Abstract: A method of measuring an enzymatic activity, includes measuring the quantity of a substrate metabolite produced upon metabolism of a substrate by an enzyme, through detecting a radiant wave generated from a multiple photon excitation process of the substrate or the substrate metabolite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to mutant ?8 desaturase genes, which have the ability to convert eicosadienoic acid [20:2 ?-6, EDA] to dihomo-?-linolenic acid [20:3, DGLA] and/or eicosatrienoic acid [20:3 ?-3, ETrA] to eicosatetraenoic acid [20:3 ?-3, ETA]. Isolated nucleic acid fragments and recombinant constructs comprising such fragments encoding ?8 desaturase along with methods of making long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) using these mutant ?8 desaturases in plants and oleaginous yeast are disclosed.

Abstract: A method and system for selectively fluorinating organic molecules on a target site wherein the target site is activated and then fluorinated are shown together with a method and system for identifying a molecule having a biological activity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of measuring a glycated protein in a sample using a redox reaction, by which the glycated protein can be measured accurately with high sensitivity. In order to remove a glycated amino acid present in the sample other than the glycated protein, the glycated amino acid is degraded in advance by causing a fructosyl amino acid oxidase to act thereon, and thereafter, a fructosyl amino acid oxidase is caused to act on the glycated protein in the presence of a tetrazolium compound and sodium azide to cause a redox reaction. The amount of the glycated protein is determined by measuring the redox reaction. As the glycated protein, glycated hemoglobin is preferable.

Abstract: The teachings relates to the three-dimensional structure of a crystal of a cytochrome protein complexed with a ligand. The three-dimensional structure of four cytochrome P450 2A6-ligand complexes are disclosed. Cytochrome P450 2A6-ligand crystal structures, wherein the ligand is an inhibitor molecule, are useful for providing structural information that may be integrated into drug screening and drug design processes. Thus, the teachings also relate to methods for utilizing a crystal structure of a cytochrome P450 2A6-ligand complex for identifying, designing, selecting, or testing inhibitors of the cytochrome protein. Such inhibitors are useful as therapeutics for the treatment or modulation of i) diseases; ii) disease symptoms; or iii) the effect of other physiological events mediated by the cytochrome.

Abstract: The invention provides high enzyme loading nanofibers and processes utilized in their fabrication, the nanofibers suitable for use as a new class of highly sensitive and stable biosensors capable of monitoring glucose at low levels. The biosensors, comprising nanofiber enzyme materials fabricated from organic solvent-based polymer-enzyme systems, can be used effectively in non-invasive transdermal biosensing applications.

Abstract: A method of assaying a glycated protein in a sample with the use of redox reaction, in which highly reliable measurement can be obtained. A sample containing a glycated protein is treated with protease in the presence of a sulfonic acid compound, so that the glycated protein is degraded. The glycated portion of the resultant glycated protein degradation product is reacted with fructosyl amino acid oxidase, and this redox reaction is measured, thereby determining the amount of glycated protein. Sodium lauryl sulfate can be used as the sulfonic acid compound.

Abstract: In a pH measurement method, pulsed excitation light including a wavelength that can excite a predetermined fluorescent material contained in living matter is generated. The fluorescent material acts as coenzyme in oxidation/reduction reaction in vivo. Further, the intensity of the pulsed excitation light does not damage a tissue nor a cell in the living matter, and does not substantially change the pH of the living matter. Further, a predetermined position in the living matter is illuminated with the pulsed excitation light, and light including fluorescence emitted from the fluorescent material excited by illumination with the pulsed excitation light is received. The lifetime of the fluorescence is calculated by time-resolving the intensity of the received fluorescence, and the pH of the living matter is measured based on the lifetime.

Abstract: The invention relates to measuring the concentration of analytes with the aid of an oxidase in an immersion sensor situated in a fluid or in a matrix containing fluid. Oxygen diffuses into the enzyme layer from within, from a gas-filled space connected to the atmosphere and/or to an oxygen reservoir. This enables oxygen saturation of the oxidase in a low-oxygen or oxygen-free medium and/or at high analyte concentrations. The analyte diffuses into the enzyme layer in a channel or a number of channels which contain(s) water and limit(s) diffusion, wherein the channel/channels on the surface of the sensor is/are filled with a protein-impermeable, hydrophilic matrix. By increasing the channel cross-section on the surface of the sensor and/or by connecting the channel/channels to a protein-impermeable, porous, hydrophilic layer on the surface of the sensor, the effect of outer deposits on the diffusion resistance of the analyte is reduced.

