Abstract: A burner has: a combustion plate part through which air-fuel mixture is ejected; and a flame rod which lies opposite to a portion of the combustion plate part. The combustion plate part is constituted by: a burner frame in a shape of a picture frame; a metal-fiber knit which covers an opening enclosed by the burner frame; and a distribution plate which has formed therein a multiplicity of distribution holes and which sandwiches the metal-fiber knit between the burner frame and the distribution plate so that the air-fuel mixture is ejected from the opening through the distribution holes and the metal-fiber knit. Flame holes for ejecting the air-fuel mixture are formed in a portion of the burner frame, and the flame rod is disposed so as to lie opposite to that portion of the burner frame which has formed therein the flame holes.

Abstract: A burner has: a combustion plate part for ejecting air-fuel mixture; and a flame rod which lies opposite to a portion of the combustion plate part which has a picture-frame-like burner frame; a metal-fiber knit which covers an opening enclosed by the burner frame; and a distribution plate which has formed therein distribution holes and which sandwiches the metal-fiber knit between the burner frame and the distribution plate through the distribution holes and the metal-fiber knit. The flame rod has: a rod base part which lies opposite to a portion of opening peripheral part of the burner frame which is positioned on the same surface level as the opening; and a rod main body part which lies opposite to a portion of the metal-fiber knit. The distance between the rod base part and the opening peripheral part is made smaller than the distance between the rod main body part and the metal-fiber knit.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus having: an upstream-side air supply chamber and a downstream-side mixing passage, both being respectively interposed between a fan and a burner; and a zero governor which is interposed in a gas supply passage and which adjusts a secondary gas pressure to a pressure equivalent to an internal pressure in the air supply chamber, thereby enabling to maximize a turndown ratio to the extent possible. The combustion apparatus has: first and second, totally two, mixing passages; a first gas outlet which is in communication with a narrowed part of the first mixing passage; a second gas outlet which is in communication with a narrowed part of the second mixing passage; a first air valve which varies an opening degree of an air inlet of the first mixing passage; a second air valve which varies an opening degree of an air inlet of the second mixing passage; and a gas valve.

Abstract: A method for reducing nitrogen oxide NOx emissions during combustion of a gaseous fuel in a burner intended for a naked-flame or controlled-atmosphere reheating furnace, for reheating steel products or for continuous coating and/or annealing of metal strips, wherein a first dilution is carried out by mixing combustion air with combustion products upstream from or in the body of the burner, and a second dilution is carried out directly at the level at which the gaseous fuel reacts with the combustion air, mixing the fuel with a recirculated portion of the flame or products of partial combustion, the double dilution enabling the physical and chemical properties of the gas to be modified in order for the burner to operate with low oxygen rates and obtain a flame that produces a very low level of NOx production regardless of the temperature of the enclosure in which the combustion takes place.

Abstract: High intensity combustion and low intensity combustion are carried out together, to stabilize flames and to hold down the emission of carbon monoxide. An air-fuel mixture outlet member (back plate) that includes a single or a plurality of outlet(s) (air-fuel mixture outlet(s)) out of which an air-fuel mixture (GA) flows is included, and a metal fiber knitting body (metal knit) that covers the air-fuel mixture outlet member is included. Therefore, the air-fuel mixture, which is made to flow out of the outlet(s), passes through the metal fiber knitting body (metal knit) and is combusted, a flame of low intensity is generated together with a flame of high intensity by combustion of the air-fuel mixture, and the flame of low intensity holds the flame of high intensity.

Abstract: A welding method according to the invention is a welding method in which welding is performed by emitting a high-energy beam onto a welding object that includes a plurality of overlapped metal sheets. This welding method includes forming a tack weld nugget at a welding point on the welding object, and forming a plurality of final weld nuggets along a virtual closed curve that encircles the tack weld nugget, while leaving the tack weld nugget, at the welding point.

Abstract: A burner system includes a plurality of burners, each having a nozzle positioned to emit a stream of fuel into a combustion volume, and a perforated flame holder, including a plurality of apertures extending between first and second faces thereof, and positioned to receive a stream of fuel from the respective nozzle. In operation, the flame holders are configured to hold a flame substantially within the plurality of apertures.

