Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and an apparatus to heat certain particles. These certain particles are heated to make them more desirable. In the heating of these particles, it is often desirable to expand the particles to make a light-weight aggregate. The light-weight aggregate may be used in making a building material or the like. In carrying out the process of heating these particles, there is used air for combustion of the combustible fuel and only a minimum of air for carrying of the particles or expansion of the particles.

Abstract: A hydraulic cement, such as portland cement, is produced by filling a furnace shell with the desired cement in a powdered condition. By the application of intense heat to the filling a skull is developed that lines an upwardly opening cavity. The heat, which may be supplied by electric arcs, is continued within the skull to maintain a pool of melt that has the same chemical composition as the skull and therefore does not react with the skull. Feed materials are introduced into the melt, and these materials are suitably proportioned to chemically combine within the melt without changing the chemical composition of the melt. The melt is drawn off through a tap hole and cooled to provide the desired cement.

Abstract: The steam expander conveys the expanding heat expandable thermoplastic elements along a horizontal axis using a plurality of paddle frames. The paddle frames serve to agitate and tumble the elements during movement from an inlet to an outlet. At the same time, steam is injected into the housing of the expander to expand the elements. The expanded elements can be drawn off via a vacuum line to an overhead hopper or hoppers.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for heating aggregate in a system which includes a unit for mixing a stream of fuel and a stream of forced air to form a gaseous combustible fuel mixture, and a blower coupled to the unit for supplying it with forced air. The apparatus includes a water-spray device for injecting a fine-particle spray, at an adjustable water-volume rate, into the air-intake opening of the blower. In the method of the invention, the temperature of the heated aggregate is monitored under conditions where the fuel mixture is characterized by a substantially constant fuel-flow rate. The water-volume rate of atomized water spray introduced into the blower is adjusted until a maximum monitored aggregate temperature is observed. The amount of fuel in the moisture-containing fuel mixture is then adjusted to effect heating of the aggregate to a desired temperature.

Abstract: The method for processing cement raw meal and oil shale by combining them in a mixture with oil shale kerogen constituting 0.5 to 2% of the mixture by weight. This mixture is supplied to a separate heating chamber where it is preheated so as to heat the cement raw meal component and burn off the combustible component of the oil shale. The raw meal is heated in the chamber to a temperature between 100.degree. and 850.degree. C. The heated mixture is then fed to a preheater system having an output coupled to a rotary kiln. In one embodiment the preheater system includes four stages and the cement raw meal component, namely powdered limestone, is fed directly to the first stage unpreheated and the oil shale is fed separately to the combustion chamber where it is heated and the combustible constitutents thereof burned off and the heated oil shale component is then supplied to the second or third stage.

Abstract: The method is used in processing raw meal such as cement raw meal, powdered limestone, alumina hydrate or the like, and includes the steps of metering the dry raw meal into a processing system, pneumatically pumping the raw meal in the processing system to a separate combustion chamber, supplying fuel to the combustion chamber and igniting same therein to heat the dry raw meal in the combustion chamber to a temperature between 100.degree. and 500.degree. C. Further, the heated dry raw meal is pumped to a preheater system through which it is processed and then supplied to a rotary kiln. In this way, the preheater decarbonative capacity is increased, and the higher temperature of the gas exiting from the preheater system provides recoverable heat. The thermal efficiency of the entire preheating system is thus increased.

Abstract: In a process and apparatus for producing an expanded particulate product in a rotary tubular kiln presenting an essentially linear product conveying and treating region free of lateral offset, in which a burner at the discharge end of the kiln operates to introduce heat into the conveying and treating region, raw material is introduced into the conveying and treating region via the charging end and is conveyed through a preheating zone following the charging end in order to dry and heat that material, the material is then conveyed into an expansion zone following and preheating zone to produce the expanded product, and the expanded product is discharged via the discharge end, additional heat is supplied to the raw material by means of at least one additional burner, preferably a mantle burner, located in the conveying and treating region between the first-mentioned burner and the charging end.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for economically melting matrix materials, said apparatus comprising a drier, a vertical furnace including a unique arrangement of refractory bars and a rotary kiln and the method including passing the solid matrix material first through a dryer which is heated by the waste gas of a vertical furnace, then to the top of the vertical furnace where it is melted by direct flame contact and thereafter cascading the melted material downwardly through said arrangement of refractory bars as the exhaust from a rotary kiln is blown upwardly through the vertical furnace with the melted material finally flowing from the bottom of the furnace into a rotary kiln where it is further heated and mixed prior to discharge.

