Abstract: The present invention relates to DNA segments isolated from Sphingomonas sp. and involved in the biosynthetic production of sphingan polysaccharides to increase the production of the polysaccharide in engineered microorganisms. The present invention also relates to methods of engineering strains of Sphingomonas to produce bacteria which are hyperproducers of sphingan, methods of identifying and utilizing DNA fragments useful to enhance production of sphingan in bacteria and the hyperproducer bacteria.

Abstract: New Lactobacillus sake like strains are provided obtainable from meat products, which strains are capable of producing an exopolysaccharide having shear-thinning properties, even at low concentrations, and/or thickening and/or emulsion-stabilizing properties.

Abstract: Heteropolysaccharide biopolymers well adopted as thickening agents are improvedly produced by microbially fermenting a carbohydrate nutrient medium, said nutrient medium comprising an oil-in-water emulsion of a discontinuous oily phase dispersed within a continuous aqueous phase.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are therapeutic treatment protocols designed for the treatment of B cell lymphoma. These protocols are based upon therapeutic strategies which include the use of administration of immunologically active mouse/human chimeric anti-CD20 antibodies, radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies, and cooperative strategies comprising the use of chimeric anti-CD20 antibodies and radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies.

Abstract: The process comprises heat-treating a xanthan gum fermented broth, and consecutively treating the broth first with alkaline protease and then with lysozyme or in reverse order, and thereafter recovering xanthan gum from the treated broth. A clear aqueous solution of xanthan gum may be obtained without complex procedures.

Abstract: A xanthan gum having an improved transmittance is disclosed. Further, the transmittance of the xanthan gum is at least 75% in an 1% by weight aqueous solution. The xanthan gum is prepared by subjecting a strain ATCC 55429 or ATCC 55298 to submerged fermentation conditions to produce a broth containing the gum and debris. The broth is then subjected to heating at a temperature from 45.degree. to 70 .degree. C. for a period of time of at least one half to two hours and at a pH of 9 to 12.5. Two enzyme treatments are performed using an alkaline protease and lysozyme of which the order of their application is irrelevant to the recovery of the xanthan gum. The enzymes are applied at specific temperatures and time periods as well as pH conditions such as a protease is applied at a temperature of 40.degree. to 65 .degree. C. for a period of from 20 minutes to five hours at a pH range of 6 to 10; and the lysozyme is applied at a temperature of 25.degree. to 60 .degree. C.

Abstract: A xanthan gum-containing fermented solution is subjected to an enzyme treatment for solubilizing the microbial cells present in the fermented solution. While the fermented solution having undergone the enzyme treatment is maintained at a temperature of 50.degree. C. to 80.degree. C., and xanthan gum is precipitated by adding an hydrophilic organic solvent incapable of dissolving xanthan gum to the fermented solution. When a rotary turbine is used, the precipitate can be cut with a shearing cutter to recover a finely-divided fibrous product.

Abstract: Polysaccharide biopolymers, e.g., xanthan gum, are produced by the aerobic microbial fermentation of a carbohydrate in an aqueous nutrient medium containing starch as a source of carbon, and wherein the fermentation is carried out in the presence of a saccharide-specific amylolytic enzyme.

Abstract: The process includes heat-treating a xanthan gum fermented broth, and consecutively treating the broth first with alkaline protease and then with lysozyme or in reverse order, and thereafter recovering xanthan gum from the treated broth. A clear aqueous solution of xanthan gum may be obtained Without complex procedures.

Abstract: A method for the fermentation production of xanthan gum which comprises the step of carrying out culture by using a water-soluble inorganic nitrogen component alone as the nitrogen source of a production medium, and by mixing and using the water-soluble inorganic nitrogen component and a water-insoluble organic nitrogen component as the nitrogen sources of a seed fermentation medium.

