Abstract: An apparatus for producing a sustained flame, comprising: a first reservoir for containing a first flame-fueling liquid; a second reservoir for containing a second flame-fueling liquid; a first wick having a first end disposed within the first reservoir and a second, flame-bearing end generally located above the first end; a second wick disposed substantially adjacent to the first wick, having a first end disposed within the second reservoir and a second, flame-bearing end above the first end; and at least one air channel disposed to supply oxygen to each wick, where a first end of the at least one air channel is generally located near the flame-bearing end of each wick; whereby, when the first and second flame-fueling liquids are supplied to the first and second reservoirs, the first and second flame-fueling liquids are communicated up the first and second wicks to fuel flames emanating from the flame-bearing ends of the first and second wicks.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel generator comprises a controller is for supplying and adjusting power. A gas generating assembly is driven by the power supplied by the controller to electrolyze water into mixed gas of hydrogen and oxygen. A tube has an end communicating with the gas generating assembly for transporting the gaseous fuel. An adjusting valve is disposed on the tube for controlling the flow of the mixed gas in the tube. A pressure sensor is disposed on the tube for detecting the pressure of the mixed gas in the tube and sending signals of detecting to the controller to make the gas generating assembly adjusting the rate of electrolyzing, and a burner communicates with the tube to receive the mixed gas and burn the mixed gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for vaporizing liquid fuel. The apparatus includes at least one capillary flow passage, the at least one capillary flow passage having an inlet end and an outlet end; a fluid control valve for placing the inlet end of the at least one capillary flow passage in fluid communication with the liquid fuel source and introducing the liquid fuel in a substantially liquid state; a heat source arranged along the at least one capillary flow passage, the heat source operable to heat the liquid fuel in the at least one capillary flow passage to a level sufficient to change at least a portion thereof from the liquid state to a vapor state and deliver a stream of substantially vaporized fuel from the outlet end of the at least one capillary flow passage; and means for cleaning deposits formed during operation of the apparatus. The flow passage can be a capillary tube heated by a resistance heater or a section of a tube heated by passing electrical energy therethrough.

Abstract: An energy-saving heat exchanger for a VOC abatement system. The energy-saving heat exchanger includes a fresh air chamber for receiving fresh air from a blower; a heated air chamber for receiving heated air from a secondary heat exchanger of the VOC abatement system; a mixed air chamber provided at the outlet ends of the fresh air chamber and heated air chamber; and a heat exchange chamber leading from the heated air chamber and disposed in thermally-conductive contact with the fresh air chamber. An oxygen detector measures the oxygen composition of air flowing from the mixed air chamber and operates a damper which controls flow of air from the heated air chamber to the mixing chamber.

Abstract: A burner (2; 2a; 11; 25; 31; 34), comprising a burner body (12; 26; 32; 35), wherein a mixture of fuel and air can be introduced, and a burner head (14; 27; 32; 35a; 41), wherein a plurality of openings (15; 28; 40; 44) is provided, thr ough which said mixture can flow, is associated with shield means (3; 16; 29: 33; 36; 42) shielding said burner head (14; 27; 32; 35a; 41) suitable for limiting the maximum temperature that said burner head (14; 27; 32; 35a; 41) can reach during working of the burner (2; 2a; 11; 25; 31; 34).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sulfur trioxide conditioning of flue gas, to assist in the removal of flyash from flue gas exhaust streams containing such flyash. More particularly, such a method and apparatus, which introduces an improvement in the transportation of dry sulfur and the melting and storage of resultant melted sulfur. The melted sulfur is subsequently burned and thereafter catalytically converted to sulfur trioxide for injection into a flue gas for such aforesaid assistance in the removal of flyash therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention provides a combustor for a fuel processor which integrates a burner and a catalyst. The burner is utilized to quickly heat the catalyst to a light-off temperature to prepare it for normal operation. The heated catalyst is then used to react anode exhaust with air or cathode exhaust under normal operation.

