Abstract: This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects.

Abstract: A thermal deburring machine includes a first chamber part, a second chamber part, a closing device, at least one supporting assembly. The second chamber part is separate from the first chamber part, and the first and second chamber parts are configured to receive workpieces to be deburred. The closing device is configured to push the second chamber part and first chamber part together with respect to a closing direction. The supporting assembly is disposed in an annular manner about a transverse axis oriented perpendicularly to the closing direction, is movable relative to the closing device along the transverse axis, and is configured to absorb closing forces from the closing device.

Abstract: A vertical food cooker includes: (a) an open-bottomed upper warming portion including: a support frame, a temperature measuring gauge, an adjustable upper air vent, and an openable cooker lid, the support frame including a substantially cylindrical-shaped upper collar and at least two spaced apart rails extending generally downward from the upper collar; (b) a cooker base portion including: a burn chamber, an adjustable base damper to the burn chamber, a substantially planar fire pan at a bottom of the otherwise bottomless burn chamber, and at least three legs; (c) a cooker mid portion between the upper warming portion and the base portion, the mid portion including between about one and about six substantially cylindrically shaped, open-bottomed, independently openable, stacked cooking drawers; and (d) grate brackets attached to the support frame, each of the cooking drawers, and the burn chamber; grill grates being supportable on the grate brackets.

Abstract: A seal hardening furnace is presented in which seal lines in a liquid crystal display panel are hardened. The seal hardening furnace includes a cassette having a rack bar structure. The rack bar structure has rack bars for supporting the substrate along one direction and rack bar supports at ends of the rack bars that support the rack bars. The rack bars have air discharge openings therein. An air injecting passage is connected to the rack bar supports. An air supply unit supplies air through the air injecting passage and through the discharge openings to support the substrate thereon.

Abstract: A seal hardening furnace is presented in which seal lines in a liquid crystal display panel are hardened. The seal hardening furnace includes a cassette having a rack bar structure. The rack bar structure has rack bars for supporting the substrate along one direction and rack bar supports at ends of the rack bars that support the rack bars. The rack bars have air discharge openings therein. An air injecting passage is connected to the rack bar supports. An air supply unit supplies air through the air injecting passage and through the discharge openings to support the substrate thereon.

Abstract: A water cooled finger for a pre-heater of a furnace top holds metal materials of a required amount in a shaft installed at the furnace top for pre-heating metal materials by introducing exhaust gas at high temperature generated in the furnace into the shaft. The water cooled finger is formed of a pair of side aces, an upper plate and a lower plate. The upper plate is fixed to an upper plate of both of the side face portions. The lower plate is fixed to a lower plate of both of the side face portions. The water cooled finger is formed to be hollow as a whole by the side face, the upper plate and the lower plate. The water cooled finger satisfies at least one of the conditions of (A) a thickness of the upper plate is thicker than that of said lower plate, (B) the lower plate is formed to be R-bending processed portions at both ends thereof, and(C) the lower plate is curved outside.

Abstract: A method pertaining to the baking of products (B) in a baking oven (1) in which the products are supported by at least one rotary oven trolley (17) comprises rotating the trolley through a number of revolutions in one direction (R1) during the baking process, and thereafter reversing the direction of rotation and continuing rotation of the trolley through several revolutions in the opposite direction (R2) before again reversing the direction of rotation of the trolley. The trolley (17) keeps the same axial position in both directions of rotation. An arrangement for carrying out the method includes a drive device (20-26) for alternating rotation of the oven trolley through an equal number of revolutions in both directions during the baking process.