Abstract: An enzyme based nondestructive sensor for the qualitative detection of spoilage in seafood is provided wherein the sensor does not alter the physical composition of the seafood specimen. The sensor comprises a sampling matrix, at least three or more enzymes in contact with the sampling matrix, and at least one indicator compound in contact with the sampling matrix. The enzymes are capable of interacting with four target chemicals comprising putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine, which are located on the surface of the seafood specimen. The indicator compound is capable of changing the color of the sampling matrix thereby indicating a qualitative visually detectable color change. A method for the nondestructive detection of the quality of a seafood specimen at any given time and for determining the remaining usable shelf life of the seafood specimen is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to enzymic processes for preparing S-butan-2-ol; and to enzymes for carrying out said processes; to nucleic acid sequences coding for said enzymes, to expression cassettes, vectors and recombinant hosts containing said nucleic acid sequences.

Abstract: A method for rapidly detecting the presence of formaldehyde in a urine sample (e.g., urine or a urinary material associated therewith, such as headspace gas located associated with urine) is provided. The method includes contacting the urine sample with a substrate on which is disposed a colorant that is capable of undergoing a detectable color change in the presence of formaldehyde. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that oxidation of the colorant by formaldehyde induces either a shift of the absorption maxima towards the red end of the spectrum (“bathochromic shift”) or towards the blue end of the spectrum (“hypsochromic shift”). The absorption shift provides a color difference that is detectable, either visually or through instrumentation, to indicate the presence of formaldehyde within the urine sample. For example, prior to contact with a urine sample, the colorant may be colorless or it may possess a certain color.

Abstract: Substrate specificity for glucose of a glucose dehydrogenase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 is improved by substituting another amino acid residue for the amino acid residue at position 472 and/or 475.

Abstract: The present invention provides a MHC II associated protein, MPYS, and methods for using the same. In particular, the MHC II-associated protein of the present invention mediates apoptosis and influences the susceptibility to infectious diseases. The present invention also provides methods for treating clinical conditions, methods for identifying therapeutically useful compounds using such a protein, and methods for determining susceptibility to infectious disease.

Abstract: The compounds disclosed herein are isoxazole derivatives that are useful as antimicrobial compounds, particularly as anti-bacterial compounds. The disclosed methods comprise incubating at least two different substrates in the presence of at least one oxygenase to provide the disclosed compounds, or to prepare and identify compounds that have antimicrobial activity.

Abstract: Therapeutic approaches to the treatment of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cancers are disclosed based on the use of complimentary gene-function and drug screening synthetic lethality approaches for designing therapies for the treatment of cancers where loss of tumour suppressor function has occurred. The work is based on experiments using human MSH2, an integral component of the MMR pathway, and is applicable to other genes in the MMR pathway, and in particular MLH1, MSH6, PMS1 and PMS2. In particular loss of MSH2 is synthetically lethal with inhibition of the DNA polymerase POL? deficiency of MLH1 is synthetically lethal with DNA polymerase ? (POLG) inhibition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of treatment regimens in subjects suffering from or suspected of having a renal injury. In particular, the invention relates to using assays that detect one or more markers selected from the group consisting of soluble CD44 antigen, Angiopoietin-1, soluble Angiopoietin-1 receptor, C—X—C chemokine motif 5, soluble Endoglin, soluble Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1, Erythropoietin, soluble Fractalkine, Heme oxygenase 1, soluble Interleukin-1 receptor type II, soluble Interleukin-6 receptor subunit-alpha, Lymphotactin, Lymphotoxin-alpha, Stromelysin-1, C—C motif chemokine 22, C—C motif chemokine 5, and Thrombospondin-1 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in renal injuries.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for determining histaminase (DAO; EC 1.4.3.6) activity in a sample. Said method comprises the following steps: an aqueous solution is supplied which contains a predefined amount of a diamine; the aqueous solution is mixed and incubated with the sample for a given period of time in conditions in which the diamine can be reacted with a DAO possibly present in the sample; the diamine is derivatized; the amount of derivatized diamine is determined; the predefined amount of diamine is compared to the amount of derivatized diamine; and the activity of histaminase possibly present is determined.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a two-step enzyme method for preparing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid from cephalosporin C, wherein D-amino acid oxidase used is purified D-amino acid oxidase mutant of yeast Trigonopsis variabilis, having a specific activity of 105% higher than that of parent D-amino acid oxidase. The method has no need of addition of hydrogen peroxide, ?-lactamase inhibitor, catalase inhibitor, catalase and the like commonly used in the prior art. The productivity of the method can reach more than 93%. Thus, the method is simple, low in cost and high in productivity.