Abstract: A vaporization module is provided that includes a capillary member to convert non-pressurized liquid to pressurized vapor. The pressure is sustained by capillary pressure of the liquid in the capillary member. The capillary member has low thermal conductivity and small-sized pores that permits liquid to travel by capillary action toward the vaporization zone. Often, the pores of the capillary member are substantially uniform in size. The capillary member may comprise ceramic material. The module also includes an orifice plate that has one or more orifices to permit release of pressurized vapor, e.g. as a pressurized vapor jet. The orifice plate is associated with a sealing member to form an at least partial enclosure of the module so that vapor may accumulate and pressure may be increased within the module. In addition, other aspects of the present invention relating to the vaporization and pressurization of liquid are described.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an ignition control system that dynamically adjusts the warm-up time of an igniter within a predetermined range depending on the success or failure of the previous ignition or start-up cycle. The system activates the igniter and waits a predetermined or computed warm-up time. At the end of the warm-up time, the system opens a gas valve. The system then waits a preset time from the opening of the gas valve to determine whether ignition was successful or not. If the ignition was successful, the system computes a new igniter warm-up time by decrementing the current time and stores this new value for use during the next start sequence. If the ignition was unsuccessful, the system computes a new warm-up time by incrementing the current value and retrying the start sequence. Preferably, a successful ignition is always determined by checking for the presence of flame a fixed time following the opening of the gas valve.

Abstract: In a regenerator made of materials each comprising alumina as a main ingredient, and used for the regenerative combustion burner which is fired with alternately and repeatedly operations of heat storage by the passage of high-temperature flue gas in a fixed time and heating of combustion air by passage of the combustion air in a next fixed time, under the condition that the flue gas includes metal dust; the alumina purities in the materials for the regenerator are lowered in the order, the high-temperature, medium-temperature and low-temperature parts of the regenerator.

Abstract: A method for vaporizing and/or superheating a combustible/water mixture, wherein the combustible is especially methanol, for supplying a gas generation system (2) belonging to a fuel cell installation (3). The waste-gas from the fuel cell and/or gas generation system is catalytically combusted together with a gas containing oxygen in order to produce the thermal energy required therefore. The combustible is added in a dosed manner to the volume flow from the gas containing oxygen and the waste gases of the fuel cell and/or gas generator system in the direction of flow prior to catalytic combustion.

Abstract: In a gas burner for introducing a fuel/air mixture into a combustion chamber, a tube is provided for introducing a source of primary air into a core portion of the fuel air mixture. The resulting secondary flame that is produced within the primary flame causes a reduction of NOX gases, which can be attributed to the dispersion of combustion byproducts within the primary flame. In one embodiment, the air supply tube enters the area of the fuel air mixture radially and then turns and extends axially along an extended axis of the burner.

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing the total pressure of a compressible fluid fuel. The apparatus includes at least two closely spaced apart constant enthalpy expansion sections, each section having at least one orifice, the orifices in adjacent sections being noncoaxial. The pressure reduction lowers flow velocity when mixed with the air to below the flame speed to promote ignition and stable combustion.

Abstract: A reactor is provided which produces a hollow cone flame jet. The reactor is formed from a plurality of concentric casings, the inner casing defining a combustion chamber having a converging-diverging nozzle. A primary air chamber is axially positioned within the combustion chamber and has a second end having a substantially divergent conical shape.

Abstract: A liquid fuel vaporizer includes a combustion chamber in which heat is generated by burning fuel therein, an vaporization chamber in which liquid fuel is vaporized by the heat transferred from the combustion chamber to the vaporization chamber. Both chambers are integrally built in a housing, and liquid fuel is supplied from a single injector to both chambers. Liquid fuel consisting of small particles is supplied to the combustion chamber to improve combustion efficiency. Vaporized fuel in the vaporization chamber is prevented from being ignited and burnt therein by various manners, such as intercepting combustion flame, controlling an air/fuel ratio in a range out of a combustible range, or keeping vaporized fuel temperature at a level lower than its self-igniting temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and to a device intended for spontaneous combustion of a fuel comprising organic, vegetable or mineral materials, the device comprising a combustion chamber, at least one fuel injection means, at least one air inlet, hot fumes discharge means. Chamber (1) comprises a cylindrical shell (11), the discharge means comprise a pipe (6) having the same axis as the chamber and arranged inside said chamber, and fuel injection means (7) is arranged substantially tangential to said cylindrical shell so that the fuel follows a circular motion around said pipe in the chamber.