Abstract: A conveying system for use in a continuous-type oven is provided. The conveying system comprises a machine unit on which are disposed at least a pair of opposed carriers spaced apart by a predetermined separation distance. The subject conveying system also comprises a mesh conveyor belt displaceably coupled to the machine unit in an endless loop configuration, about an axis directed substantially parallel to a longitudinal plane defined by the machine unit. The subject conveying system further comprises at least a pair of chain conveyor assemblies coupled to the machine unit, each including: a rail coupled to at least one of the carriers to be suspended thereby over the mesh conveyor belt; and, at least a pair of chain wheels coupled adjacent the opposing ends of the rail to rotate about respective axes of rotation transversely directed relative to the longitudinal plane. Each chain conveyor assembly also includes a chain engaging the chain wheels so as to advance thereabout through an endless loop.

Abstract: A portable oven for simultaneous preparation of multiple floor tiles, providing an efficient means to heat the tiles so they are soft and can be cut to fit the area to be tiled, and preferably providing means to measure and cut the heated tiles.

Abstract: A kiln or oven for producing ceramic products is described having a combustion chamber through which the ceramic products continuously pass, as well as a process for the operation and control of the kiln and the ceramic products perform a rotation about their own longitudinal axis in addition to the passage movement through the combusion chamber. The passage and rotation of the ceramic products takes place by means of a drive mechanism located in the kiln base with shafts projecting into the combustion chamber and located on an inventively designed receiving and holding device and can be regulated in infinitely variable and separate manner. The invention permits an effective, discontinuous operation of the kiln.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extracting impurities from the interior of a kiln, when in operation, and for creating a uniformly heated atmosphere within the kiln, which involves the introduction of air through an air passage opening through the top of the kiln and affiliated openings in other portions of the kiln through which small amounts of air are drawn and exhausted by means of a blower located within the control panel of the kiln and wherein a kiln setter is maintained free of impurities by drawing air containing impurities past it and away from it by means of said blower.

Abstract: A pocket wheel furnace having a furnace housing provided with a heat source in the side walls to project heat upon the components requiring heat treatment. The components are loaded into the pockets on the wheel at a first station and travel through the projected heat for the time needed to reach the heat treatment temperature before reaching a discharge station where the components are moved to a quench station. The travel time in the furnace is predetermined and is substantially equivalent for all components in a batch thereof.

Abstract: A jig for holding a plurality of disc brake pads during curing of the pads after the heat forming thereof, including, a frame, a pair of hanger shafts, a front support plate, a rear support plate, and a drive mechanism. The frame has a front plate and a rear plate. The hanger shafts extend from the front plate to the rear plate. The front support plate and the rear support plate are slidably fitted on the hanger shafts so that both support plates can be guided by the hanger shafts. Springs are provided between the rear plate and the rear support plate. The drive mechanism includes a gear and a bolt. The gear has teeth on its outside circumferential surface and is rotatably supported by the front plate. When the gear is rotated, the front support plate is pushed toward the rear plate by the bolt, and the pads are interposed in a compressed state between both of the support plates after the heat forming.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing honeycomb panel comprising a heating chamber isolated by a wall from outer air and a plurality of drawout trays capable of being individually inserted into and withdrawn from the heating chamber through a plurality of openings formed in the wall. Each of these drawout trays has a work accommodating chamber connected to a vacuum source, a top opening of which can be hermetically closed by a flexible sheet that can be opened and closed. Also each of the drawout trays has block plates at the front and rear ends for closing the opening in the wall at every terminal positions when inserted and withdrawn.

Abstract: Apparatus for compressing against each other for bonding by use of a granule clamp the I and C bars which comprise the O bars from which head cores may be cut, includes a rotating frame so that the angular orientation of the O bars may be changed after embedding them in the granules. This allows bonding glass rods to be placed in the interior openings of the unbonded O bars and then by rotating the frame, cause the glass rods to fall into a position adjacent to the interior edge of the flux gap, and at the same time keep the plane of the flux gaps normal to the axis of the granule clamp's pressure die. When heat is then applied to the unbonded O bars, gravity draws the bonding glass into a fillet adjacent the interior edge of the flux gap.