Abstract: Methods for the recombinant-DNA mediated production of xanthan gum and gum variants structurally related to xanthan are disclosed. The methods in part involve the synthesis of these polysaccharides in anaerobic and/or denitrifying hosts.In particular, plasmids pX209 and pRK290-H366 are disclosed which contain the genes, isolated from X. campestris, encoding Transferase I, Transferases II, Transferase III, Transferase IV, Transferase V, Ketalase, Acetylase and Polymerase. These plasmids have been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection under Accession Nos. 67051 and 67049, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates toa mutant strain of Xanthomonas campestris;a method of preparing xanthan by fermentation of said strain; anda non-viscous xanthan capable of being obtained by said method.

Abstract: Variant xanthan gums are provided which include a water-soluble polysaccharide polymer comprising repeating pentamer units having a D-glucose:D-mannose:D-glucuronic acid ratio of about 2:2:1, and a water-soluble polysaccharide polymer comprising repeating tetramer units having a D-glucose:D-mannose:D-glucuronic acid ratio of about 2:1:1. The D-glucose moieties are linked in a beta- 1,4! configuration. The inner D-mannose moieties are linked in an alpha- 1,3! configuration, generally to alternate glucose moieties. The D-glucuronic acid moieties are linked in a beta- 1,2! configuration to the inner mannose moieties. The outer mannose moieties are linked to the glucuronic acid moieties in a beta- 1,4! configuration. Processes for preparing the polysaccharide polymers are also provided.

Abstract: A process of producing xanthan gum using a Xanthomonas microorganism is provided. Increased yields of xanthan gum are obtained by using mannose as part of the carbohydrate component of the fermentation feedstock. Preferably, the carbohydrate component of the feedstock is a mixture of mannose and glucose. More preferable is a mixture comprising 5 to 60% by weight mannose, particularly 20 to 45% by weight mannose, the balance being glucose although minor amounts of other sugars, e.g. maltose, may also be present. The carbohydrate component of the feedstock may be in the form of a raffinate stream from a glucose epimerization.

Abstract: A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of (1) a mutation causing rifampicin-resistance; (2) a mutation causing bacitracin-resistance; or (3) exogenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of xanthan; and separating xanthan from the culture medium, is provided along with specific DNA sequences and Xanthomonas campestris strains showing increased xanthan gum production. The strain is preferably ATCC 55429.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the discovery of a new bacteria of the genus Alteromonas which has been found to attract oyster larvae by the production of compounds involved in melanin synthesis. More specifically, the present invention contemplates a method for inducing the settlement and metamorphosis of Crassostrea virginica larvae by induction with certain metabolic substances produced by the present bacteria and its altered variants. Furthermore, the present invention is directed to other and derivative metabolic products which can be employed for their desired utility and application. In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that ammonia (NH.sub.3) initiates settlement and metamorphosis of the oyster larvae in the same manner as the natural phenomena.

Abstract: Precipitate-free aqueous compositions, well adapted as agricultural chemicals, e.g., crop protectants, are comprised of at least one water soluble cationic organic compound, e.g., a pesticidally active quaternary ammonium compound, and a thickening amount of a xanthan gum having an intrinsic viscosity of less than 3,500 cm.sup.3 /g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the unexpected discovery that xanthan gum can be produced from filtered whey or milk products, including whey permeates and milk permeates, by a fermentation process which uses organisms which are capable of converting lactose to xanthan gum.

Abstract: The present invention relates toa mutant strain of Xanthomonas campestris;a method of preparing xanthan by fermentation of said strain; anda non-viscous xanthan capable of being obtained by said method.

Abstract: An isolated endogly canase having activity against polysaccharides having the subunit backbone structure: ##STR1## wherein Glc is glucose, GlcA is glucuronic acid, Rha is rhamnose, Man is mannose, X may be Rha or Man, and wherein the reducing end of the polymer is toward the X residue of the backbone is disclosed. A method for producing the compound by culturing Bacillus ATCC 55294, the method for selecting Bacillus ATCC 55294 and method for using the endoglycanase are also disclosed.

Abstract: A novel enzyme composition capable of lysing or digesting cells or cellular debris of polysaccharide-producing bacteria in the presence of the exopolysaccharides without any significant degradation of the exopolysaccharides. Methods for preparing the enzyme composition, using the composition to clarify mixtures of polysaccharides and cellular debris, and pure cultures for making the enzyme are disclosed.

