Abstract: There is disclosed a method for culturing Bordetella pertussis in the presence of a cellulose and/or cellulose derivatives. The present method is useful for obtaining a mixed antigen comprising pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in a large amount at low cost. From the antigen, there can be obtained a stable and effective pertussis toxoid to be used for a pertussis vaccine. There is also disclosed a vaccine comprising the pertussis toxoid as an active ingredient and a gelatin and/or gelatin derivatives as a stabilizing agent. The present vaccine is extremely stable and can be stored for a prolonged period of time.

Abstract: The microbial decontamination of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, in particular with mineral oils, by microbial oxidation is improved by a process in which in addition to supplying the oxygen necessary for degradation, by aeration, soluble nutrients, water and soluble or dispersed biosurfactants as such or mixed with chemical surfactants are metered into the contaminated soils directly or into the removed contaminated soil layers, in one or more batches at time intervals, in an amount such that the formation of toxic intermediates which slow down or block microbial degradation in prevented, the accessibility of mineral oils and their products for the microorganisms is simultaneously increased and, as a result, accelerated, virtually complete mineralization by respiration to CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O is effected.

Abstract: Unique marine amoebae capable of digesting algal cell walls and degrading complex hydrocarbons, including plastics, and methods for treating algae and complex hoydrocarbons using the amoebae and partially purified enzymes from the amoebae.

Abstract: The production of 1,2-dihydroxy-cyclohexadienes from aromatic compounds by a biochemical process by using strains of Pseudomonas putida, and novel 1,2-disubstituted-cyclo-hexadienes are described. Certain of the novel compounds are useful as intermediates in the production of polymers.

Abstract: New microorganisms belonging to Pseudomonas putida or Pseudomonas sp., which are isolated from soil and have tolerance to one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones and their derivatives or their mixture. These new microorganisms can be used in the fields of bioreactor, liquid-waste treatment, protein engineering, etc.

Abstract: A method for culturing microorganisms belonging to the genus Pseudomonas or the genus Escherichia and having tolerance to an organic solvent such as any one of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones and their derivatives or their mixture in a medium containing the organic solvent in a concentration of 0.3% or more. The present method can be widely utilized in the fields of bioreactor, liquid-waste treatment, protein engineering, etc.

Abstract: A culture medium composition for bacteria of the Bordetella genus comprises a nutrient medium containing cyclodextrin or a salt thereof in combination with an etherified derivative of D-glucose polymer having a molecular mass at least equal to 2,000. A process for culturing bacteria of the Bordetella genus with such a medium is also disclosed.

Abstract: A mixture of Pseudomonas putida one having plasmids encoding the camphor (CAM) and toluene (TOL) degradation and the other having a plasmid encoding for naphthalene (NAH) degradation is described. The mixture is more effective than either Pseudomonas putida alone or than a single Pseudomonas putida with three related plasmids which encode for the degradation of CAM, TOL and NAH.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for culturing Bordetella pertussis in the prece of a cellulose and/or cellulose derivatives. The present method is useful for obtaining a mixed antigen comprising pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in a large amount at low cost. From the antigen, there can be obtained a stable and effective pertussis toxoid to be used for a pertussis vaccine. There is also disclosed a vaccine comprising the pertussis toxoid as an active ingredient and a gelatin and/or gelatin derivatives as a stabilizing agent. The present vaccine is extremely stable and can be stored for a prolonged period of time.

Abstract: A method of producing Trichoderma conidia in submerged culture comprises first preparing an inoculant of a desired strain of Trichoderma. Then, the inoculum is placed in a sufficient volume of a suitable liquid medium. The medium is maintained under substantially constant illumination, agitation and aeration at a temperature from about 25.degree. C. to about 30.degree. C., and a pH from about 5.8 to about 7.0. The culture is grown from a sufficient period of time until the density of conidia is about 5.0.times.10.sup.8 per ml, and then the conidia so produced are harvested. A similar method is provided for the production of Trichoderma chlamydospores.