Abstract: The decomposition of cells of biomasses or the like or of substrates containing biomass, e.g. for releasing cell content substances, for separating cell content and cell sheath or for inactivating enzymes or the like is performed by heating and expanding. According to the invention, the biomass or the like is heated by friction, optionally under pressure, to temperatures above the point of evaporation of water and it is subsequently expanded into atmosphere or in a reduced pressure. As for the apparatus, the cells of biomasses or the like are decomposed by means of a centrifugal machine in which a rotor and a stator with facing radial surfaces are coacting. Between the rotor and the stator, there is provided a gap producing frictional heat in a predetermined amount for the material passed continuously therethrough, and at the outlet of the gap, there is an expansion chamber which is in communication the atmosphere.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing calcium silicate and/or aluminate based products, such as Portland cement or aluminous cements. The raw material subjected to a first heating step in which it is heated in a preheater-decarbonator and/or a rotating kiln to a temperature less than that at which impurities, such as alkalines, chlorine and sulfur, are volatized. The heated raw material is then subjected to a second heating step in the presence of a reducing gas, preferably in a plasma furnace, the raw material being heated to a temperature higher than the temperature at which the impurities are volatilized, as for example above 1950.degree. C., and more than 80% of the material is in fusion, whereupon the material is cooled to produce the clinkers of improved quality and/or with lower energy consumption. An important feature of the invention is the utilization of the gases generated during the second heating step and during cooling to implement heating of the raw material.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for calcining fine-grained material such as in the manufacture of cement in which the raw material is subjected to the sequential steps of pre-heating, calcining and sintering. At least one of the stages is fueled by coal dust which has been ground and dried with a drying exhaust gas derived from one of the stages. In accordance with the invention, an exhaust gas fraction is withdrawn from one of the stages, and has a relatively high concentration of injurious substances such as alkalis and sulfur. This withdrawn exhaust gas fraction is then cooled by one of a variety of methods, and then treated for the removal of the injurious substances. Finally, the cooled gas fraction is used to dry the coal dust fuel by conserving energy which would otherwise be lost in the process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for curing fibrous mineral material of the type in which the material containing heat-curable binder is passed through a curing station having a curing element adapted to apply heat and pressure is provided in which a convex portion at the upstream end of the curing element is adapted to apply greater pressure to the fibrous mineral material than does the remainder portion of the curing element.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for recovering heat from a finely to coarsely divided hot material, such as carbide crushed on solidification, which contains particles and lumps of varying sizes. The hot material is separated by a classifier into a portion of lumps and a portion of particles, and the lump portion is cooled in a cooling bunker with a stream of cooling gas while the particulate portion is cooled in another cooling unit with a stream of cooling gas. The hot cooling gas resulting from the cooling is fed to a heat exchanger in which the gas is subjected to heat exchange with a working fluid for a turbine coupled to a power generator or the like. The heat exchanger is connected to the cooling bunker and unit by a closed circulating channel.

Abstract: A pre-heating assembly to be used for pre-heating ingots being transported to a melting furnace, which includes an inner cylinder constituting a main passage for exhaust gas discharged from a flue of the melting furnace, an outer cylinder which is positioned around the inner cylinder to leave a subsidiary passage for the exhaust gas between the two cylinders, an ingot supplying passage spirally provided along the outermost circumference of the inner cylinder, in which the ingots, each having a spherical configuration like a ball, roll down the passage in succession so that each ingot is pre-heated prior to its introduction into the melting furnace, and a connector support member, on which both cylinders are mounted and the bottom portion of the connector support member is coupled to the outlet of the flue.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the thermal treatment of finely divided material for the calcination of cement wherein the material is preheated in a multi-stage heat exchanger and later passed to a calcining furnace. The material is partly deacidified in a pre-calcination zone before entering the sintering furnace where further calcining and sintering of the material is completed. A portion of the feed material is treated with rapidly oxidizing fuel components in a pre-calcination zone in a first stage and with more slowly oxidizing fuel components in a second stage, the more slowly oxidizing fuel components being a mixture of relatively fine granulated fuel particles of substantially uniform size and larger particles of briquetted or coarsely broken fuel.

