherein ‘A’ denotes a groups combined with two phenyl groups in the formula in a manner to jointly form a &pgr;-electron conjugated system. The electrophotosensitive material features more excellent durability because the compound functions as a binder for combining the organic photosensitive layer with the inorganic surface protective layer so that the surface protective layer is less prone to suffer cracks or delamination.

Abstract: Member for a printer, a fax machine, a copier or a toner cartridge, in which said member has a face in contact with toner particles, said face being provided with a top layer in contact with toner particles, said top layer comprising substantially spherical particles with a Mohs hardness of more than 3 or equal to 3 and an average particle size lower than 100 &mgr;m.

Abstract: Disclosed are image forming apparatus [1] which comprises removing a toner remained on the surface of the rotatable image carrier by cleaning means after going through developing means and transferring means; said cleaning means has an elastic blade and is contacted with the surface of the image carrier at a contact pressure within 8 to 20 g/cm, and a press-contact angle of the elastic blade of 12 to 30°; and said image carrier is an organic photosensitive material having a photosensitive layer made of a binder resin containing an electric charge generating material and an electric charge transferring material; and image forming apparatus [2], comprising a single-layer type photosensitive layer made of a binder resin containing an electric charge generating material, an electron transferring material and a hole transferring material, and the solid content of the binder resin is within 50 to 70 wt % of the whole solid content in the photosensitive layer and, a pair of paper transporting

Abstract: This invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive body used in a wet electrophotographic apparatus and including a substrate having a conductive surface, and a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive surface of the substrate and changing in a charged state upon being irradiated with light, the photosensitive layer having, on an exposed surface, C—F bonds and C—H bonds for which the ratio of the number NCF of C—F bonds to the number NCH of C—H bonds satisfies, on the exposed surface of the photosensitive layer, a relationship represented by 2/100<NCF/NCH<300/100, and a wet electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photosensitive body.

Abstract: An image bearing material including a matrix resin and, within the matrix resin, a core/shell graft copolymer including a core including one or more polymers and a shell including a graft polymer which has a linear chain connected with the core and which is formed from one or more monomers. The image bearing material is preferably used for a surface layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an intermediate transfer medium, and the like image bearing members to improve the abrasion resistance thereof.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support and a photosensitive layer formed thereon. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer containing a charge-transporting material and a resin obtained by exposing to radiations a compound having an acryloyloxy group or methacryloyloxy group to cure.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed. The photoreceptor comprises a resin layer &bgr; obtained by hardening at least one of an organic silicon compound having a hydroxyl group or a hydrolizable group and condensation compound thereof, and a compound represented by formula(1), A(Q)k  (1) wherein A represents a group containing an aromatic group or a heterocyclic group, Q represents a group containing at least one of a hydroxy group, an amino group, and a mercapto group, and k represents an integer not less than 2, and wherein said organic silicon compound is three-dimensionally cross-linked.

Abstract: A process cartridge is disclosed which includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a charging means. The charging means has a charging member which is provided in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member to charge the photosensitive member electrostatically by applying a voltage formed by superimposing an alternating-current voltage on a direct-current voltage. The photosensitive member has a surface layer which contains at least one of a polyarylate resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 7.5×103 to 3.7×104 and having a specific structural unit of Formula (1) and a polycarbonate resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 7.5×103 to 3.7×104 and having a specific structural unit of Formula (2). The photosensitive member further contains fluorine-containing resin particles. Also, an electrophotographic apparatus having the photosensitive member is disclosed.

Abstract: As the surface layers of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a first surface layer which satisfies a condition that a center line average surface roughness (Ra) ranges from 50 Å to 5000 Å and a second surface layer comprising a non-single-crystal carbon containing at least fluorine are laminated in this order. Thus, the generation of a defective image such as the dimness of an image or an image smearing can be suppressed under an environment of high temperature and high humidity without providing any heater even when an electrophotographic apparatus is repeatedly employed. Further, even when a toner of small particle size and excellent in its fixing characteristic is used, a cleaning characteristic can be improved and the fusion of the toner can be suppressed. Still further, even in an electrophotographic process with a frictional force raised for improving the cleaning characteristic, the cleaning characteristic can be improved and the fusion of the toner can be suppressed.