Abstract: A combustion plate for use in a totally aerated combustion burner has a ceramic plate body with a multiplicity of flame holes formed therein for ejecting a premixed gas. The plate body is provided, in a lattice shape, with non-flame-hole portions having no flame holes therein. Each of such regions of the plate body as are enclosed by the non-flame-hole portions constitutes a collective flame-hole portion having formed therein a plurality of flame holes. It is so arranged that flame lifting can be effectively prevented in the flame holes on the periphery of the collective flame-hole portions. Along each of such sides of the non-flame-hole portions as are adjacent to each of the collective flame-hole portions, outside flame holes are formed at a predetermined spacing therebetween in a longitudinal direction of the non-flame-hole portions. This predetermined spacing is greater than a spacing, in the longitudinal direction of the non-flame-hole portion.

Abstract: An oven configured for drying a container. The oven includes a housing defining an interior space including a supply chamber and a return chamber. A conveyor is configured for movement within a portion of the interior space of the housing defined by a plurality of semi-circular shaped duct sections connected at each end of the semi-circular shaped duct sections to a straight duct section. Each duct section includes two side walls coupled to a back wall defining a continuous U-shaped duct path through which the conveyor moves. The oven is further configured to provide a temperature difference between any two points within the interior space of the oven housing controlled to plus or minus two degrees Fahrenheit, by a uniform air flow throughout the oven. The uniform air flow is facilitated by the sizing and spacing of various circular orifices and slotted orifices in the continuous duct path.

Abstract: Methods and systems for conversion of a carbon containing fuel to CO2 and H2O. An air stream is fed to a first ion transport membrane unit obtaining a pure oxygen stream from a permeate side and an air stream with a reduced oxygen content from a retentate side. The air stream with a reduced oxygen content is fed to a second ion transport membrane unit and a gaseous first carbon containing fuel is fed to a permeate side of the second ion transport membrane. The first carbon containing fuel is reacted with oxygen transported through the second ion transport membrane forming an at least partially combusted first fuel. The at least partially combusted first fuel, at least a part of the pure oxygen stream and optionally a second carbon containing fuel is fed to a combustion chamber for combustion. An exhaust stream comprising essentially CO2 and H2O is obtained.

Abstract: A device for burning a fuel/oxidant mixture in a strongly exothermic reaction, consists of a reactor with a combustion chamber containing at least one first porous material and at least one second porous material in separate zones A and C. The zones are designed in such a way that an exothermic reaction can only occur in zone B, and with one or more feed lines for the fuel and for the oxidant, whereby zone A, which consists of the first porous material, is separated by a distance of approximately 10 mm to 4000 mm, for example approximately 20 mm to 500 mm, equating to one zone B, from zone C which consists of the second porous material and is located before zone C in a flow direction of the fuel/oxidant mixture.

Abstract: An improved radiant gas burner unit is provided having a shallow base with long walls and shorter walls. The shallow base supports a radiant gas burner plate or plates having openings therethrough, and forming an external surface of the base for emitting high temperature gas radiation. At least three mixing tubes are provided aligned with the shorter wall, and having two open ends. The first open end is positioned within the base and the second open end is positioned adjacent corresponding openings formed through the long wall of the base. A gas supply line extends along the long wall and has gas outlets for ejecting gas across an open air gap positioned intermediate the gas outlet and the second open end of the mixing tubes. The ejected gas is mixed with air as it crosses the air gap, and is provided to the openings of the radiant gas burner plate for combustion which produces high temperature radiation on the radiant gas burner plate and external surface of the base.

Abstract: In a device or method to fix print images on a recording material, a printing fluid comprising a carrier fluid and chromophoric solid particles are applied to the recording material, the chromophoric solid particles being applied in a form of the print images to be fixed. Hot waste gas and infrared radiation are generated with aid of a porous burner. The infrared radiation is directed towards the recording material in a drying chamber such that the carrier fluid polymerizes or is vaporized, whereby a gaseous air/oil mixture arises in the drying chamber. The air/oil mixture is influenced with aid of the hot waste gas of the porous burner.