Abstract: A heating apparatus for heating supply of gaseous fluid 1 heats a relatively low temperature gaseous fluid and feeds a heated supply flow to a high temperature gaseous fluid introduction equipment. The heating apparatus has heat exchangers 11, 12 provided with fluid passages through which the low temperature fluid flow passes, a splitting area 15 for dividing a heated supply flow H of gaseous fluid, which is heated by the heat exchanger, into first and second heated gaseous streams H1, H2, and combustion areas 13, 14 in which a combustion reaction of combustible matter takes place in the existence of the first heated gaseous stream. The heated supply flow or the first stream is introduced into the combustion area and the combustible matter is fed thereto, and the combustion area causes the combustion reaction of combustible matter in the existence of the heated supply flow or the first stream. Hot gas produced by the combustion reaction is exhausted through the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A burner for non-symmetrical combustion includes a burner housing enclosing a burner plenum. A fuel conduit extends longitudinally within the housing and is positioned coaxial with a line spaced from a central axis of the burner. The fuel conduit defines a fuel exit opening. An air conduit extends into the housing and defines an air opening on an opposite side of the burner central axis from the fuel exit opening. The air opening is positioned a greater distance away from the burner central axis than the fuel exit opening. The air conduit has a cross-sectional shape in the form of a segment of a circle. A baffle is positioned at least partially around the fuel conduit and defines the air conduit. A burner port block is connected to the baffle downstream of the fuel exit opening. The burner port block has a sidewall diverging from the burner central axis.

Abstract: A burner that utilizes venturi action for induction of combustion air. The action of the venturi draws in surrounding air present around the nozzle to supply the necessary combustion air, provide forward moment to the burning gases to distribute their heat, and control the location of the heat release. The burner can thus be used to accomplish fuel gas injection directly into the combustion chamber of an oxidizer, and does not require a separate gas train or suffer from the other various drawbacks typical of conventional fuel gas injection systems. A stable flame is generated, and efficient heat-up accomplished. No extra combustion air is necessary.

Abstract: Fuel such as coal is combusted in a staged combustion device in a method comprising feeding into a first combustion stage of said furnace said fuel and gaseous oxidant containing more than 21 vol. % oxygen, and preferably 21.8 to 29 vol. % oxygen, at a stoichiometric ratio below that which, if the stage were operated with air as the only oxidant, would produce the same amount of NOx, and combusting said fuel with said gaseous oxidant in said combustion stage to produce combustion products and unburned fuel.

Abstract: A low NOx and CO emission heating apparatus provides for substantially separate fuel and combustion air feeds into a combustion chamber provided at one end with an exhaust gas opening and, at an opposite end with an elongated porous air distributor through which air is fed into the combustion chamber and into jets of fuel directed into the space between the air distributor and the side wall of the combustion chamber. Both air and fuel may be subjected to swirl to improve the combustion, by adjusting the inclination of the fuel nozzles.

Abstract: A vaporization module is provided that includes a capillary member to convert non-pressurized liquid to pressurized vapor. The pressure is sustained by capillary pressure of the liquid in the capillary member. The capillary member has low thermal conductivity and small-sized pores that permits liquid to travel by capillary action toward the vaporization zone. Often, the pores of the capillary member are substantially uniform in size. The capillary member may comprise ceramic material. The module also includes an orifice plate that has one or more orifices to permit release of pressurized vapor, e.g. as a pressurized vapor jet. The orifice plate is associated with a sealing member to form an at least partial enclosure of the module so that vapor may accumulate and pressure may be increased within the module. In addition, other aspects of the present invention relating to the vaporization and pressurization of liquid are described.