Abstract: Provided is a method for determining whether an individual is likely to be susceptible to radiation pneumonitis from radiation therapy and for developing a treatment based on the determination of susceptibility. The method involves measuring SOD and GPX activity levels. A high SOD or low GPX activity, or a combination thereof, is indicative that the individual is likely to be susceptible to radiation pneumonitis.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a protein having a fructosyl amino acid oxidase activity which protein is useful for measurement of a glycosylated protein (particularly, glycosylated hemoglobin); a modified protein thereof; and use of the protein or the modified protein. The protein of the present invention is, for example, a fructosyl valyl histidine oxidase derived from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, the fructosyl valyl histidine oxidase having excellent thermal stability and substrate specificity and also having a small Km value to fructosyl valyl histidine. This allows a glycosylated protein measuring reagent to be stored in a long time and measurement accuracy of the glycosylated protein measuring reagent to be improved.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the inhibition of galactose oxidase. According to least one embodiment of a stabilizing system of the present disclosure, the system comprises a stabilizing agent useful to completely or substantially prevent degradation or inactivation of a diagnostic marker by galactose oxidase in a body fluid including the diagnostic marker. The stabilizing system also includes a detection agent capable of detecting the diagnostic marker.

Abstract: Nucleic acid molecules from nematodes encoding fatty acid desaturase polypeptides are described. Fatty acid desaturase-like polypeptide sequences are also provided, as are vectors, host cells, and recombinant methods for production of fatty acid desaturase-like nucleotides and polypeptides. Also described are screening methods for identifying inhibitors and/or activators of fatty acid desaturase-like polypeptides, as well as methods for antibody production.

Abstract: Methods for identifying one or more amino acid substitutions in an oxalate oxidase (OXOX) variant polypeptide that confer maintained or increased OXOX activity are described herein. Methods and compositions for increasing a plant's resistance to a pathogen using the modified OXOX variant polypeptides are provided. Transformed plants, plant cell, tissues, seed, and expression vectors are also provided.

Abstract: An in vitro or in vivo method for screening for candidate compounds for the preventive or curative treatment of acne, of seborrhoeic dermatitis or of skin disorders associated with hyperseborrhoea, includes determining the ability of a compound to modulate the expression or the activity of the CYP2B15 and/or glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) proteins.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods for treatment and prevention of disease states characterized by a decreased 14-3-3 polypeptide expression or activity. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides methods for the treatment and/or prevention of Parkinson's disease, neurodegeneration and/or diseases characterized, at least in part, by neurodegeneration, by increasing a 14-3-3 polypeptide activity.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of positively detecting toxic materials within a sample, the method including contacting sub-mitochondrial particles with an electron donor. The electron donor is reacted with an electron transfer system of the sub-mitochondrial particles to produce a reactant. A pH indicator has its pH adjusted to be in a range of 9 to 11. The pH indicator is added to each reactant. Color changes in the pH indicator permit the detection of toxins present in the sample.

Abstract: Chemiluminescent detection of metabolic by-products of inosine and hypoxanthine is used to diagnose ischemic events such as early acute cardiac ischemia.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides engineered ketoreductase enzymes having improved properties as compared to a naturally occurring wild-type ketoreductase enzyme. Also provided are polynucleotides encoding the engineered ketoreductase enzymes, host cells capable of expressing the engineered ketoreductase enzymes, and methods of using the engineered ketoreductase enzymes to synthesize chiral compounds.

Abstract: Provided herein are diagnostic and prognostic methods, diagnostic and prognositic markers, and methods for evaluating anti-inflammatory agents or drugs in subjects with asthma and/or an analogous disease associated with high oxidative and nitrative stress at the disease site. In certain embodiments, the methods comprise a step of assaying for decreased levels of superoxide dismutase activity in the blood, serum, or plasma of the subject. In certain embodiments, the methods comprise a step of assaying for elevated levels of one or more oxidatively-modified SOD isoforms or species in the blood, serum or plasma of the subject. Also provided are diagnostic kits for use in the present invention. In certain embodiments, such kits comprise at least one binding reagent that specifically binds to at least one oxidatively-modified SOD species.