Abstract: A pulverized raw mixture is mixed in a vertical calciner with comminuted preheated fuel, which is burned in said vertical calciner to supply heat to said pulverized raw mixture in order to calcine the same. Hot exhaust gases from said calciner are used to preheat said pulverized raw mixture before it enters said calciner. The pulverized mixture which has been calcined is entrained out of said calciner in said exhaust gases and is separated from said exhaust gases and then fed to a rotary kiln and is burned therein to produce cement clinker. The cement clinker is cooled in a cooling air stream, which is thus heated. An exhaust gas stream consisting of at least part of the exhaust gases from the rotary kiln is fed into said calciner from below. The calciner is supplied with combustion air consisting of at least part of the thus heated cooling air. Said fuel is comminuted in contact with said exhaust gas stream and is then entrained into said calciner in said exhaust gas stream.

Abstract: A process for the expansion of an expandable, polymeric, bead material by exposing the bead material to steam at an elevated temperature, to effect the expansion of the bead material into a polymeric bead material form, while tumbling the bead material during expansion to prevent fusion, the improvement which comprises: employing as a lubricant for the bead material a lubricant material which, on exposure to the steam and prior to the end of the expansion of the bead material, is changed in lubricant characteristics, to provide an expanded, polymeric foam bead material having a reduced surface lubricity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for converting gel-like substances from a gel state to a sol state in which the melting speed can be accurately controlled over a wide range and the apparatus can be easily cleaned. A grid-type heater constructed of rotatable parallel heating pipes is disposed at the bottom of a melting tank. Rotation of the pipes which simultaneously heating them imparts flowability to a heat transfer boundary formed on the side of the gel-like substance. The melting speed is controlled by controlling the speed of rotation of the pipes.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for burning leaner lean wet gas wherein the gas is mixed with an oxidant gas and uniformly distributed to the face of a burner assembly composed of a plurality of parallel positioned, spaced-apart elongated members, defining a plurality of relatively narrow slots through which the gas mixture flows and igniting the gas mixture as it exits from these slots. This improved burner can be used in the manufacture of certain grades of carbon black to provide heat to the carbon black pellet dryer by burning the by-product gases produced in the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: A process and apparatus therefor are described for the expansion of perlite utilizing vaporized heavy liquid fuel as at least half, and preferably all, of the combustion fuel. In this process preheated air is used to vaporize the liquid fuel, which has previously been atomized.

Abstract: The yield of good-quality bodies consisting of vitreous carbon is increased to substantially 100% when the pyrolysis is performed in a reaction vessel in which a collecting container or a collecting disc for the condensable volatile decomposition products which is open at its upper side is arranged above the polymeric substances to be pyrolized. The collecting disc divides the interior of the reaction vessel into two parts, a passage for gases remaining between the upper part and the lower part. During the pyrolysis, a spatial temperature distribution is adjusted in the reaction vessel which results in a pulsating evaporation and condensation of the decomposition products, so that the decomposition products are completely removed.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a plurality of extruders which feed parallel streams or ribbons of raw material or charge along rollers through successive chambers in a kiln and through an annealing lehr to zones to where the material is cut. The surfaces of the raw material are coated on three sides with a parting or releasing agent and, on the side to be exposed, with a glaze or engobe, or left uncoated.The firing chamber of the kiln has opposed rows of fuel burners on the sides directed toward ports on the other side and refractory rollers which protrude through the side walls and are supported on circumferentially spaced wheels. Wheels between adjacent ends synchronize rotation of the rollers. Manifolds feed the stack gases from the firing chamber into the preheating chamber.The process includes using charges which are either a mixture of a small amount of soluble carbonaceous material and water to adjust the carbon and moisture content of the clay or silica with carbonaceous material and water.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for controlling losses in volatile working fluid systems. In accordance with the process, the object upon which a work operation is to be effected is sequentially moved from a first sealable chamber to a second such chamber and back to the first chamber. While in the second chamber the object is exposed to a working fluid vapor which elevates the temperature of the object to a level near the boiling point of the working fluid. Thereafter, while still in the second chamber, a substantial portion of the working fluid is drained from the object such that the sensible heat acquired by the object upon its elevation of temperature is sufficient to evaporate working fluid remaining on the object upon its removal to the first chamber. Upon removal of the object to the first chamber the object is thoroughly dried through control of the partial pressure of the working fluid vapor contained within the first chamber atmosphere.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and an apparatus to heat certain particles. These certain particles are heated to make them more desirable. In the heating of these particles, it is often desirable to expand the particles to make a light-weight aggregate. The light-weight aggregate may be used in making a building material or the like. In carrying out the process of heating these particles, there is used air for combustion of the combustible fuel and only a minimum of air for carrying of the particles or expansion of the particles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and a device for treatment, comprising at least drying, of preferably peat and the object thereof is reduction of the moisture percentage to the lowest possible level with a low supply of energy and simultaneously making the peat so compact in dried state that it can be easily stored, conveyed and handled and does not give off dust. According to the invention the material (13) to be dried is heated to such an extent that the water therein will boil and vaporize, the vapour formed being carried away from the material by means of air (15) streaming through this, which air is led to a heat exchanger (20) for heating supply air from outside, which is utilized to form the air stream (15) through the material, and for heating of the combustion air to a combustion furnace (8), the fumes (11) of which are utilized for heating the material.