Abstract: A totally aerated combustion burner having a combustion plate with a multiplicity of flame holes includes a distribution chamber, a mixing chamber, and an air supply chamber. The mixing chamber has a front surface with a plurality of nozzle holes disposed in parallel with, and at a lateral distance from, one another so that a fuel gas to be ejected from the nozzle holes and the primary air from the air supply chamber get mixed in the mixing chamber. A wall plate is disposed upright on a bottom surface of the mixing chamber in a manner to lie opposite to the front surface of the mixing chamber while leaving a ventilation clearance to the front surface. An air inlet is formed in such a portion at the bottom surface of the mixing chamber as to face the ventilation clearance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas burner comprising a perforated cylindrical wall used as a combustion surface, a bottom wall and an inlet opening through which a combustible gaseous mixture is fed inside the burner. The stabilisation device consists of a grid (4a) that can be positioned in the inlet opening of the burner, and that comprises a central ring (5a) surrounded by a series of diverting vanes (6), the grid being thus configured so as to allow the free passage of the central portion of the flow of gaseous mixture entering the burner through the central ring (5a) while said diverting vanes (6) generate an eddy movement in the peripheral portion of the flow entering the burner from the outside of the central ring (5a).

Abstract: A water heating apparatus includes a burner having first and second zones. First and second blowers provide premixed fuel and air to the first and second zones, respectively. An automated control system controls the two blowers.

Abstract: A burner which is capable of producing zero NOx and zero CO by passing a thoroughly mixed stream of air and fuel at an appropriate air-to-fuel ratio to maintain a temperature below the NOx forming threshold through a radiant combustion zone. The radiant combustion zone provides the intense radiant energy required to initiate and to complete the combustion process. The burner comprises an Air-Fuel Ratio Attainment Means (AFRAM) and an Air-Fuel Mixing Means (AFMM) in fluid communication with the AFRAM to thoroughly mix the air and fuel to provide a readily combustible mixture, and one or more Radiant Combustion Zone (RCZ), and a Combustion Initiation Means (CIM) located in a combustion-initiation-contact position to initiate the combustion in the RCZ. A high velocity section or a porous flow permeable membrane is used as a combustion guard to prevent flameback from occurring.

Abstract: A gas burner for premixed combustion is positioned in a combustion chamber and comprises two components, a first defined by a distributor for a gas and air mixture and the second defining the burner shell. The components being close together but spaced apart. The distributor has a perforated distribution surface through which the gas-air mixture passes directed towards the burner shell, which also has a perforated burning surface on which the flame caused by the combustion of said mixture is generated, to create a thermal load within the combustion chamber. The thermal load in this latter is disuniformly distributed.

Abstract: A superadiabatic burner has a flame holder formed from a porous medium, a fuel inlet coupled to the flame holder, a fuel outlet coupled to the flame holder, a preheater comprising an inlet and an outlet coupled to the fuel inlet, and a radiating rod coupled to the porous medium. The porous medium comprises a first porous section and a second porous section. Methods of using the burner allow preheated air or other mixtures to be provided to the fuel inlet as part of a fuel air mixture for the burner.

Abstract: A portable catalytic combustion heater, wherein fuel vapor (11) and air (10) are supplied to a catalyst (6) which promotes the flameless combustion of fuel and releases that. The fuel is supplied as a liquid, passes through a selectively permeable membrane (8) such as fuel vapor exits the membrane and is fed to the catalyst (6). Additional features include porous supports and means of enhancing and diminishing the catalytic rate of combustion and controlling the heat output.

Abstract: A wall structure (21) for a burner (19), with a first wall (40), which has elevations (41) and which defines a first supply chamber (22), and with a second wall (43), which has recesses (44) cooperating with end sections (42) of the elevations (41) and which defines a reaction chamber (20). The first wall (40) has first openings (34), which connect the first supply chamber (23) to the reaction chamber (20). The second wall (43) has second openings (37), which connect a second supply chamber (24) located between the walls (40, 43) to the reaction chamber (20). The first openings (34) are arranged in first rows (35) and the second openings (37) in second rows (38). The mixture formation or homogenization of the gases in the reaction chamber (20) can be improved if at least one second opening (37) is arranged within the first row (35) between two openings (34).

Abstract: A reflective plate 72 is arranged so as to reflect infrared rays, radiated from a heating wire 71, outside of a heater 70 and may be made of steel. A number of cavities 73 are arranged on the surface of the reflective plate 72. Since the cavities 73 have an aspect ratio of 0.17 to 0.7, the infrared reflectance can be increased compared to a reflector with no cavities.

