Abstract: A manufacturing method for a semiconductor device including: determining pattern dependency of a radiation factor of an element forming surface of one wafer having a predetermined pattern formed on the wafer; determining a heating surface of the wafer, based on the pattern dependency of the radiation factor; holding the one wafer having the determined heating surface and another wafer having a determined heating surface, spaced at a predetermined distance in such a manner that non-heating surfaces of the one wafer and the another wafer oppose to each other; and heating the each heating surface of the one wafer and the another wafer.

Abstract: An image decoloring device includes: a decoloring processing unit configured to perform decoloring for removing the color of a decolorable colorant; a sheet carrying unit configured to transfer a sheet and causing the sheet to pass through the decoloring processing unit; a print condition detection unit arranged upstream of a direction in which the sheet is transferred by the sheet carrying unit with respect to the decoloring processing unit, the print condition detection unit obtaining print condition information indicating the print condition of an image formed on the sheet; and a process controlling unit configured to control the decoloring processing unit based on a result of detection given from the print condition detection unit.

Abstract: Methods of positioning semiconductor substrates in a furnace. One method determines a centered position of the substrates by conducting a heat treating to form an oxide layer on the substrate and measuring the substrate thickness at several points along its oxidized surface to determine a centered position. Also, a method of calibrating a device for heat treatment of the substrates, with the device including a positioner for providing the substrates on a retention support in the furnace. The positioner includes a memory unit that stores positioning parameters, and an actuator for positioning the substrate on the support according to the positioning parameters. The method includes positioning a test substrate on the support in a starting position according to starting parameters, determining a centered position for the test substrate, determining centering parameters corresponding to the centered position of the test substrate and storing the centering parameters in the memory unit.

Abstract: Devices for performing nanofabrication are provided which provide small volume reaction space and high reaction versatility. A device may include a reaction chamber adapted for nanoscale modification of a substrate and vacuum conditions; a scanning probe tip assembly enclosed within the reaction chamber; a first port coupled to the reaction chamber for delivering a gas; a second port coupled to the reaction chamber for applying a vacuum; and a substrate assembly insertedly mounted to the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber may include a body having one or more flexible walls and one or more supports to prevent the reaction chamber from collapsing under a vacuum. The device may further include an electrical conduit for coupling the tips of the scanning probe tip assembly to electrical components outside the reaction chamber. Also provided are apparatuses incorporating the devices and methods of using the devices and apparatuses.

Abstract: It is aimed to improve the heating efficiency of a poured raw material by efficiently creating a natural convection in a container. The interior of a container is constructed to have such a closed loop shape that a heating medium can be vertically circulated. A heated gas passage includes a lower heating section for heating the heating medium in a lower storage, and a lateral heating section for heating the heating medium, which was heated in the lower storage, in a first lateral section. A raw material is introduced to the heating medium which is flowing toward the lower storage in a second lateral section by being heated in the first lateral section, thereby promoting the circulation of the heating medium. In heat transferring pipes, the raw material is boiled to create drive forces for circulating the heating medium.

Abstract: A furnace for the thermal treatment of at least one dental firing object, comprising a housing, a firing chamber, a firing chamber base, a heating device, and at least one optical temperature detection element which can be used to detect a temperature in the firing chamber and is intended to enable a contactless temperature measurement of a dental firing object in a simple manner. This is achieved by virtue of the fact that the firing object is mounted on and/or in and/or below and/or alongside a firing aid situated in the firing chamber, and the optical temperature detection element detects the temperature of the firing aid.

Abstract: A platform has an opening therein. The platform is adapted to receive a heat source therein. The platform is rotatably disposed about the heat source. A motor is operatively coupled to the platform for rotating the platform about the heat source. A temperature sensor senses the temperature at a predetermined position on the interior surface of a barrel disposed on said platform and provides a temperature output. A central processing unit has a clock for measuring an interval during which a barrel is exposed to the heat source. A database stores toasting recipes, which are a function of time and temperature. The central processing unit receives an input from the sensor and clock and utilizes the recipe stored in the database to provide an output to an alarm if the sensed temperature during the input time interval does not substantially correspond the recipe as stored in the database.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed that reliably determines the transmissivity of a substrate. By determining the transmissivity of a calibration substrate, for instance, a temperature measuring device can be calibrated. The method and system are particularly well suited for use in thermal processing chambers that process semiconductor wafers used for forming integrated circuit chips.