Abstract: A regenerative burner or heat exchanger has a housing with a removable media bed, which can be removed from the housing for regeneration, replacement or other treatment of the media. A spare media bed can be prepared with new, renovated or otherwise treated media and ready to replace the bed in the heat exchanger with minimal delay. Another heat exchanger housing has a detachable lower section, containing heat exchange media, which can be moved for regeneration, replacement or other treatment of the media.

Abstract: A method serves the purpose of introducing fuel and/or thermal energy into a gas stream flowing to a catalytic reactor. The gas stream flows in part through an exterior chamber and in part through an interior chamber, which is at least partially open in the flow direction and to which fuel is supplied. The partial streams are re-united after flowing through the two chambers and are fed to the catalytic reactor. In a starting phase of the still cold catalytic reactor, the fuel is burned in the interior chamber. During conventional normal operating modes of the warm catalytic reactor, the fuel is vaporized in the interior chamber. In a suitable device, the exterior chamber and the interior chamber are designed as two tube elements that are inserted into one another.

Abstract: A mixed gas supply portion 1 for mixing fuel with air, a mixed gas ejection portion 2 for ejecting the mixed gas mixed by the mixed gas supply portion 1, a breathable first catalyst body 5 provided downstream of the mixed gas supply portion 2, a breathable second catalyst body 7 provided downstream of the first catalyst body 5, a separation board a 6 for increasing gas flow resistance provided between the first catalyst body 5 and the second catalyst body 7, a heat exchange portion 13 having a heated fluid passage 14 positioned on the peripheral part, a radiant heat reception portion 3 provided upstream of the first catalyst body 5 and integrated with the heat exchange portion 13, and a separation board b 8 and a separation board c 10 provided downstream of the second catalyst body 7 for increasing flow resistance of the mixed gas and/or the combustion gas thereof are provided, and the separation board a 6, the separation board b 8, the separation board c 10 and the heat exchange portion 13 are integrated.

Abstract: A method and system to separate oxygen from air for producing oxygen to support combustion of a fuel, thereby to produce heat in a heat consuming device. In accordance with the method and system a heated and compressed air stream is introduced into a ceramic membrane system having one or more oxygen-selective, ion conducting membranes to produce an oxygen permeate stream which is used to support combustion of the fuel. The compressed air stream is heated within the heat consuming device itself which can be, for instance, a furnace or a boiler, through indirect heat exchange with flue gases or by radiant heat within a radiant heat exchange zone thereof. An oxygen lean retentate stream, produced through separation of oxygen from the compressed and heated air stream, can be expanded with the performance of work to produce an expanded air stream. The work of expansion can be applied to the compression of the incoming air stream. The expanded air stream can be used to preheat the compressed and heated air stream.

Abstract: The invention concerns a pre-vaporizing and pre-mixing burner for liquid fuels which has a fuel feed line (56), a pump which pressurizes the fuel in the feed line, a mixing region (123) and a fuel valve (119) which opens out into the mixing region and by means of which the fuel is atomized and fed to the air for combustion (127). According to the invention, the fuel is vaporized in an optimum manner in that the fuel valve opens automatically as from a given fuel pressure, and a heating device (128) is associated with the fuel valve.

Abstract: A vaporization/pressurization module employs a porous member having a low thermal conductivity and a substantially uniform, small pore size. Liquid feed is introduced to the porous member and is heated, vaporized, and pressurized within and/or on a surface of the porous member to produce a vapor jet having a pressure higher than that of the liquid feed. A substantially vapor impermeable barrier facilitates accumulation and pressurization of the vapor, which is released from the module as a pressurized vapor jet from one or more restricted passages. The vaporization/pressurization module is especially useful for liquid fuel combustion applications.