Abstract: An indoor-outdoor gas infrared heater having one or more heat level settings. The heater includes a burner having ceramic plaques with a plurality of perforations and raised surfaces tapering into an apex between the perforations and an operating system having a control module electrically connected to a control valve, a power source and an activator for triggering the heater. The control valve has multiple pathways with each pathway supplying gas to the burner at a flow rate for a designated heat level setting. The heater has compartments for protecting the components from the heat coming from the burner.

Abstract: A combustor of a water heater includes a burner member and a flame cover. The burner member has a passageway therein with an inlet and an outlet. The flame cover has a plurality of flame holes. The character of the present invention is that the burner member is provided with a room at a top thereof communicated with the passageway. A separating device is put in the room, and the flame cover is connected to the burner member to cover the separating device The separating device has a main outlet and two side outlets right under the flame holes of the flame cover to generate main flames and side flames respectively.

Abstract: A dual chamber burner assembly is provided for use with a heater apparatus having dual combustion air premix blowers. The burner assembly includes first and second interior zones communicated with first and second foraminous outer wall portions. First and second fuel and air inlet passages are communicated with the first and second interior zones, respectively.

Abstract: A field ration packaging assembly includes a ration housing and a food tray. The ration housing includes a lid panel having at least one air exhaust vent and a wall panel having at least one intake vent. The food tray may be positioned above a heat source. The at least one air exhaust vent and at least one air intake vent may be in fluid communication such that upon activation of the heat source, air enters the ration housing through the at least one air intake vent, passes over the heat source and exits the ration housing at the at least one exhaust vent by natural convection.

Abstract: A burning device is provided for fuel cell to be run under high temperature. The burning device uses a specific-designed fuel spraying device having porous medium. The burning device can be used under different statuses of flow in the fuel cell. With the burning device, the fuel cell has improved efficiency by enhancing recycling of system heat and pollution of discharged waste gas is reduced.

Abstract: A method for patterning a substrate with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is provided. The method includes contacting a surface of the substrate with at least one surface modification agent that reacts with and bonds to the surface 402 of the substrate 401 to provide a modified surface. A layer of photoresist is formed on the modified surface, followed by exposing the layer of photoresist to a pattern of EUV radiation. The surface modification agent has a general formula: X-L-Z, where X is a leaving group; L is a linkage group including a substituted or un-substituted carbon chain having 1 to 20 carbons, a sulfur moiety, a silicon moiety, or combinations thereof; and Z is at least one of an acid functional group, a photoactive acid generator group or a halide.

Abstract: Adjustable gas grill burners are disclosed. Methods of making and using adjustable gas grill burners are also disclosed.

Abstract: A burner surface and creation method are provided. The burner surface includes a frame with a compact layer of unsintered metal and ceramic fibers that have been vacuum cast to a surface of the frame. The layer of unsintered metal and ceramic fibers is not greater than 0.5 inches, and is created without using substantial amounts of polymer pore forming or binding agents. The frame and compact layer additionally include a plurality of apertures that form holes through the burner surface plate.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor for a gas turbine engine comprising an air inlet, a premixing zone, a reacting zone comprising a reactive portion and a nonreactive portion, a post reaction mixing zone, a first fuel injection system for introducing fuel into the reactive portion, and a second fuel injection system for introducing fuel into the nonreactive portion.

Abstract: A combustor for oxidizing a combustion fuel and pre-heating one or more reactants for fuel reforming. The combustor includes an elongated housing having an inlet for receiving a combustion fuel and an outlet for exhausting combustion products. The elongated housing further includes a cylindrical side wall, a bottom wall, and a top wall. Inert particles are disposed within the housing adjacent the inlet. A combustion catalyst bed is disposed within the housing above the inert particles that is a mixture of inert particles and combustion catalyst. The inert particles and the combustion catalyst preferably have a volumetric ratio of inert particles to catalyst between about 2:1 and about 4:1. The combustor has at least one heat exchanger within the combustion catalyst bed for heating a reformer reactant and generating steam. Preferably, the combustor includes at least two heat exchangers within the combustion catalyst bed, the heat exchanging elements have different surface areas.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas burner, preferably a premix burner, comprising a support having a central gas inlet port for supply of gas into a gas supply chamber. The gas supply chamber is enclosed by a first metal burner membrane at its side and an end cap opposite to said gas inlet port. The end cap is connected to the top of the first burner membrane. The burner membrane is connected at the bottom to the support through its base section. The end cap is formed by a second burner membrane. The exterior surface of the first burner membrane and the end cap is made of perforated heat-resistant sheet metal plate.