Abstract: A charging material preheater for preheating the charging material for a metallurgical smelting unit comprising a container for accommodating the charging material to be preheated, which is provided at the bottom with a grid comprising individual mutually spaced-apart grid bars which are passed outwardly through passage openings in the wall of the container and which are mounted in groups in support beams which are movable by an actuating means between a closed position in which the grid bars project into the interior of the container and a release position in which the grid bars are withdrawn from the interior of the container.

Abstract: A random access oven system including an oven, a vestibule, a loading conveyor, and a cooling conveyor. A plurality of load carriers, arranged in one or more tiers, are translated within the oven by one or more drive chains, in response to remotely generated commands. Loads to be treated in the oven are queued on the loading conveyor and are supplied to the vestibule in response to remotely generated commands. Any desired load carrier may be brought to a position adjacent the vestibule where the load carried by the carrier may be transferred to a conveyor within the vestibule, or a load within the vestibule may be transferred to the load carrier. After exiting the oven following heat-treatment, a load within the vestibule may be transferred onto the cooling conveyor. After a desired cooling period, each load on the cooling conveyor may be transferred out of the inventive system, for example to an adjacent conveyor.

Abstract: A bucket cooled by circulating water and scrap preheating apparatus incorporating the bucket are disclosed. The bucket comprises a bucket-shaped container which contains scrap to be preheated and through which an exhaust gas from an electric furnace is passed to preheat the scrap contained therein, a cooling water passageway which surrounds the periphery of said container, and water supply and exhaust ports which are connected to said cooling water passageway, cooling water being supplied to and exhausted from the bucket during preheating of the scrap contained therein.

Abstract: A baking oven heated by circulation of hot-air comprising a baking compartment with a turntable at the bottom thereof adapted for receiving a multiple rack cart which carries the material to be baked and which is rotated around a vertical axis. The turntable is provided with a drive gear therebelow coupled to a chain which in turn is coupled to a pinion on a vertical shaft extending outside the baking compartment and driven by a drive motor. A chain box surrounds the chain and includes a portion extending outside the baking compartment which is air-tight to prevent escape of vapor thereat from the baking compartment. The vertical shaft extends into the air-tight portion of the chain box via a seal.

Abstract: In a furnace charge preheater, especially one for scrap metal, in the form of a bucket whose bottom contains at least two outswinging half-shells, the bucket bottom when in the closed state is formed of a central part and at least one ring while the inner margin of the ring overlaps the margin of the central part and the margin of the central part is situated at a distance below the inner margin of the ring thus forming an annular gap. In this manner a more uniform flow of the hot gas through the preheater is assured. Furthermore, if the annular gap between the bucket bottom and the bucket wall is sealed up, the chamber on which the charge preheater is placed when the charge is preheated, can be made smaller.

Abstract: A gas fired kiln wherein symmetrically disposed and vertically oriented high velocity natural draft burners burn fuel within and immediately adjacent the side walls of the kiln's chamber, the flames extending vertically adjacent the side walls and the hot gases produced thereby traveling up along the walls to an arched crown chamber ceiling, the hot gases then traveling generally downwardly under the influence of a partial vacuum created by hot gases escaping the chamber through a flue opening centered at the base of the kiln's rear wall, the flue opening communicating with a vertical flue extending only to approximately exterior height of the arched crown of the kiln.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a vacuum sintering furnace having a lubricant eliminating section, sintering section and cooling section which are aligned in series and connected by connecting hood means to each other so that a workpiece may be directly transferred to the following section without exposure of the workpiece to outside air. The connecting hood means comprises doors for selectively opening and closing the boundaries between the neighboring sections. Furthermore, the lubricant eliminating section is provided with a lubricant trapping device mounted on an exhaust line connecting a furnace body and a vacuum pump to each other, thereby the stable operation of the vacuum pump is ensured.