Abstract: The novel heteropolysaccharide BM07, useful, e.g., as a thickening/stabilizing/suspending agent for a wide variety of industrial applications, is produced by fermenting a nutrient medium containing at least one source of assimilable carbon with a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens I-736, or recombinant or mutant thereof.

Abstract: A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of (1) a mutation causing rifampicin-resistance; (2) a mutation causing bacitracin-resistance; or (3) exogenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of xanthan; and separating xanthan from the culture medium, is provided along with specific DNA sequences and Xanthomonas campestris strains showing increased xanthan gum production.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the discovery of a new bacteria of the genus Alteromonas which has been found to attract oyster larvae by the production of compounds involved in melanin synthesis. More specifically, the present invention contemplates a method for inducing the settlement and metamorphosis of Crassostrea virginica larvae by induction with certain metabolic substances produced by the present bacteria and its altered variants. Furthermore, the present invention is directed to other and derivative metabolic products which can be employed for their desired utility and application. In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that ammonia (NH.sub.3) initiates settlement and metamorphosis of the oyster larvae in the same manner as the natural phenomena.

Abstract: A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of (1) a mutation causing rifampicin-resistance; (2) a mutation causing bacitracin-resistance; or (3) exogenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of xanthan; and separating xanthan from the culture medium, is provided along with specific DNA sequences and Xanthomonas campestris strains showing increased xanthan gum production.

Abstract: P. elodea mutants are produced which produce gellan gum broth which contains no detectable amount of poly-.beta.-hydroxy-butyrate (PHB).

Abstract: An acid heteropolysaccharide P-318 which comprises galactose, galacturonic acid, N-acetylfucosamine and pyruvic acid in a ratio of about 2:3:1:1, a sulfated heteropolysaccharide P-318 having a 10% or less sulfur content which is prepared by sulfating said acid heteropolysaccharide and a process for preparing an acid heteropolysaccharide P-318 which comprises culturing Pseudomonas sp. 318 to produce the acid heteropolysaccharide P-318 and collecting the thus produced acid heteropolysaccharide P-318. The sulfated polysaccharide P-318 of the invention shows a strong antiviral activity in spite of a lower content of sulfate.

Abstract: Disclosed are a bath lotion and a body lotion both consisting essentially of a fermented liquid of high polymer complex polysaccharides. The fermented liquid is obtained by activating and heat-treating a xanthane gum with microorganisms for carbohydrate fermentation. The bath lotion and body lotion are effective and advantageous to health and have a pharmaceutical effect.

Abstract: A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of (1) a mutation causing rifampicin-resistance; (2) a mutation causing bacitracin-resistance; or (3) exogenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of xanthan; and separating xanthan from the culture medium, is provided along with specific DNA sequences and Xanthomonas campestris strains showing increased xanthan gum production.

Abstract: Heteropolysaccharide 105-4, prepared by fermentation of a new unnamed Pseudomonas species ATCC 53923 is useful as an industrial thickening, suspending or stabilizing agent.

Abstract: Two new bacterial strains designated Zoogloea ramigera 115SL and Zoogloea ramigera 115SLR, a rifampicin resistant derivative of 115SL, have been developed. These strains are derived from the wild type Zoogloea ramigera 115, ATCC 25935. The two new strains produce a novel exopolysaccharide (EPS) and have several desirable characteristics that are absent from the parent strain, including improved culture properties, since they do not produce an EPS capsule layer like that of the parent 115 strain. The 115SL EPS is instead excreted as a slime layer which is not confined to the immediate area surrounding the cells. Since cells are not trapped within a floc where they grow at a reduced rate or die because of nutrient starvation, the new strains have more consistent and reproducible growth cycles and increased growth rates. As a consequence, exopolysaccharide production is more consistent and titers are higher. The separation of the EPS from the cells is also much easier and more economical.

Abstract: Process for obtaining a mass of polysaccharide-producing microorganisms, consisting in conducting the growth of the microorganisms in a medium containing an enzyme which hydrolyzes the formed polysaccharide.Application in a process for the production of polysaccharide in two stages, in which the growth stage takes place in the presence of an enzyme, particularly for the production of scleroglucane using sclerotium type fungi.