Abstract: The invention relates to a furnace assembly for dental technology, in particular for ceramic dental compositions, comprising a display device associated with a furnace assembly (10), which may be designed in the manner of a touchscreen, and comprising a control device, which has a data interface by way of which data for controlling the furnace assembly and/or image data (in the form of static images or moving images) can be transmitted. The control device has a packet module, in particular an EDGE, GSM, GRPS and/or UMTS module, by way of which control data and/or image data for presentation on the display device can be transmitted in the form of packets.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for pneumatically drying thickened lime mud and feeding the dried thickened lime mud to a lime reburning kiln. The thickened mud is pneumatically dried via the action of flue gas emanating from the lime reburning kiln. The dried, thickened lime is separated from the flue gas in a cyclone separator. A process loop controller determines the temperature of the separated lime and, in response, controls the feed rate of lime fed to the pneumatic dryer to ensure that the dryer possesses the requisite latent heat needed to dry thickened lime therein. In one embodiment, the feed rate of lime fed to the thickener is adjustably controlled which, in turn, adjustably varies the flow rate of the thickened mud to the dryer.

Abstract: A control system for a liquid motion lamp maintains the proper temperature of liquids within the lamp to provide desired motion within the lamp, and reduces sensitivity to ambient temperature. The lamp preferably includes two heating elements, a first element for initial heating, such as a heat blanket, resistive glass coating, or a submerged ring, and a second heating element generally providing both heat and lighting. A sensor measures the temperature of the liquid inside the lamp and the control system controls the heat sources to maintain the temperature within operating limits.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides a system for warming an outdoor surface. The system includes a heat exchange unit to provide heated air for use across the surface to melt snow or ice or to warm, evaporate or distribute water. The heat exchange unit is used to recapture the heated air. The present invention also generally provides a method of warming an outdoor surface. The method comprises the steps of providing heated air across the surface to melt snow or ice or to warm, evaporate or distribute water, recapturing the heated air, and redistributing the heated air across the surface.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a firing furnace, in particular for the dental sector, in which the temperature is measured and, based on the measured temperature, a temperature control is performed. If appropriate, the temperature integral, recorded at discrete points, is determined over the course of time and in particular stored, and is used, if appropriate in addition to the temperature, for controlling the firing furnace.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for trimming the edges of a float glass ribbon whose thickness can vary between 0.4 mm and 24 mm in which a specific depth crack is generated for the respective thickness. The depth of the crack is actively influenced by energy introduced by means of a laser which is controlled as a function of the surface temperature of the float glass ribbon and by a subsequent cooling whose acting period is variable. To ensure a permanently reliable process, the severing crack and the thickness of the float glass ribbon are detected in order to initiate a new initial crack immediately in the event that the severing crack should break up and so that a cutting unit comprising the scribing device, the beam-shaping optics and the cooling nozzles is always at a constant vertical distance from the surface of the float glass ribbon. The method and apparatus are distinguished particularly by the fact that only a low laser power is required.

Abstract: A film is provided for use in a cassette. Preferably, the cassette is used in a waste disposal system. The film is a high density polyethylene film resin having both a low melt index and a high density, thereby providing improved odor control capabilities and enhanced tear strength and assembly strength.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrophoretic display comprising cells of well-defined shape, size and aspect ratio, which cells are filled with charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent, and novel processes for its manufacture.

Abstract: In a method apparatus for measuring the temperature of a semiconductor substrate during processing thereof in a processing chamber, a resonant circuit formed on the substrate surface is energized by an electromagnetic field radiation device, and disturbances in the electromagnetic field are detected to determine the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit. The temperature of the substrate is determined as a function of the resonant frequency. The substrate is moved into and out of processing chamber by a transfer arm, and the radiation device is disposed on the transfer arm or mounted on the processing chamber. Multiple resonant circuits may be provided, which are energized by movement of the transfer arm, without transferring the substrate.

Abstract: An industrial furnace has at least one assembly formed by an extruder for extracting hot gas present in a given zone of the furnace, a water/gas heat exchanger for cooling the hot gas, and a reinjecting device for reinjecting the cooled gas into a zone of the furnace situated downstream from the zone from which the hot gas was extracted. First and second sampling devices sample the hot gas at points each situated upstream and downstream from a heat exchanger and two-port valves allowing the sampling to be performed. A regulating device regulates the respective pressures of the hot gas and the cooled gas downstream from the sampling devices. A three-port valve selects the hot gas or the cooled gas and applies it to a hygrometer. An operator is informed of the results of analyses performed by the hygrometer so that the operator may compare the degree of humidity of the hot gas and of the cooled gas for each of the heat exchangers.