Abstract: The invention is a method for determining the concentration of an analyte in whole blood, wherein the analyte is a component which is contained in the blood, is different from a component occurring only in a red blood cell, and can generate hydrogen peroxide upon the reaction with an oxidase. Whole blood is utilized in the method. The method comprises the steps of hemolyzing the whole blood and detecting hydrogen peroxide generated by the reaction between the analyte and the oxidase. The measurement method can avoid the inhibition of color development by hemoglobin and the interference with the measurement by hemoglobin. Further it can be used for biological tests that are carried out in a household, an individual doctor's clinic or at the bedside of patients without the need for any blood cell separation procedure or the like, because the measurement utilizes whole blood.

Abstract: The invention provides various methods comprising the administration of a CYP2D6 bioactive drug covalently bound to a water-soluble oligomer. Metabolism of CYP2D6 bioactive drug conjugates is diverted from CYP2D6 to alternative pathways, and the conjugates may therefore be utilized to alleviate the problems associated with interpopulation variation resulting from the genetic polymorphism in the CYP2D6 gene.

Abstract: The invention encompasses a method for diagnosing an arthritic condition and a gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder in a companion animal. The invention also encompasses a method for identifying ingredients for a pet food composition that are suitable for preventing, ameliorating the symptoms of, or treating an arthritic condition or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder.

Abstract: A method of detecting a gene including immobilizing a primer for DNA elongation onto an insoluble carrier having on the surface thereof a polymer substance containing a first unit having a phosphorylcholine group and a second unit having a carboxylic acid-derived group having an electron-attractive substituent bound to a carbonyl group; annealing the template DNA fragments or RNA fragments with the primer for DNA elongation, so as to elongate the DNA primer while incorporating therein an enzyme, thereby allowing coloration of a chromogenic reagent by its enzymatic action; and judging whether the DNA fragments or RNA fragments of the gene presents or not, based on the degree of coloration.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of evaluating metabolism-based drug interactions. The method involves selecting time points for the determination of the inactivation rate constant of a time-dependent enzyme inhibitor based on the results of a multi-time point IC50 test. Advantageously, with the subject invention, the determination and use of the multi-time point IC50 test provides an indication of the inactivation rate of a test compound and eliminates trial and error tests associated with the selection of appropriate assay conditions for the second assay conducted to determine the inactivation rate constant of the test compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel polypeptide vitamin K epoxide recycling polypeptide (VKORC1) as a target for coumarin and its derivatives. The invention further provides methods for identifying coumarin derivatives, and also claims VKORC1 polypeptides and VKORC1 nucleic acids containing a sequence abnormality associated with a VKORC1 associated deficiency such as warfarin resistance, wherein the VKORC1 polypeptides and VKORC1 nucleic acids can be used for diagnosing these deficiencies. Moreover, the invention relates to methods for identifying coumarin derivatives usable in pest control of rodents.

Abstract: The invention relates to high-throughput screens for identifying bacterial strains capable of L-tyrosine production.

Abstract: A test strip or electrochemical sensor for measuring the amount of an analyte in a biological fluid, e.g. the glucose content of whole blood, includes a size self-limiting reagent formulation employing an enzyme system for reaction with the analyte, the reactive system mixed into a water-soluble swellable polymer matrix containing small water-insoluble particles having a nominal size of about 0.05 to 20 ?m, preferably about 1 to 10 ?m. The weight ratio of the water-insoluble particles to the water-soluble swellable polymer matrix is about 1/2 to 2/1. The reagent formulation is deposited onto a non-porous substrate to form a thin layer about 6-16 ?m thick, providing a rapid and stable response to application of a sample, while being insensitive to the amount of the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for screening an asymptomatic patient at risk for heart failure, said method comprising measuring the concentration of glutathione in a blood sample obtained from said patient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for predicting a response of a tumor in a patient suffering from or at risk of developing recurrent gynecologic cancer towards a chemotherapeutic agent, said method comprising the steps of: a) obtaining a biological sample from said patient; b) determining the pattern of expression level of at least one gene of the group comprising AKR1C1, MLPH, ESR1, PGR, COMP, DCN, IGKC, CCL5, FBN1 and/or UBE2C, or of genes coregulated therewith, in said sample; c) comparing the pattern of expression levels determined in (b) with one or several reference pattern (s) of expression levels; d) identifying at least one marker gene; e) determining a molecular subtype for said sample on the basis of (d); and f) predicting from said molecular subtype response of a tumor for a chemotherapeutic agent, wherein the molecular subtype is selected from the group comprising the subtypes basal, stromal-high, stromal-low, luminal A, immune system-high, immune system-low, proliferation-high and/or pr