Abstract: Contaminating amounts of certain halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons are degraded and removed from water such as drinking water and industrial waste water, by treatment of the water with a microorganism that is effective to metabolize gaseous hydrocarbons by the action of monooxygenase enzyme.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms are immobilized on a plastic carrier in an aqueous nutrient medium to which a minor amount of a water-immiscible hydrocarbon substrate has been added. The water-immiscible hydrocarbon is preferably hexadecane or dodecylcyclohexane and the plastic carrier is preferably polytetrafluoroethylene. Presence of the water-immiscible hydrocarbon substrate results in increased loading of microorganisms on the carrier.

Abstract: A hair tonic composition containing, as an effective ingredient, a product obtained from the interaction of a vegetable or animal fat or oil with a microorganism belonging to Staphylococcus capitis. This hair tonic composition can effectively prevent the generation of dandruff and itching and can also effectively accelerate the growth of hair.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of microorganisms, ATCC No. 39327 which are capable of reproducible reduction of sulfur, particularly organic sulfur, in coal wherein the novel microorganisms are grown in situ enriched with sulfur compounds and subsequently grown in the presence of a coal substrate and nutrient medium while maintaining an essentially neutral pH. Contacting an aqueous coal slurry with the novel microorganism of the present invention provides coal having reduced organic sulfur content.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for stabilizing a population of a mutant microorganism in a bioconversion system whereby growth of revertant cells is suppressed.The process involves limiting a nutrient which is essential for cell growth so that the cells selectively grow on a growth carbon source rather than on a non-growth carbon source which is present. The revertant cells being suppressed have a similar ability as the parent strain of the mutant microorganism to grow on the non-growth carbon source in the bioconversion system.The non-growth carbon source in the bioconversion system is metabolized to an extracellular accumulating quantity of a desired metabolite, e.g., toluene is converted to muconic acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to the incorporation of C.sub.16 to C.sub.20 unsaturated fatty acids into in vitro growth media of milky disease bacilli, e.g. Bacillus popilliae, to extend culture viability and/or promote sporulation.

Abstract: In the aerobic culture of microorganisms of the Xanthomonas genus in fermentation media, the use of water-in-oil emulsions in the media minimizes viscosity problems and enhances yields of Xanthomonas biopolymers. Preferably, the emulsion is formed with a surfactant and the microorganism is Xanthomonas campestris.

Abstract: Novel yeasts are disclosed including Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-11430, yeasts having the characteristics of Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-11430, mutants of Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-11430, and strains derived therefrom. Also disclosed are methods of culturing the strains, and biochemical conversions employing the strains.

Abstract: This invention provides an improved fermentation process for bioconversion of toluene to muconic acid.The process involves operating the bioconversion system under phosphate-limiting conditions so as to achieve an increase in specific muconic acid productivity with a stabilized population of microorganism such as an ATCC No. 31,916 type of Pseudomonas putida Biotype A mutant strain.

Abstract: A bacterial strain comprising a strain of Pseudomonas exhibits acceleration of growth in a logarithmic phase in a trophic culture medium when hydrocarbons are added thereto, a process for producing such a bacterial strain, and a purification process using such a bacterial strain.

Abstract: Preparation of 1,2-dihydroxy-cyclohexadienes by a biochemical process using strains of Pseudomonas putida. The dihydroxy compounds can be converted into novel 1,2-disubstituted-cyclohexadienes. Certain of the novel compounds are useful as intermediates for the production of polymers.

Abstract: This invention provides a continuous bioconversion process in which a cross-flow membrane filtration zone is employed to recover a whole cell-containing retentate stream and a cell-free bioconversion product-containing permeate stream. The retentate stream is recycled to the fermentation zone. In a specific embodiment, toluene is bio-oxidized to muconic acid with a microorganism such as Pseudomonas putida Biotype A strain ATCC 31,916. The muconic acid is recovered as a precipitate from the cell-free permeate fermentation broth, and the fermentation broth is recycled in the process.