Abstract: A process for the calcining of limestone or hydrated lime by thermal treatment thereof with hot gases in a rotary kiln through which the kiln atmosphere and the charge are countercurrently passed, which kiln is fed with solid carbonaceous fuel, is described. The invention resides in introducing an oxygen-containing gas into a horizontal region across the rotary kiln defined by a point along the length of the kiln where ignitable particles of said solid fuel first appear and a second point along the length of said rotary kiln which is spaced from the charging end of said kiln not more than 50% of the length thereof. The oxygen-containing gases are injected through nozzle blocks in said rotary kiln, and oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the free space of said kiln.

Abstract: A method of achieving uniform shrinkage of a laminated green ceramic substrate during sintering wherein the substrate is placed on a flat, relatively thick plate of refractory material such as molybdenum, tantalum or tungsten or alloys thereof with the flat plate provided with a thin surface coating layer of a ceramic material, and heating the substrate to a sintering temperature and maintaining the temperature for a time sufficient to sinter the substrate.A setter plate for supporting a planar green ceramic substrate during the sintering operation, the setter plate is made of a refractory material and provided with a thin ceramic coating at least on the top surface.

Abstract: Asbestos fibres having excellent properties in resin reinforcement are produced by controlled heat treatment of a coarse fraction of chrysotile asbestos fibres.

Abstract: A method for processing various organic materials such as lignocellulosics or biomass into more useful states, such as charcoal, carbon black, and coke, and other processed products while producing useful off-gases, includes feeding aggregate pieces of the material to a vertically extending heating chamber and, preferably, closing the chamber to air to control oxygen therein. The pieces are conveyed upwardly through the chamber in a predetermined time by spiral vibratory conveyor. The chamber is heated to a preselected temperature sufficient for gaseous conversion of volatile hydrocarbon constituents of the material. Resultant off-gases are removed from the chamber for further use such as burning thereof for heating the chamber or condensing volatiles, etc.Apparatus for carrying out the method includes preferably first and second such chambers, there being continuous spiral vibrator tray in each chamber carried by a central, vertical support column.

Abstract: A process for the production of heated aggregate mix, such as bituminous mix, and a reactor for carrying out the process. In one aspect, the process entails the control of gas flow through a tumbler drum, preferably by controlling exhaust from the drum, in dependence upon the continuous monitoring of a parameter, such as gas pressure within the drum. In a second aspect the aggregate contents of the drum are heated by using a burner to preheat the gas flow, a technique which permits admission of the drum feed as a homogenous stabilized mix.

Abstract: An unsheathed grease-filled cable stub has the grease removed from around the insulated wires by subjecting the cable stub to radiant heat over the length of the stub and over a major portion of its circumference while the stub is supported on a flexible open mesh of material that overlies a trough. The heated grease melts and flows downwardly for collection into the trough, the grease also flowing through the supporting mesh. The heating temperature of the cable stub is kept low enough to prevent damage to the insulation of the wires.