Abstract: A method for reducing NOx emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels using two sequential stages of partial oxidation followed by a final oxidation stage. In the first stage, substoichiometric air condition of about 0.55 to 0.75 is used in a plug flow fashion, while second stage combustion is performed at a stoichiometric ratio of about 0.80 to 0.99. As the second stage combustion products are cooled by radiant heat transfer to the boiler furnace walls, overfire air is added to produce an stoichiometric ratio of about 1.05 to 1.25 to complete the combustion process. In this manner, the formation of thermal NOx is reduced.

Abstract: A method for reducing NOx emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels using three stages of oxidation and second stage in-situ furnace flue gas recirculation. In the first stage, a partial oxidation combustor is used to partially combust the fuel in the presence of preheated combustion air. The fuel gas produced in the partial oxidation process is passed to a second stage partial oxidation combustor while molten slag is removed and disposed of. Preheated combustion air also is introduced into the second stage of combustion to produce a slightly reducing flue gas and is injected into the furnace in such a way as to create the desired in-situ furnace flue gas recirculation. In the upper part of the furnace a third combustion air is mixed with the flue gas in a third stage of combustion to substantially complete the combustion process. Preheated steam may be added to the first or second stages of combustion.

Abstract: A method for providing fuel injection in combustion equipment by increasing the velocity of fuel flow delivered to an appliance incorporating a combustion zone and a burner therein, such as to increase ignition speed and flame speed during the combustion process and to reduce the appliance's harmful stack emissions, by employing a device which increases fuel volume while at the same time reducing fuel density through extracting heat from the appliance's combustion zone in order to pre-heat fuel for delivery to the appliance's burner at a constant, pre-set operating temperature of between 100 degrees Fahrenheit and the fuel's flash point temperature.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for increasing the reactivity of a fuel/air mixture prior to homogenous combustion of the mixture. More specifically, this invention is a pilot for a gas turbine combustor which utilizes the heat of combustion within the pilot to increase the reactivity of a portion of the fuel/air mixture utilized by the pilot.

Abstract: A combustion control method for use in a catalytic combustion system having (a) a gaseous mixture inlet port, located at the upstream side of said catalytic combustion system, for the entrance of a fuel-air mixture; (b) an exhaust gas outlet port, located at the downstream side of said catalytic combustion system, for the exit of an exhaust gas; (c) a primary combustion chamber in which a catalyst body is disposed, said catalyst body being formed of a porous base material with numerous communicating holes that supports thereon an oxidation catalyst; (d) a secondary supply port, located downstream of said primary combustion chamber, for the supply of a gaseous mixture or air; and (e) a secondary combustion chamber located downstream of said secondary supply port; comprising such process that an excess air ratio of said primary combustion chamber is initially set above 1 and after the rate of combustion of said secondary combustion chamber exceeds a given level, combustion is made to take place, with the

Abstract: An oxygen enrichment system is provided which uses the existing air/fuel burners of a regenerative furnace to distribute additional oxygen to the burners for increased efficiency, and reduced nitrous oxide emissions. The centrally positioned cooling air lances in the burners of a regenerative furnace are modified to deliver oxygen when the burners are firing for oxygen enrichment. During the burner firing cycle, oxygen is delivered from an oxygen supply through the oxygen lance to provide a central oxygen jet. The fuel is delivered concentrically around the oxygen jet. During the non-firing cycle of the burner, cooling air or other cooling fluid is delivered from the cooling air supply through the oxygen jet for cooling the offside of the furnace.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the combustion of liquid fuel (F), especially oil. Wherein the liquid fuel (F) is distributed by means of a distribution device (1) and directed to a downstream reactor with porous means (6) having a communicating pore volume, whose Pecler number allows for flame expansion and full combustion of the liquid fuel (F) inside the porous means (6).