Abstract: There is now provided an electric stove to cook food having electric heating elements to cook food, arrange with the body of the electric stove upon cooking of food with the electric stove and having a structure on the electric stove body to protect the electric stove while cooking with the electric heating elements when the electric heating elements are turned on and when the electric heating elements may be either hot or cold, the exterior of the electric stove from scratches and abrasive wear during use of the electric stove upon cooking with the electric heating elements when the electric heating elements are turned on and when the electric heating elements may be either hot or cold and an inner structure to minimize heat from the interior of the electric stove reaching the exterior of the electric stove during use of the electric heating elements to cook food. This invention is applicable to like appliances. The outer structure has a hardness which is greater than the hardness of inner structure.

Abstract: An infrared lamp with a closed-off enveloping tube which encloses an emission source joined with contacts for a power supply in the form of a carbon ribbon which, extending in a direction of a long axis of the enveloping tube, determines an irradiation length of the infrared lamp in the sense of a higher irradiation output. The carbon ribbon has a length which is larger than the irradiation length by a factor of at least 1.5. With a procedure for heating a material to be processed using the infrared lamp, which makes possible short processing times in connection with a simultaneous high degree of energy efficiency, the infrared lamp may be operated such that its maximum emission lies within a wavelength range from 1.8 &mgr;m to 2.9 &mgr;m, and such that its power output comes to at least 15 Watts per cm3 of the volume enclosed by the enveloping tube over the irradiation length.

Abstract: A furnace observation apparatus for observing the state in a high temperature atmosphere furnace, which comprises an optical member to be inserted and disposed in a through-hole formed in a furnace wall of the furnace, made of a material having a softening point higher than the furnace temperature and being capable of transmitting an image observed in the furnace, and a photographing means to be disposed outside of the furnace, for photographing the image observed in the furnace, transmitted from the optical member.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for sampling gas in operative association with a combustion appliance, such as a furnace. The combustion appliance includes a first conduit through which combustion air is supplied to the appliance and a second conduit through which gas heated by the appliance is discharged from the appliance. The sampling apparatus includes a third conduit communicating between the first and second conduits and a gas sensor operable to sense a selected gas in the heated gas present in the third conduit. Operation of the appliance creates a pressure difference between the first and second conduits to draw a sample of heated gas from the second conduit into the third conduit, so that no mechanical device, such as a pump, is needed to transport the sample of heated gas to the gas sensor. A temperature sensor is provided for sensing temperature of the gas in the third conduit to verify gas flow in the third conduit.

Abstract: An industrial mobile process monitoring system is described which provides a way by which a measurable atmospheric condition, such as temperature, can be measured in real time at a plurality of different locations in a structure such as a kiln, and the information transmitted to a base station computer via magnetic energy linking primary and secondary windings of an air-core transformer.

Abstract: A dirt shield for viewing ports of contaminated environments which includes the formation of a cone of flowing gas disposed in front of the window of the port combined with a flow of ionized gas under pressure in front of the window between the window and the cone of gas.

Abstract: A roller is provided with at least one thermocouple for measuring the temperature of a product or sheet. The roller comprises a hollow cylindrical body whose outer surface cooperates by contact with the sheet. The thermocouple removably extends through a guide tube which extends inside the roller and is carried by supports. The end of the guide tube through which the hot junction of the thermocouple extends is fixed in a position perpendicular to the wall of cylindrical body. This end of the guide tube opens onto a blind hole provided in the wall of the cylindrical body where the hot junction of the thermocouple is received. Application in the measurement of the temperature of the sheet of an annealing furnace of a continuous treatment process.