Abstract: A process comprising heating coal in a substantially air-free environment to liberate volatile materials and produce coke, condensing at least some of the volatile materials so liberated to liquefied products and dispersing the coke therein to form a coke slurry, feeding the coke slurry to a slurry pipeline, and pumping the coke slurry through the pipeline to a destination.Apparatus comprising a tube furnace having an external heating means for indirectly heating powdered coal therein in a substantially air-free environment to a temperature adequate to liberate volatile materials and produce coke, means to feed powdered coal to the furnace under pressure and force the volatile materials and coke produced in the furnace through the furnace to a condensing means in which at least some of the volatile materials are condensed with the coke dispersed therein to form a coke slurry, and means to convey the coke slurry from the condensing means to a pipeline for transport to a destination.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating an industrial furnace system for treng materials is disclosed, characterized in that the heat which is applied to the material to be treated is partially derived from the combustion of a mixture of waste fuel and water such as sewage slurry. Waste heat generated at the outer surface of the furnace and waste heat generated from the cooling of the treated material is further applied to the slurry to partially dry the waste fuel prior to and during the combustion thereof.

Abstract: Asbestos fibres having excellent properties in resin reinforcement are produced by controlled heat treatment of a coarse fraction of chrysotile asbestos fibres.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and equipment for the continuous treatment of solid substances in general, with specific applications for the gasification of coals and shales and direct reduction of iron ores. The equipment comprises closed vessels to which working pressure may be applied internally equipped with systems of deflectors which make them capable of the treating of solid substances in a continuous manner even when they are in the form of damp or clayey compositions, the said substances are fed into the vessels in moving beds or layers under gravity, in a downward direction, and are contacted with gases or vapors generated in the treatment per se and/or introduced into the vessels and circulate co-currently or counter-currently to the solid substance flow.

Abstract: In a method of melting glass in burner-heated glass melting tanks wherein preheated pellets comprised of quartz, sand, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lime, and magnesium oxide ae injected by a pressurized gaseous medium into a glass melt contained in the tanks, the improvement comprising injecting the pellets in a manner adapted to form a veil-like formation above the melt extending over substantially the entire melt surface and over substantially all of the burner flames.

Abstract: A freely rotating rod or rods to be used in a high temperature rotary kiln, especially a cement kiln, to provide a combination of mixing and heat transfer is disclosed. The heat stable construction material and design of the rod permit heat in the kiln to be transferred more readily to the core of a feed material in a pyro-processing process, resulting in a more homogeneous end product.The rod has a unique and critical tapered structure of gradually enlarging transverse cross section. The rod, because of its tapered design, may be placed in the kiln oriented with the smaller cross section lying uphill to offset its tendency to travel downhill with the moving feed. The rod then remains generally stationary in its section of the kiln. Alternately, the rod may be sized and oriented so that it will travel through the kiln with the feed if such is desired. In the latter example, the degree of taper determines the speed of travel.

Abstract: Particulate unexpanded perlite is introduced to an expansion apparatus that utilizes the combustion of a gas as a source of heat. The particulate perlite is mixed with a combustible gas, air from a first source and oxygen and thereafter introduced to a burner section. The amount of oxygen introduced is in the range of from 1.5 to 16 weight percent of the amount of air introduced. The amount of combustible gas in the mixture is related to the air input from the first source, being in the range of 1 volume of combustible gas to 2 to 6 volumes of air.

Abstract: Green petroleum coke is indirectly dried, then calcined in a cylindric rotary kiln and indirectly cooled utilizing a one-way gas flow in the system. Most of the dust in the vapor from the drying step is directly burned in a steam boiler whose off-gases are used to heat the dryer. Any residual dust in the gas is collected in an electro-filter. This dust together with dust which settles out from the dryer and the kiln is collected and added in controlled amounts to the dried coke before calcining. Hydrocarbons expelled during calcining are partially burned off with a stream of secondary air introduced at the coke exit end of the kiln. Most of the remaining hydrocarbons are burned off before they leave the coke inlet end of the kiln. The calcined coke product contains 0.1% by weight of hydrocarbons. The final off-gas from the process has a residual dust content of less than 100 mg/nm.sup.3.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for producing hot mix asphalt wherein flights provided in a mixer drum for cascading aggregate and asphalt across the mixer drum are constructed to establish a plurality of cascade zones, having differing cascade densities, in different portions of the mixer drum. High density cascade zones are provided to maximize the transfer of heat to aggregate; to shield cooler portions of the drum from hotter portions thereof, and to capture fines which would otherwise pass through the drum.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the in situ melting and removal of liquid sulphur from a solid sulphur storage block. The method comprises supplying heat to the storage block sufficient to melt the sulphur of the storage block to produce liquid sulphur, collecting the liquid sulphur and removing the liquid sulphur. The apparatus comprises heating means for heating and melting the sulphur storage block to produce liquid sulphur, means for collecting the liquid sulphur and means for removing the liquid sulphur from the collecting means.

