Abstract: There is provided a process for producing a fuel comprising: sensing the sulphur content of a liquid hydrocarbonaceous material; admixing liquid aqueous material and the liquid hydrocarbonaceous material in a predetermined ratio, based upon the sensed sulphur content, such that a nanoemulsion is obtained; and converting the nanoemulsion into at least the fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel composition comprising a liquid fuel and a compound of dimer amide quaternary ammonium type. The invention also relates to the use of the compound of dimer amide quaternary ammonium type as a detergent additive in a liquid fuel for internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method of producing a nanoemulsion is disclosed that provides an oleaginous base fuel, and water in an amount of at least 10 wt %. A first nonionic surfactant, a second nonionic surfactant and a third nonionic surfactant are mixed in substantially equal weight ratios into a surfactant mixture. The surfactant mixture is mixed with the water and the base fuel to form the nanoemulsion fuel. A nanoemulsion fuel composition can comprise an external oleaginous phase comprised of base fuel, an internal aqueous phase comprised of water, and a surfactant mixture comprised of a plurality of surfactants. The first surfactant can be derived from ethylene oxide, the second surfactant and the third surfactant are detergents having a fatty acid.

Abstract: An optimised method for preparing a fuel additive f is provided.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to a system and methods for stimulation with particle-stabilized emulsion treatment fluids during hydraulic fracturing operations. A treatment fluid is disclosed, the treatment fluid including a continuous fluid phase, a dispersed fluid phase dispersed throughout the continuous fluid phase, a surfactant, and a plurality of solid particles adsorbed to an interface between the continuous and dispersed fluid phases thereby stabilizing the dispersed fluid phase in the continuous fluid phase. A method for treating a subterranean formation is disclosed, the method including providing a treating fluid comprising a plurality of solid particles adsorbed to an interface between a continuous fluid phase and a dispersed fluid phase, thereby stabilizing the continuous and dispersed fluid phases, and pumping the treating fluid under pressure via a pump to invert the emulsion so that at least a portion of the solid particles are deposited in the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A first engine fuel, for example diesel fuel, is reformed (preferably via steam reforming) to produce syngas for use as a second engine fuel, with the fuels then both being used in an internal combustion engine to perform Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI). The syngas is produced and supplied to the engine as a supercritical fluid, thereby avoiding the pumping losses that would occur if syngas was pressurized for supply/injection. The reforming is done by a reformer which is provided as a unit with the engine (e.g., both the engine and reformer are onboard a vehicle), thereby effectively allowing use of a single fuel for RCCI engine operation.

Abstract: Provided are oil-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The oil-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.

Abstract: A terahertz laser suitable for emitting at least one first electromagnetic radiation, a first emission frequency of which is between 700 and 1200 GHz. The laser comprises an infrared laser source and a resonant cavity arranged to be optically pumped by the infrared laser source, the resonant cavity containing ammonia gas as an amplifier medium and having at least one configuration in which the resonant cavity is a resonant cavity at the first emission frequency. The infrared laser source is a continuous semiconductor laser source capable of exciting molecules of the amplifier medium from an initial energy level to at least one first excited energy level, the molecules of the amplifier medium placed in the first energy level being able to relax through a pure inversion transition for which the relaxation energy corresponds to the first emission frequency.

Abstract: A water in diesel oil fuel micro-emulsion for internal combustion diesel engines, with a low content of surfactants, a very long shelf-life, a reduced production of pollutants and carbonaceous side-products generated by the combustion and very good engine performance, is described. These emulsions comply with the strict requirements of Italian regulations and are particularly useful as fuels for automotive and heating applications.

Abstract: Methods of cleaning equipment such as hand tools dirtied by bituminous mixture. A biodiesel emulsion comprising biodiesel, water and emulsifier(s), is applied to the surface of the equipment for a period of time (e.g., at least about 15 minutes) and optionally agitated. The biodiesel emulsion produces cleaning properties comparable to straight biodiesel, at a cost reduction, due to the replacement of biodiesel with water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method particularly for reacting phosgene with compounds that contain hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups, comprising the steps of: (I) providing a reactor which has a first reaction chamber (300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350) and a second reaction chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260), the first and the second reaction chambers being separated from one another by means of a porous carbon membrane (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150); (II) providing carbon monoxide and chlorine in the first reaction chamber; and simultaneously (III) providing a compound containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups in the second reaction chamber. The porous carbon membrane is configured to catalyze the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine to obtain phosgene, and to allow this formed phosgene to pass into the second reaction chamber. The invention also relates to a reactor that is suitable for carrying out the claimed method.

Abstract: The disclosed invention is a method for using collagen extracted from animal bones, hides, and flesh waste as a protein-based glue (Bone Glue) to create asphalt with a modified asphalt binder. The method comprises of mixing Bone Glue with water, adding it to an asphalt binder, evaporating the water, adding the modified binder to aggregate and mixing at an elevated temperature. The modified asphalt binder consists of a predetermined amount of Bone Glue and asphalt binder.

Abstract: A method for producing diesel fuel from biocomponent feeds includes hydrotreating the feed followed by catalytic dewaxing with a 1-D, 10 member ring molecular sieve containing catalyst. The hydrotreated feed may be cascaded directly to the dewaxing step, or the hydrotreated feed can undergo intermediate separation. The diesel fuel resulting from processing of the biocomponent feed exhibits superior cetane values.