Abstract: A method for operating a combustor having a catalyst bed. The method includes the steps of directing a flow of air through a catalyst bed, providing heat to the catalyst bed, sensing the temperature in an upstream portion of the catalyst bed to provide an upstream temperature, directing a flow of a fuel through the catalyst bed when the upstream temperature reaches a light-off temperature to produce a combustion reaction, increasing the flow of the fuel until the flow of air and the flow of fuel have a selected air to fuel ratio, and controlling the combustion reaction within the catalyst bed by adjusting the flow of air and the flow of fuel while maintaining the selected air to fuel ratio. The method can include sensing temperatures within the catalyst bed and controlling the combustion reaction in response to the sensed temperatures. The heat provided to the catalyst bed can also be adjusted in response to the sensed temperatures.

Abstract: A passive noise attenuation device and system is provided having a reticulated open-cell porous structure configured to acts as a passive control device in order to mitigate combustion noise and instability problems in combustion systems. A porous inert media structure is placed downstream of the reaction zone of a combustion chamber to dissipate noise and/or instability generated upstream in the flame. The porous inert media also limits and/or disintegrates vortical structures in the flame to produce a homogeneous flow field to facilitate distributed reaction zones.

Abstract: A catalytic combustor (1) is provided for combustion of gaseous and liquid fuels, which combustor comprises a housing (2) having an inlet (3) and an outlet (4) through which an airflow is directed, and a fuel injector (10) for injecting fuel in the airflow. The combustor also comprises at least one catalytic element (12, 14, 15) for combusting the mixture of air and fuel. A fuel-evaporating device (7) is arranged for evaporating a liquid fuel, which device is heated by the catalytic element (12), either through combustion therein or by means of an electrical heating element (13) arranged adjacent thereto.

Abstract: A burner for dryers that includes a tubular element having at least a funnel-shaped region tapering toward an inlet end for fuel gas and combustion air to form a gas/air mixing venturi tube, and an opposite having an outlet nozzle for said mixture. According to the invention, the burner body is made of two half shells tightly joined together along corresponding mutually coupling longitudinal flanges, which, once coupled together, form two opposite perimetrical longitudinal edges The burner body has a substantially rectangular plan shape with two longitudinal edges that are parallel substantially for the entire length of the burner body. The invention relates also to a process for manufacturing said burner.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing radiant heat in which a mixture of fuel and primary combustion oxidant is introduced into a combustion chamber having a heat radiating wall, which mixture has less than a stoichiometric requirement for complete combustion of the fuel, and igniting the mixture, forming heated partial combustion products. At least a portion of the heat in the heated partial combustion products is transferred to the heat radiating wall. The heated partial combustion products are passed from the combustion chamber into an exhaust gas plenum disposed adjacent to the combustion chamber. A secondary combustion oxidant is introduced into the exhaust gas plenum in an amount sufficient to complete combustion of the partial combustion products, forming exhaust gases. Heat in the exhaust gases is transferred to the primary combustion oxidant disposed in a combustion oxidant plenum disposed adjacent to said exhaust gas plenum.

Abstract: Infrared drier installation (1) for a passing web (2), which installation ( ) has gas-heated infrared radiant elements (5), arranged one next to the other so as to form a unit (4). Each unit comprises at least two adjacent rows (8) of gas-heated infrared radiant elements (5) stretching out in he transversal?(9) direction of the web (2) substantially over the entire with of the web (2). The infrared drier installation comprises means to recycle, at least partially, the said combustion gases. The drier installation as subject of the present invention is characterized in that the infrared drier comprises means (16) to avoid the suction of cold air between two adjacent rows of radiant elements (5).

Abstract: A meso-scaled combustion system. In one aspect, the system has a housing with a housing wall, a top portion defining an exhaust port, and a bottom portion having a bottom surface. A combustion chamber is positioned therein the interior volume of the housing. The combustion chamber wall has a proximal portion adjacent the top portion of the housing and a distal portion spaced from the bottom surface of the housing. In another aspect, there is a lid that is in sealed relation with the housing wall and the combustion chamber wall. An annulus is defined by the lid, the combustion chamber wall, and the housing wall.