Abstract: A process for facilitating the removal of undesired contamination from a surface, comprising the steps:(a) applying a solution containing a polysaccharide and a solvent therefor onto said surface before it is subjected to contamination, said polysaccharide being capable of forming a redissolvable or swelling solid film upon drying;(b) allowing the applied solution to dry to form a solid film on said surface;(c) treating the coated surface with a liquid capable of redissolving the film or providing for swelling thereof; and(d) removing the undesired contamination by removing the dissolved or swelled surface layer of the film.

Abstract: A novel strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated as strain SB-1, is capable of growth on hydrocarbon substrates having 10 to 32 or more carbon atoms, during which growth there is secreted into the culture medium an emulsifier which can be recovered and used for such applications as reducing the viscosity of crude oil in secondary recovery methods, as well as in oil spill management and the cleaning of oil-contaminated vessels and pipelines. A novel mutant strain of P. aeruginosa SB-1, designated SB-3, has the property of growing on solid (C.sub.20 +) paraffins but not on liquid alkanes. The selective degradation by strain SB-3 of the solid paraffinic components in crude oil is advantageous in reducing the viscosity of the oil for improving the recovery thereof from oil wells. A novel revertant strain of P.

Abstract: Novel deacetylated polysaccharide biopolymers having improved viscosity/filtrability/injectability, well adopted for the secondary and tertiary recovery of oil deposits, are conveniently prepared by (i) acidifying an aqueous polysaccharide composition, e.g., a carbohydrate fermentation broth, with nitric acid to a pH of from about 2 to 0.1, (ii) heat-treating said acidified composition at a temperature of from about 50.degree. to 100.degree. C. for from about 5 to 60 minutes, and (iii) cooling said heat-treated composition and adjusting the pH thereof to a value of from about 5 to 7.

Abstract: Pseudoplastic aqueous concentrates, well adapted for dilution with water to constitute precipitate-free sprayable compositions useful, e.g., for plant protection, are formulated in water from a thickening amount of a xanthan gum having a content in pyruvic acid moieties of less than about 2%, and at least one water soluble organic cationic compound, e.g., a cationic pesticide.

Abstract: A novel mixed bacterial culture isolated from soil by enrichment culture techniques produces a xanthanase enzyme complex which is stable to 65.degree. C. in the presence of salt. These properties render the heat-stable, salt-tolerant zanthanase useful for in situ degradation of xanthan gum in petroleum recovery fluids and other thickened industrial brines.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas for the production of a polysaccharide of the xanthane type, in which the source of nitrogen consists of a gelatin with a molecular weight of less than 5000.Application: preparation of xanthane.

Abstract: The galactitol level in the body fluid, e.g. blood or urine, is determined by the method that comprises allowing a body fluid sample to contact in vitro with a bacterium capable of producing D-tagatose from galactitol, and measuring the D-tagatose. Such bacterium is of the genus Arthrobacter, specifically, Arthrobacter globiformis ST-48 FERM P-7592 or its mutant, or of the genus Pseudomonas. The method is useful for detecting galactose dysbolism.

Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies to angiotensin II and the continuous hybrid monoclonal cell lines for their production are provided. These antibodies are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of angiotensin II-induced hypertension.

Abstract: Aqueous saline solutions of ordered heteropolysaccharides useful, e.g., as displacement fluids in the secondary or tertiary recovery of crude oil from subterranean formations thereof, are stabilized against viscosity loss over temperature and time without adversely affecting the filterability thereof, by purging dissolved oxygen therefrom by degassing same with carbon dioxide, and then treating the degassed solutions with an effective amount of a reducng/deoxidizing agent as to maintain the pH thereof at a value ranging from 5 to 7.