Abstract: An alignment measuring system is used in determining the location of the rotational center line of a long, cylindrical body having a number of support bearings spaced along its length, during the rotation of the body. The method particularly lends itself to the re-alignment of hot kilns, during their operation, without requiring shut down and the consequent disruption and loss of product. The system utilizes a base line or datum on each side of the kiln for locating the measuring instrument. The distance measuring instrument is a radiant beam instrument such as a diode laser providing an electronic readout, to enable accurate determination of the distance of the outer surface of the kiln shell from the instrument, and hence the location of the rotational center relative to the established baseline datum, for the longitudinal station being measured.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining the level of material within a rotating cylindrical vessel are disclosed in which a rigid member means on the interior of the rotating vessel is fixedly secured to a rod having a longitudinal axis parallel to the rotational axis of the rotating vessel, and wherein the rod extends through one end wall of the vessle to the exterior at which it is fixedly secured to an indicator means. The rigid member means within the vessel is capable of resting at the top surface of the material within the vessel. As the level of material within the vessel is raised or lowered the rigid member means will rotate, thus causing an equal rotation of the rod and the indicator means on the exterior of the vessel. By monitoring the position of the indicator means, the level of material within the vessel can be determined.

Abstract: High temperature furnaces are described containing a movable viewing window that is heated so that the work charge can be scanned along the length of the furnace without creating a thermal disturbance. A system is also disclosed for controlling the operation of the furnace based on comparison of viewed images with stored sample images.

Abstract: Apparatus for melting by vapor-phase treatment a solder applied to an object. The liquid serving for vapor production, which is situated in a vessel, is heated by electrical heating means which are disposed exclusively outside of the vessel and are completely enveloped by a liquid heat-carrying medium. The vessel floor is provided with projections to increase the thermal transfer. A tubing coil is furthermore disposed in the heat-carrying medium for rapid cooling thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of measuring the temperature of a hot crystalline material. It is especially well adapted for measuring the temperature of mineral products within or being discharged from rotary or other types of kilns. The mineral material entering the kiln is doped with a rare earth compound at a level of at least 0.001 molar percent, preferably about 0.01 molar percent. During the process of calcination in the kiln, the rare earth is incorporated into the crystal lattice of the host mineral to form a phosphor. This is excited by laser light of an appropriate wavelength. The flourescence emitted by the excited hot material is then measured and can be accurately related to the temperature. In one version of the invention the mineral material is used in a chemical process where it is recycled to the kiln for recovery. The lime cycle in a kraft pulping operation is such a process.

Abstract: A vapor processing system which has a vessel for containing a processing vapor generated by heating an electronic fluid contained within the vessel.

Abstract: A tunnel kiln particularly adapted for firing ceramic workpieces has a firing channel including a heating zone, a firing zone, and a cooling zone, and has kiln cars and kiln sole sections which bear the workpieces to be treated and are movable through said firing channel. The kiln sole sections are separated from the kiln cars, and the kiln cars are constructed and arranged to be movable independently of the kiln sole sections.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for determining the temperature of an object as it moves through a heat treating furnace. The furnace includes a hearth adapted to move through it thusly enabling a number of objects placed on the hearth to be heat treated as they move through the furnace. To obtain the temperature of an object being heat treated as it moves through the furnace, a hole is provided in the hearth. A thermocouple wire is inserted through the hole and into the furnace. An end of the wire is connected to an object being heat treated, and the object is placed in the furnace. The other end of the wire is connected to a temperature display device outside of the furnace which moves along with the hearth and the object as they move through the furnace.

Abstract: Decontaminating an object such as a vehicle, is achieved by subjecting the bject to an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to achieve the desired temperature. The heat source is preferably a jet engine which is supported for universal movement. The temperature of the surface of the object under treatment is determined by sensing the infrared radiation emanating from the surface of the object. In response to the attainment of a predetermined level of infrared radiation, an electric control member is used to regulate the movement of said heat source. Thus heating is caused to be directed at selected regions of the object under treatment for the time period necessary to attain the desired temperature level.

Abstract: A problem that can occur with a large rotary kiln assembly is that it can move out of position or seals can become defective, making an escape of materials possible. The present invention provides transducers (10, 15) for detecting movement of the rotary kiln itself or part of a seal assembly secured thereto relative to an inlet/outlet arrangement of the kiln assembly or a part of a seal arrangement secured thereto and also means whereby the condition of the seals can be monitored by following changes in the pressure or flow rate of a purge gas. If the rotary kiln (2) should move out of alignment, then corrective action can be taken. If the seals should leak, then they are changed. A record of kiln movement is provided and if movement is excessive, an alarm (20) is sounded.

Abstract: The specification discloses a window assembly for an analytical furnace enabling the window to be readily and easily removed and reinstalled to facilitate servicing of the window. The assembly includes a one-piece fused silica housing having concentric inner and outer tube portions. The outer tube portion defines a transverse slot through which a window is inserted to overlie an end of the inner tube. A spring is included to bias the window into engagement with the inner tube to reduce airflow and heat loss therebetween.