Abstract: An appliance for providing air and gas to a gas burner includes a gas tube and an air tube. The gas tube comprises an aperture for providing gas inwards to the air tube. The air tube comprises a first aperture for receiving a back tube of the gas burner. The gas tube is provided with a first part of a detachable connection device, for receiving a second part of the detachable connection device provided on the back tube for allowing gas from the gas tube to enter the back tube. The back tube has an orifice for allowing air from the air tube to enter inside the back tube.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a portable apparatus for warming biocompatible fluids for use in the treatment of injured patients and a method of heating a biocompatible fluid to treat a patient experiencing hypothermia. The present invention may be used to warm intravenous fluids for trauma resuscitation or to warm air from a ventilator circuit. The portable nature of the present invention makes it highly suitable for field applications, such as a forward surgical hospital near a combat zone.

Abstract: Apparatus for the combustive destruction of noxious substances comprises an annular combustion zone (C14) surrounded by the exit surface of an inwardly fired foraminous burner (C32) and surrounding the exit surface of an outwardly fired foraminous burner (C42), means (C12) for injecting a gas stream containing at least one noxious substance into the combustion zone, and means for supplying fuel gas and oxidant to the foraminous burners to effect combustion at the exit surfaces.

Abstract: A wire mesh burner plate for use in large, gas burners for large ovens is comprised of spaced-apart wire mesh plates. The spacing between the wire mesh plates defines an air/fuel mixture space. The fuel passes through the lower or first mesh, experiences a pressure drop, mixes with air and passes through a second wire mesh. The gas combusts after passing through the second wire mesh. The fine gauge of the mesh prevents combustion from flowing backwardly into the fuel/air mixture space. Several individual wire mesh burner plates can be flexibly attached to each other such that a very wide space can be covered. Thermal stresses are reduced by being distributed across multiple burners.

Abstract: This invention describes a new porous hydrogen burner that is intended to be installed on different types of furnaces requiring a precise monitoring of the thermal flux, and in particular furnaces for vapor-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.

Abstract: A wall structure for bordering a combustion chamber of a burner has a top plate that is exposed to the combustion chamber and a bottom plate in contact with the top plate in contact zones on a side facing away from the combustion chamber. The top plate and/or the bottom plate are shaped so that a channel system is created between the top plate and the bottom plate. The top plate contains first openings which communicate with the channel system. In addition, the top plate and the bottom plate have joint second openings in the contact zones communicating with a feed space which is arranged on a side of the bottom plate facing away from the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A burner surface and creation method are provided. The burner surface includes a frame with a compact layer of unsintered metal and ceramic fibers that have been vacuum cast to a surface of the frame. The layer of unsintered metal and ceramic fibers is not greater than 0.5 inches, and is created without using substantial amounts of polymer pore forming or binding agents. The frame and compact layer additionally include a plurality of apertures that form holes through the burner surface plate.

Abstract: A portable catalytic combustion heater, wherein fuel vapor (11) and air (10) are supplied to a catalyst (6) which promotes the flameless combustion of fuel and releases that. The fuel is supplied as a liquid, passes through a selectively permeable membrane (8) such as fuel vapor exits the membrane and is fed to the catalyst (6). Additional features include porous supports and means of enhancing and diminishing the catalytic rate of combustion and controlling the heat output.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to heat transfer devices for natural gas or propane barbeques. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of a knitted wire mesh with an open loop structure as a heat transfer device in barbeques.

Abstract: A burner tube (1) for use in an oven such as a tunnel oven. The burner tube includes a tubular body (2) having an axially extending slot (3) therein and an inlet (6) for combustible gas, the burner tube further including a metal mesh (4) which covers the slot. In use, the burner tube defines a flow path for combustible gas so that combustible gas entering the burner tube at the inlet passes through the slot and exits the burner tube through a flow area of the metal mesh. The flow area of the metal mesh is greater than the area of the slot at the outer surface of the tubular body. In use, a visible flame is anchored to the flow area of the metal mesh and the metal mesh incandesces to produce radiant heat.