Abstract: Apparatus and methods suitable for recovery of heat from hot flue gases are presented comprising primary heat transfer means for exchanging heat between a hot flue gas and an intermediate fluid to create a hot intermediate fluid from an originally cold intermediate fluid; one or more oxidant-fuel burners which create the main flow of hot flue gas, and transport means for transporting the hot intermediate fluid to the heat exchanger means. The apparatus and method of the invention solve the problem of recovery of heat from dirt, toxic, or erosive flue gases.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of operating a boiler fired with liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons are described. Fuel and atomizing air are supplied to the burner of the boiler wherein the atomizing air is subjected to a moistening process prior to mixing with the fuel. Heated water is vaporized and is contacted with the atomizing air. The generated water vapor together with the atomizing air is supplied to the burner. In this manner, the portion of the NOx emissions in the flue gas of the boiler can be reduced.

Abstract: A radiant tube burner assembly and method is provided to reduce nitrous oxides and carbon monoxide emissions in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. The burner assembly comprises a burner section, exhaust section, radiant tube, plenum and a jet pump assembly. A volume of exhaust gas drawn from the stream of exhaust gases into the jet pump assembly by way of a motive gas is flowed into a stream of combustion air so as to vitiate the oxygen content of the combustion mixture. When the combustion mixture is combusted with fuel in the burner section, the production of nitrous oxides and other harmful emission is mitigated.

Abstract: A compact torch for use in semiconductor processing which may be used both to produce steam and to perform wet or dry dichlorethylene (DCE) oxidation at varying concentrations with no reconfiguration of the torch, providing full temperature of control of the oxidation product gases, with redundancy to provide automatic backup of heating and ignition elements, and with non-mechanical flow control of the oxidation product gases.

Abstract: Method and apparatus to prevaporize and premix liquid and/or gaseous fuels with air in two stages at two different temperatures prior to combustion. The invention is directed to the entry of a finely atomized liquid fuel, such as No. 2 diesel, into an inlet end of an annular chamber. Air is mixed with finely atomized liquid fuel, preferably generated by a small flow number liquid fuel nozzle, in a first chamber of the annular chamber at a first (relatively high) temperature for a relatively long residence time. The air and liquid fuel is moved into a second chamber of the annular chamber where a secondary hotter air is injected into the annular chamber by a plurality of staggered high velocity jets to prevaporize and premix the combined fuel and air mixture at a second higher temperature, but for a shorter time. The intense prevaporization and premixing make the mixture suitable for entry into a combustor, but without the need to add water or steam to keep pollutant emissions low.

Abstract: A vaporization/pressurization module employs a porous member having a low thermal conductivity and a substantially uniform, small pore size. Liquid feed is introduced to the porous member and is heated, vaporized, and pressurized within and/or on a surface of the porous member to produce a vapor jet having a pressure higher than that of the liquid feed. A substantially vapor impermeable barrier facilitates accumulation and pressurization of the vapor, which is released from the module as a pressurized vapor jet from one or more restricted passages. The vaporization/pressurization module is especially useful for liquid fuel combustion applications.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for increasing the reactivity of a fuel/air mixture prior to homogenous combustion of the mixture. More specifically, this invention is a pilot for a gas turbine combustor which utilizes the heat of combustion within the pilot to increase the reactivity of a portion of the fuel/air mixture utilized by the pilot.

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsion fuel combustion apparatus is arranged, in a combustion apparatus using a heavy oil emulsion fuel, to prevent a decrease in the combustion efficiency due to water content in the fuel and to prevent an increase in the sulfuric acid dew point due to water content in the exhaust gas. A heavy oil emulsion fuel 101 from a fuel tank 100 is led to a fuel heater 110 and is heated. Then the heated heavy oil emulsion fuel 102 is led to a water content evaporator 120. In the water content evaporator 120, the heavy oil emulsion fuel 102 is heated by the use of extraction steam from a steam turbine facility 160 or steam produced through a steam converter 166, and the resulting fuel is led to a steam separator 140. In the steam separator 140, the fuel 111 is separated into steam and light oil combustible gas vapor 121 and a heavy oil portion 122, the latter 122 being used as boiler fuel 131.