Abstract: Stable oil-in-water emulsions are prepared containing a relatively high concentration of from 8 to 60% by weight of a heteropolysaccharide bipolymer, e.g., xanthan gum preferably, the emulsions contain greater than 15 up to 60% biopolymer, 40 to 99 parts of an aqueous phase containing 10 to 60% by weight biopolymer and 40% to 90% by weight water, 1 to 60 parts oil and 1 to 40% with respect to the aqueous phase and oil of a surface active agent. The emulsions are prepared by combining powdered biopolymer with water, oil and surfactant or by concentrating an oil-in-water emulsion containing the biopolymer such as by ultrafiltration. A fermentation wort containing the biopolymer may be used in preparing the emulsion.

Abstract: For the fermentative preparation of polysaccharides, in particular xanthane, water, production medium (sugars, nutrient salts), and an inoculation material of a suitable aerobic bacterium are mixed in a reactor as reaction components, the production medium being exposed to fermentation while an oxygen-containing gas is being supplied. The object is to avoid the usual low yield of such a process and to reject an expensive and sensitive alternative construction (circulation tube). According to the invention, the reaction components are introduced into a reactor vessel in a circulating flow by means of pumping means, which circulating flow comprises a rising flow and a descending flow which are separated from each other by one or more partitions disposed in the reactor vessel. The mixing is brought about because the rising flow and/or the descending flow is passed essentially in the form of a plug flow through one or more static in-line mixers.

Abstract: A novel mixed bacterial culture isolated from soil by enrichment culture techniques produces a xanthanase enzyme complex which is stable to 65.degree. C. in the presence of salt. These properties render the heat-stable, salt-tolerant xanthanase useful for in situ degradation of xanthan gum in petroleum recovery fluids and other thickened industrial brines.

Abstract: A process for recovering hydrocarbons from a subterranean hydrocarbon bearing formation penetrated by an injection well and a production well which comprises injecting an aqueous drive fluid into the formation and forcing the drive fluid through the formation to recover the hydrocarbons from the production well.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of exocellular biopolymers having a thickening effect in aqueous media by aerobic culture of microorganism strains forming the biopolymers in an aqueous nutrient medium present as disperse aqueous phase in a water/oil emulsion (W/O-emulsion) stable under fermentation conditions using W/O emulsifiers for emulsion formation and stabilization, in which the oil phase is used in quantities below 50% by volume, based on the mixture as a whole, and fatty acid dialkanolamides are used as the W/O emulsifiers.

Abstract: A polysaccharide polymer is disclosed which is a better viscosifier of water than xanthan gum. The polysaccharide polymer and its non-acetylated form, are comprised of glucose and mannose moieties in a ratio of about 2:1. The invention also discloses Xanthomonas mutants which produce the polysaccharide polymer but which do not produce xanthan gum. Methods of preparing the polysaccharide polymers and of their use are also described.

Abstract: A method for utilizing a purified exocellular polysaccharide, Zooglan, produced by Zoogloea ramigera, as a viscosity modifier, gellant, drag reducing agent, dispersant, flocculant, or emulsifying agent, wherein the properties of the polymer are dependent on, and can therefore be controlled by varying, the pH, the concentration of polymer, the ionic strength of the solution, and the processing parameters such as mechanical shear.The overall conformation of Zooglan, which is responsible for its functional properties, can be manipulated with pH and/or ionic strength of the solution. For example, the intrinsic viscosity of Zooglan (estimated m.w.=2.times.10.sup.7) can vary from 16 to 170 dl/g in aqueous solution as a function of pH between 2-9 and salt concentration between 0 and 1M KCl. Zooglan is a polyelectrolyte above pH 2. The Zooglan chain is relatively stiff, with a stiffness parameter of 0.02. Zooglan solutions at a concentration above 0.

Abstract: A hybridoma is provided which yields a monoclonal antibody which binds to an epitope on an unreduced, nonenzymatically-glycated plasma protein, and which is substantially free of cross-reactivity with the corresponding non-glycated plasma protein.

Abstract: Derivatized anionic gums and compositions thereof are disclosed. The gum derivatives are prepared by reacting non-derivatized gum with quaternary ammonium compounds in an amount equal to or greater than the stoichiometric amount required for complete derivatization. The derived gums are soluble in organic solvents.