Abstract: Agglomerates are fired in a sintering apparatus of the type, in which the agglomerates during transport on a travelling grate in zones along said grate are pre-dried with substantially pure warm air passing upwardly through the grate and finally dried and heated with hot process gas passing downwardly through the grate, and in which the hot process gas is generated by combusting fuel while using, as secondary air of combustion, air previously used to cool fired agglomerates. In order to reduce the quantity of gas contaminated during the firing process there is maintained in a sealing zone located between the pre-drying and final-drying zones and mechanically shielded thereagainst, by supplying air above the grate and removing air by suction from beneath the grate, pressures which are substantially equal to the pressure above the grate and the pressure beneath the grate respectively in the adjacent final-drying zone.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for heating solid materials containing volatile matters. This apparatus includes a heating portion for heating solid materials, and a conveyor portion having a conveyor unit for transporting solid materials. The conveyor is inclined so as to provide an entrance lower in level than an exit thereof, whereby solid materials heated in the heating portion are discharged from an exit to the conveyor unit, while volatile matters vaporized according to the heating are discharged through an entrance of the conveyor unit.

Abstract: A mineral agglomeration process in which a layer of mineral on an endless conveyor is passed through a firing zone provided with suction windboxes below the conveyor and connected to a common firing suction duct, and then through a cooling zone in which the product is cooled by air drawn through the layer by suction windboxes connected to a common cooling suction duct. The process is regulated by measuring the temperature of the gases in the common suction duct of the cooling zone and using a signal resulting from a comparison of the measured temperature and a preset temperature to control the flow of gases from the windboxes in the firing zone.

Abstract: Nongaseous carbonaceous material is heated by a method comprising introducing tangentially a first stream containing a nongaseous carbonaceous material and carbon monoxide into a reaction zone; simultaneously and separately introducing a second stream containing oxygen into the reaction zone such that the oxygen enters the reaction zone away from the wall thereof and reacts with the first stream thereby producing a gaseous product and heating the nongaseous carbonaceous material; forming an outer spiralling vortex within the reaction zone to cause substantial separation of gases, including the gaseous product, from the nongaseous carbonaceous material; removing a third stream from the reaction zone containing the gaseous product which is substantially free of the nongaseous carbonaceous material before a major portion of the gaseous product can react with the nongaseous carbonaceous material; and removing a fourth stream containing the nongaseous carbonaceous material from the reaction zone.

Abstract: Apparatus for moving a lance burner into selected positions beneath the slag tap outlet of a slagging gasifier, comprising a `U`-shaped member adapted to carry flows of separate fluids to the burner, the member having two arms, the first arm being supported by one or more bearing members, and the second arm being adapted to carry a burner at its free end.

Abstract: A continuous process for melting inorganic raw materials to produce molten glass in a generally cylindrical continuously rotating chamber comprising the following steps:A. feeding the raw materials into the chamber;B. providing a flame of high intensity heat produced by the combustion of fuel with a gas containing about 50 to about 100 percent by volume oxygen and directing the flame into the chamber in such a manner that the raw materials are melted; andC. rotating said chamber at a sufficient speed and cooling the exterior of the chamber with a liquid coolant in such a manner that the inner surface of the chamber is coated with a layer of molten glass, the layer is solidified, and a solidified layer of glass is maintained throughout the process; andD. withdrawing molten glass.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for producing refractory material by sintering compacts of particles of a calcined ceramic compound is disclosed. The improvement comprises heating the compacts in a fluidized bed maintained at a temperature sufficient to sinter the compacts.

Abstract: To dry fragile low density materials without damage, gas assisted injection and suspension of damp powder to a low velocity stream of heated gas followed by cyclone drying assures long residence time and produces a free-flowing product.

Abstract: This invention relates to the fritting of ceramic products, in particular ceramic products of small or of very small dimensions, for example those intended for use in the electronics industry.A process for fritting ceramic products wherein the products to be fritted which have been preheated to a given temperature are directly exposed to a hyperfrequential electro-magnetic field to raise the products to a temperature which causes fritting.