Abstract: An oxygen enrichment system is provided which uses the existing air/fuel burners of a regenerative furnace to distribute additional oxygen to the burners for increased efficiency, and reduced nitrous oxide emissions. The centrally positioned cooling air lances in the burners of a regenerative furnace are modified to deliver oxygen when the burners are firing for oxygen enrichment. During the burner firing cycle, oxygen is delivered from an oxygen supply through the oxygen lance to provide a central oxygen jet. The fuel is delivered concentrically around the oxygen jet. During the non-firing cycle of the burner, cooling air or other cooling fluid is delivered from the cooling air supply through the oxygen jet for cooling the offside of the furnace.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a novel combustion chamber which has an improved air supply and also ensures an optimum incident flow to the burners when the mass flows of cooling and combustion air are different. According to the invention, this is achieved in that the at least one cooling duct (10) is extended right into the plenum (13) and is formed inside the plenum (13) as a diffuser (14) having an orifice (12) leading into the plenum (13). The at least one opening (15, 15') in the burner dome (4) is arranged in the region of the diffuser (14) or directly downstream of its orifice (12). A bypass duct (16, 16') having an orifice (17, 17') leading into the plenum (13) follows downstream of each opening (15, 15'). The orifice (17, 17') of each bypass duct (16, 16') is oriented at least approximately in parallel with the orifice (12) of the diffuser (14) and is also designed so as to be offset step-like to the outside.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus provided with a burner includes a fuel injection nozzle disposed rearward of a gas passable solid and a pre-mixture region between a downstream end of the solid and the fuel injection nozzle. The gas passable solid may be of a straightener type. Air for combustion includes main air and pilot air separated from each other. The apparatus may be coupled to each end of a radiant tube. The apparatus may be provided to a direct and indirect combustion type thermal facilities.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus provided with a burner includes a fuel injection nozzle disposed rearward of a gas passable solid and a pre-mixture region between a downstream end of the solid and the fuel injection nozzle. The gas passable solid may be of a straightener type. Air for combustion includes main air and pilot air separated from each other. The apparatus may be coupled to each end of a radiant tube. The apparatus may be provided to a direct and indirect combustion type thermal facilities.

Abstract: A unique and useful dynamic control system has been invented for the control of a catalytic combustion system for use on a dynamic plant, preferably, a gas turbine engine. The dynamic control system facilitates the replacement of conventional flame combustion systems with catalytic combustion systems, which produce far less pollutants, by producing acceptable transient performance of the combustion system. A method of controlling the catalytic combustion process comprises the steps of calculating a mass flow of air introduced into the combustor, monitoring a flow of fuel to be combusted within the combustor, monitoring a temperature of the air introduced into the combustor, calculating an inlet temperature set point based on the mass flow and fuel flow, and controlling a pre-burner to heat the air based on the inlet temperature set point, the mass flow, and the temperature of the air. Further, the mass flow may be estimated based on ambient air temperature and pressure, and compressor speed.

Abstract: In the manufacturing of high melting point glasses with volatile components, in particular of glasses from the group of boron glasses and borosilicate glasses, a furnace is provided that has a superstructure, fossil fuel burners, and a melting tank. In front of a conditioning zone and a throat leading to an extraction zone, a step-shaped raised area in the bottom is provided which is formed continuously over the complete width of the melting tank. In order to suppress segregation or, respectively, phase separation, to protect the furnace construction materials and to enable problem-free operation, a temperature of at least 1600.degree. C.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods suitable for recovery of heat from hot flue gases are presented comprising primary heat transfer means for exchanging heat between a hot flue gas and an intermediate fluid to create a hot intermediate fluid from an originally cold intermediate fluid; one or more oxidant-fuel burners which create the main flow of hot flue gas, and transport means for transporting the hot intermediate fluid to the heat exchanger means. The apparatus and method of the invention solve the problem of recovery of heat from dirty, toxic, or erosive flue gases.