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for determining whether a mammalian subject having a breast cancer is likely to benefit from an endocrine treatment, comprising the steps of: providing a sample earlier obtained from said subject; evaluating the amount of HMGCR protein or HMGCR mRNA present in at least part of said sample, and determining a sample value corresponding to said amount; comparing the sample value obtained in step b) with a reference value; and, if said sample value is higher than said reference value, concluding that the subject is likely to benefit from an endocrine treatment. Further, a corresponding method of treatment is provided as well as further methods uses and means which may be employed in connection with breast cancer treatment or treatment prediction.

Abstract: The present invention relates, e.g., to a method for detecting a full-length protein and a truncated form (e.g., a naturally occurring cleavage product) thereof, in a sample, comprising optionally denaturing and reducing proteins in the sample, cleaving the proteins into smaller peptides, and detecting a unique peptide identifier for the full-length protein and/or a unique peptide identifier for the truncated protein, in the sample. In one embodiment of the invention, the full-length protein is thioredoxin (TRX), and the truncated form thereof is its biologically active, C-terminal truncated, 10 kDa cleavage product, TRX 80.

Abstract: Methods for treating neurological diseases and for testing Caloric Restriction (CR) mimetics or CR mimetic candidates. In one exemplary method, a CR mimetic candidate is administered to a transgenic animal and the effects of the administering are determined; the transgenic animal includes an added gene from another type of animal or a modified gene which is designed to produce a disease or ailment of the another type of animal, and the method seeks to determine whether the CR mimetic candidate improves the disease or ailment. Methods relating to neurological disease and other methods relating to CR mimetic testing are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenases comprising a modified substrate specificity, to nucleotide sequences which code therefor, to expression constructs and vectors containing these sequences, and to microorganisms transformed therewith. The invention also relates to methods for microbiologically oxidizing different organic substrates, such as methods for producing indigo and indirubin.

Abstract: Assays methods for clinical evaluation of conditions that might be treated with copper antagonists. These conditions include diabetes and other glucose metabolism disorders, lipid disorders, neurological disorders, and heart disease. The assays utilize a correlation between copper levels and one or more of the markers hemoglobin AIc and extracellular superoxide dismutase activity, in order to detect the condition, predict progression of the condition and assess a patient's response to copper antagonist therapy in these conditions by monitoring the level of these markers.

Abstract: The problem to be resolved is to provide an electron mediator and a fusion body with high affinity with an enzyme, a measuring method using extracellular secretion type cytochrome and an enzyme, an electrode, and a sensor. The present invention relates to an electron mediator for glucose oxidoreductase comprising extracellular secretion type cytochrome, a fusion body in which the electron mediator is fused with glucose oxidoreductase, a composition for glucose measurement including the electron mediator or fusion body, a gene encoding a new extracellular secretion type cytochrome, and a measurement method using extracellular secretion type cytochrome and an enzyme, an electrode, and a sensor.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) analysis of the location, presence, and/or quantity of a particular molecule or material. In some embodiments, the invention relates to compositions and methods for determination of an analyte, wherein a compositions may produce an MRI signal that can be affected by the presence of a particular composition (e.g., analyte). In a particular embodiment, the composition comprises a protein. The invention also provides related nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and fragments thereof. Compositions of the invention may exhibit reduced toxicity and may be readily delivered in vivo. Various embodiments of the invention may be useful as sensors, diagnostic tools, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymorphic CYP2C8-polynucleotide. Moreover, the invention relates to genes or vectors comprising the polynucleotides of the invention and to a host cell genetically engineered with the polynucleotide or gene of the invention. Further, the invention relates to methods for producing molecular variant polypeptides or fragments thereof, methods for producing cells capable of expressing a molecular variant polypeptide and to a polypeptide or fragment thereof encoded by the polynucleotide or the gene of the invention or which is obtainable by the method or from the cells produced by the method of the invention. Furthermore, the invention relates to an antibody which binds specifically the polypeptide of the invention. Moreover, the invention relates to a transgenic non-human animal. The invention also relates to a solid support comprising one or a plurality of the above mentioned polynucleotides, genes, vectors, polypeptides, antibodies or host cells.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for assaying Jmjd6 activity.

Abstract: A method to detect the presence or amount of at least one molecule in a sample which employs a derivative of luciferin or a derivative of a fluorophore is provided.