Abstract: A method of determining the penetration of an isotherm into a mass, including the steps of distributing material in the mass, the material having the ability to fix a record of an isotherm, cycling the temperature of the mass, and checking the material for the location of the isotherm relative to the mass.

Abstract: Dark blue dyed furnace sight glass of soda-lime-silica further containing carbon and oxides of iron and cobalt with substantially no infrared transmission and which sight glass affords a view of details in the melting operation. Other ingredients may include K.sub.2 O, MgO, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or ZrO.sub.2.

Abstract: A wafer baking oven for making baked wafers from batter includes an elongated baking chamber with heating elements therein. A thermally insulated enclosure surrounds at least part of the baking chamber. The oven includes a front port adjoining the baking chamber. There are a plurality of baking tongs in the baking chamber, which baking tongs move through the baking chamber and into and out of the front port in a running direction. The baking prongs are openable when in the front port for the removal of baked wafers from the tongs and for charging the baking tongs with batter. The baking tongs are then closed and are moved through the baking chamber in the closed state. The front port includes a charging station for charging the baking tongs with batter and a discharge station for discharging baked wafers along a path.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus useful in controlling the operation of ovens of the type typically associated with baking food products. Broadly, the apparatus permits the linear display of heat input to one or more zones of an oven responsive to gas flow. Heat input is indicated by fluid levels in manometers having their legs dimensioned to permit linear display of heat input despite the variance of gas flow with the square of the pressure. The manometers are positioned next to an adjustable scale which accommodates combustible gases of varying heat contents. The adjustable scale is preferably marked for the preferred heat input profile across the various zones of the oven to facilitate control of optimum heat input to the oven as a whole. Also disclosed are similar display devices for exhaust gases.

Abstract: The invention provides an array of spaced thermocouples inserted into the kiln as a unit to provide the temperature profile of the kiln on a continuous basis. The output signals from the thermocouples are multiplexed and displayed on a CRT device. A horizontal line across the face of the CRT screen provides a temperature reference for the profile when a digital thermometer is driven with the horizontal line generating voltage. To reproduce a desired temperature profile, the invention provides a temperature profile synthesizer comprising a resistor-ladder network and a voltage source for simulating the small voltages developed by the temperature monitoring thermocouples in the array. By displaying the synthesized temperature profile on the CRT at the same time that the actual measured temperature profile is being displayed, the kiln can be more easily controlled to provide the desired synthesized profile.

Abstract: The invention has for its object a device for measuring the slope parameters of a material contained in a cylinder rotated around the axis thereof.This device, which senses radiations generated by radio-isotopes passing through the cylinder and the material contained therein, comprises means 1 generating the said radiations and means 8a, 8b picking up the latter fitted outside the cylinder in such a manner that, during the rotation thereof, the radiation generated by the radio-isotopes passing through the slope of material 5 in at least two separate locations is sensed in a specific point of the cylinder, as well as means for analyzing the signals received by the means sensing said radiation.This device is to be used together with a rotating furnace and particularly a cement kiln.

Abstract: An apparatus activates an alarm for a kiln operator when the heat and temperature provided by a kiln reach a predetermined level thereby activating a kiln shut-off weight and switch. The kiln shut-off weight rotates to engage a rod coupled to a switching means for activating an alarm.

Abstract: Test apparatus is disclosed for testing a gas-fired forced air heating system having a plurality of control elements. A monitoring device includes an indicator light adjacent to the thermostat for indicating a malfunction in the heating system, the monitoring device including condition-responsive switches for energizing the indicator in response to the absence of a stream of heated air when called for by the thermostat or in response to a malfunction in the thermostat. An analyzer comprises a plurality of indicator lights connectable through a selector switch to the power source and the heating system, the switch having an OFF condition for disconnecting the indicator lights, a TEST condition for checking the condition of the indicator lights and an ON condition for connecting the indicator lights respectively in parallel with corresponding heating system control elements to test the conditions thereof. Two embodiments of the analyzer are disclosed for use with different types of heating systems.

Abstract: Device for observing electrical equipment under voltage application, characterized in that it comprises an adjustable periscopic glass which include a lens assembly which conforms to and interfits with the observation ports within the equipment and carries within the lens assembly adjacent the periphery a light source for illumination of the equipment enclosure interior.