Abstract: A process cartridge is disclosed which includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a charging means. The charging means has a charging member which is provided in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member to charge the photosensitive member electrostatically by applying a voltage formed by superimposing an alternating-current voltage on a direct-current voltage. The photosensitive member has a surface layer which contains at least one of a polyarylate resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 7.5×103 to 3.7×104 and having a specific structural unit of Formula (1) and a polycarbonate resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 7.5×103 to 3.7×104 and having a specific structural unit of Formula (2). The photosensitive member further contains fluorine-containing resin particles. Also, an electrophotographic apparatus having the photosensitive member is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer containing diorganopolysiloxane having, as substituents, a perfluoro group, and a group having a substituted or unsubstituted polystyrene chain, a closed terminal and a degree of polymerization of 3 or more. The present invention also provides a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and more specifically, to a photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer superimposed over a substrate. In one aspect of the invention, sequential laminations of a dispersion layer of conductive tantalum-doped tin oxide powder dispersed in a binder resin solution, are provided between the substrate layer and the photosensitive layer. Another aspect of the invention relates to a protective layer provided for the photosensitive layer. The protective layer of the most exterior surface of the photosensitive member may be a dispersion layer formed by dispersing tantalum-doped tin oxide powder in a resin solution.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is constituted by a support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the support. The photosensitive layer comprises a charge-transporting material and a resin obtained by radiation curing of a compound having a functional group represented by the following formula (1): wherein Ar denotes a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group and R1 denotes a hydrogen atom or methyl group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of an electronic device comprising the steps of: preparing at least two kinds of hydrolytic silicon compounds that are different in reactivity to water; preparing a protective group precursor having a substituent having a reactivity to water equal or substantially equal to the reactivity of a reactive group of one of the hydrolytic silicon compounds to water; exchanging a reactive group of the other hydrolytic silicon compound with the substituent of the protective group precursor; preparing a silicon-containing coating agent containing the one of the hydrolytic silicon compounds and a hydrolytic silicon compound having the reactive group which has been exchanged with the substituent of the protective group precursor; and coating and curing the silicon-containing coating agent on a base plate so that at least one layer of a cured film is formed.

Abstract: In order to maintain excellent electrical, optical and photoconductive characteristics and to significantly improve the durability under adverse environments, a light receiving member for electrophotography according to the present invention comprises in sequence: a supporting member and a light receiving layer; said light receiving layer comprising in sequence at least a photoconductive layer and a surface layer thereon, said photoconductive layer comprising a non-single-crystal material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, and said surface layer comprising an amorphous material containing silicon atoms and carbon atoms as a matrix, wherein the carbon atoms are at least diamond-bonded and graphite-bonded, and wherein from 2% to 30% by number of the carbon atoms are graphite-bonded.

Abstract: The present invention provided a photosensitive member for electrophotography having excellent durability and adhesion between a surface protective layer and a photosensitive layer. In the photosensitive member for electrophotography wherein at least the photosensitive layer and the surface protective layer are laminated on an electroconductive support in this order, the characteristic is that said surface protective layer comprises at least polysiloxane and silyl group-containing vinyl resin.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support and a photosensitive layer formed thereon. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer containing a charge-transporting material and a resin obtained by exposing to radiations a compound having an acryloyloxy group or methacryloyloxy group to cure.

Abstract: The main material of related photoconductors is silicon. When toner is blown onto a photoconductor, spots of NOx occur, which leads to occurrence of image blurring and image running, and image quality deteriorates substantially. In the present invention, there is provided a photoconductor for use in an electro-photographic photoconductor comprising a conductive substrate, a carrier blocking layer and a photosensitive layer, wherein a value for a polarized element of the most outer surface energy of the photoconductor is 2 [mN/cm] or less. The photoconductor can therefore be used without being heated to 35-45° C., heating equipment is unnecessary, and image blurring and image running do not occur. The present invention also includes defining of the most outer surface energy of the photoconductor having a surface protection layer composed mainly of silicon on the photosensitive layer.