Abstract: Protein is produced by bacterial degradation of rubber in a nutrient-containing, preferably sterile environment. The resultant protein is particularly useful as an animal feed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a microbiological process for the production of citric acid by assimilation of .alpha.-olefins, normal paraffins and their mixture. This process is carried out by culturing the microorganisms selected from the group of Candida tropicalis, Candida lipolytica, Candida intermedia and Canida brumptii and their mutants and their variants under higher concentration of dissolved oxygen than that in ordinary aeration in the culture medium. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the culture medium is suitable in the range of from 5 to 40 ppm, preferably from 10 to 30 ppm on the weight basis of said culture medium in this invention.There is many means of which increase the dissolved oxygen in the culture medium.

Abstract: Crude petroleum and petroleum products such as encountered in land or sea-borne spills are degradated by contact with the microorganism, Geotrichum marinum Thirumalachar sp nov., ATCC 20614, or enzymatic active material obtained therefrom. The microorganism and enzymatic active material may be used in combination with a carrier medium. The microorganism and enzymatic active material are effective for degradation in inhospitable climates and various land and open water conditions, generate no deleterious products or chemicals, and are long-acting and rapid in onset of initial activity.

Abstract: Crude petroleum and petroleum products such as encountered in land or sea-borne spills are degradated by contact with the microorganism, Actinomucor elegans (Ediam) Benj. and Hasselt, Strain No. TC-405, ATCC 20613, or an enzymatic active material obtained therefrom. The microorganism and enzymatic active material may be used in combination with a carrier and/or detergent. The microorganism and enzymatic active material are effective for degradation in inhospitable climates and various land and open water conditions, generate no deleterious products or chemicals, and are long-acting and rapid in onset of initial activity.

Abstract: A method of high cellular density yeast fermentation at high mineral salts feed to and maintained in the ferment.Single cell protein (SCP) is produced in an aerobic fermentation process at high yields under high cell density conditions employing media of high mineral salts concentration. Novel Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha yeasts are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a suppressing method of iso-citric acid formation in producing citric acid from hydrocarbons by fermentation.This process is carried out by culturing the microorganisms selected from the group belonging to Candida tropicalis, Candida lipolytica, Candida intermedia and Candida brumptii and their mutants and variants in the culture medium containing paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons and their mixture as carbon source under aerobic conditions, wherein specific non-ionic surface active agent is added to said culture medium.The specific non-ionic surface active agent added to said culture medium is selected from the group of sorbitan fatty acid esters and polyoxy-ethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. The amount of specific surface active agent added to said culture medium is enough from 0.005 to 0.5 percent by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 0.2 percent on the weight basis of said culture medium.

Abstract: There is described a process for the culture of microorganisms in a medium comprising a hydrophobic material containing microorganisms by the use of nutrient substances in aqueous solution micro-emulsified in a liquid immiscible with water. As the source of nitrogen, compounds soluble in water are used, such as urea or ammonium nitrate, sulphate or phosphate, and, as the source of phosphorus, compounds soluble in water are used. The medium should also contain a directly-assimilable source of carbon. Application of this process to the culture of microorganisms, allowing operations to be carried out which comprise the degrading of hydrocarbons covering an area of water or ground; an application of particular interest for operations for combatting oil pollution of the sea by biological degradation.

Abstract: An improved landfarming medium and process is disclosed in which hydrocarbon wastes are disposed of by dispersing them in a medium composed of a mixture of soil containing hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms and a spent, solid, particulate, porous hydrocarbon cracking catalyst and/or a spent, solid, particulate, porous filtration medium.

Abstract: Subterranean coal seams are treated with ammonia to enhance methane removal and improve the mineability of coal. Residual ammonia remaining from the coal treatment is removed by contacting the coal seam with nitrifying bacteria after ammonia treatment and before mining is carried out.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of synthesizing single cell protein from residual oils and/or coal by a mutually advantageous combination of a synthesis gas generation process or a coal gasification process in the production of methanol and ammonia, and their use by the protein producing bacteria.

Abstract: The cell walls are removed from two distinct auxotropic mutant strains of yeast. The protoplasts thus obtained are fused and the cell walls regenerated. The strains obtained are cultured on a medium where the original auxotrophs cannot develop and the hybrid or recombinant strains are recovered. The strains obtained by the process are useful for preparing yeast proteins.