Abstract: A preheating apparatus for preheating the material, such as scrap, to be charged into steel making equipment with the heat of exhaust gas from the equipment. The apparatus comprises a plurality of preheating units for dischargeably accommodating the charge. The preheating units are connected together in series by ducts to pass the exhaust gas through the units in series and preheat the charge in the units.

Abstract: An apparatus for preheating steel scrap comprises: a preheating vessel, having an open top and a bottom lid capable of being opened and closed, for receiving and preheating steel scrap, said preheating vessel being adapted to receive steel scrap to be preheated from said open top and to discharge the steel scrap preheated in said preheating vessel by opening said bottom lid; a hood downwardly flaring for covering said open top of said preheating vessel, said hood being movable from said open top of said preheating vessel and adapted to introduce high-temperature waste gases discharged from a steel-refining metallurgical furnace into said preheating vessel; a pit for housing said preheating vessel, said pit being provided with a duct for discharging to the outside said waste gases discharged into said pit from the bottom of said preheating vessel after preheating said steel scrap received in said preheating vessel; and, a canopy for sealing the gap between said pit and said preheating vessel housed in said pit

Abstract: A process and arrangement for the continual zonal heating or cooling of perably elongate treatment members within at least one zone extending perpendicular or transverse to the longitudinal axis, which programmatically traverses the treatment member in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A method for processing various organic materials such as lignocellulosics or biomass into more useful states, such as charcoal, carbon black, and coke, and other processed products while producing useful off-gases, includes feeding aggregate pieces of the material to a vertically extending heating chamber and, preferably, closing the chamber to air to control oxygen therein. The pieces are conveyed upwardly through the chamber in a predetermined time by spiral vibratory conveyor. The chamber is heated to a preselected temperature sufficient for gaseous conversion of volatile hydrocarbon constituents of the material. Resultant off-gases are removed from the chamber for further use such as burning thereof for heating the chamber or condensing volatiles, etc.Apparatus for carrying out the method includes preferably first and second such chambers, there being continuous spiral vibrator tray in each chamber carried by a central, vertical support column.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a material handling device that is adapted to have utility in both a greenhouse operation and a bulk tobacco curing and drying structure. More particularly, in use with a greenhouse, the material handling device of the present invention is adapted to support plant seedlings or pots of soil with seeds appropriately planted therein. The same material handling device of the present invention can also be utilized in a bulk tobacco curing and drying operation as a support and handling medium for bulk tobacco disposed within the curing and drying structure.

Abstract: The oven includes a baking compartment and a lower compartment located beneath the baking compartment for receiving baked articles therefrom; a horizontal shelf separates the baking compartment from the lower compartment and is formed of a series of pivotable plates; means are provided for pivoting the plates at predetermined time to cause the baked articles in the baking compartment to fall under the action of gravity in the lower compartment.

Abstract: Deburring of metal articles and parts in a combustion chamber process is accomplished in a machine requiring only a short stroke to open and close the combustion chamber in the processing of a series of articles or parts. Only the cap plate of the combustion chamber is fixed to the upper part of the vertical frame of the machine, it being provided with the inlet for the combustion gases, and the hollow cylinder and bottom plate form a mating unit of the combustion chamber, of which a number may be provided for sequential operation, which may travel into the work position and out of it on conveyor rails. Compression to seal the parts of the combustion chamber together during combustion processing is provided by a hydraulic or pneumatic piston drive mounted on the bottom portion of the frame to bear against the bottom plate of the particular interchangeable combustion chamber unit that is located in the work position.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing precast concrete members which is efficient, mobile and cost saving, and comprises at least: a curing chamber having an opening in the portion which faces substantially a concrete placing section and having a plurality of support members to support form members leaving predetermined distance apart, a high temperature curing apparatus which is installed to said curing chamber, a concrete placing section in which necessary work for concrete placing is carried out, and a predetermined number of precast concrete form members which are diposed and moved horizontally and separately between said support members in said curing chamber and said concrete placing section by horizontal transfer means which comprise a plurality of rollers attached to said support members.