Abstract: Biomass is quickly becoming an important feedstock for energy generation in power plants. Due to their composition and nature, certain biomass fuels contribute to slagging, fouling, and corrosion. This invention provides a novel method of reducing or suppressing slag deposition and/or cleaning deposited slag in energy production processes in which potassium-containing solid fuels are combusted. Besides acting as a slag suppressant, further advantages of this invention are that the additive has no detrimental side-effects on capital equipment, increases slag friability, decreases slag fouling rate, reduces heat transfer corrosion as well as increasing the lifetime of the selective catalytic reduction catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of biomass derived fuels. It further relates to thermochemical production of liquids (biooils) from biomass. Specifically the present invention relates to methods of upgrading biooil. More specifically it relates to a method for upgrading biooil comprising contacting a dispersed mixture of hydrocarbon liquids, biooil, and partially upgraded biooil, with a transition metal containing catalyst and hydrogen gas at a temperature of around 330° C. and a pressure of about 1700 psi (11.7 MPa) for a period of time sufficient to reduce the oxygen content of the biooil such that it separates on cooling into an aqueous phase and an organic phase, and optionally, to further subject the organic phase to hydrotreating, hydrocracking or catalytic cracking to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a gasoline efficacy promoter (GEP) boosting combustion efficiency of gasoline in internal combustion engines by a mechanism of micro-dissociation comprising a microemulsion of modified bio-carbon, a surfactant, water, a modified vegetable oil and a dispersant, and a method of making it. The gasoline efficacy promoter, environmentally friendly and stable for longer than six months, can increase the combustion efficiency by more than 10%, and reduce 80% of NOx formation in exhaust emission when an appropriate dosage is added to a fuel tank in a vehicle.

Abstract: An oil concentration measurement system and method measure the concentration of oil over a wide concentration range and is applicable in a continuous measurement of oil concentration. A measurement-target liquid containing a known kind of oil component, absorbance spectrum is measured within a predetermined waveband where absorption of light is observed. If a predetermined criterion is met, a concentration value of the oil component is determined based on absorbance at a predetermined wavelength within the predetermined waveband and also on a first calibration curve showing relationship between the component concentration and absorbance at the predetermined wavelength.

Abstract: Fuels compositions based on exempt compounds are provided. These fuels are useful in catalytic burner systems that can be used to disperse fragrances, insecticides, insect repellants (e.g., citronella), aromatherapy compounds, medicinal compounds, deodorizing compounds, disinfectant compositions, fungicides and herbicides.

Abstract: A method of obtaining a hydrocarbon material from a mined material comprises forming a colloidal dispersion comprising solid particles and a carrier fluid. The colloidal dispersion is mixed with a mined, hydrocarbon-containing material to form an emulsion stabilized by the solid particles. At least one property of the emulsion is modified to destabilize the emulsion. Additional methods of obtaining a hydrocarbon material from a mined material, and a stabilized emulsion are also described.

Abstract: Methods and systems for converting petroleum based oil into fuel generally include forming a conversion mixture of an alcohol and a base, adding the conversion mixture to petroleum based oil (such as crude oil, used oil, used motor oil, and new motor oil) to form a reaction mixture, adding a high nitrate compound and an amino acid the reaction mixture, ozonizing the reaction mixture. The result may include a three phase system in which the bottom phase is asphalt oil, the middle phase is diesel fuel or jet fuel, and the top phase is sulfuric acid. The three phases may be separated to obtain the final diesel fuel or let fuel product. Additional cooling and/or filtering processes may be utilized to complete and/or optimize oil conversion.

Abstract: Methods for converting motor oil into fuel generally include forming a conversion mixture of an alcohol and a base, and adding the conversion mixture to motor oil, to form a reaction mixture. The methods can also include adding a high nitrate compound and an amino acid to the reaction mixture and ozonizing the reaction mixture. The result of the methods can include a three phase system in which the bottom phase is asphalt oil, the middle phase is diesel fuel or jet fuel, and the top phase is sulfuric acid. The three phases can be separated to obtain the final diesel fuel or jet fuel product.

Abstract: The present invention includes a method for scavenging nitric oxide. The method includes contacting the nitric oxide with cerium oxide nanoparticles having a low 3+/4+ ratio.

Abstract: The invention provides fuel mixtures containing fuel oil, glycerol, glycerol impurities and non-ionic surfactants. The mixtures remain homogeneous longer and are more chemically stable than previous mixtures. Upon combustion, the mixtures generate reduced SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions compared to residual fuels and offer improved engine performance over previous mixtures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for reducing the amount of steryl glycoside in an oil or fat (e.g. a biofuel substrate) and/or a biofuel, the method comprising admixing one or more enzymes with an oil or fat comprising steryl glycoside; such that said one or more enzymes degrades the steryl glycoside. The one or more enzymes is preferably an enzyme which is capable of hydrolysing the glycosidic bond in a steryl glycoside. Suitably the enzyme may be a glycosidase enzyme and/or a ?-glucosidase and/or an amyloglucosidase.

Abstract: The invention provides fuel mixtures containing biodiesel oil, glycerol, glycerol soluble compounds, surfactants and additives. The fuel mixtures are uniform, remain suspended in solution, and are resistant to phase separation. Upon combustion, the mixtures generate reduced CO, CO2, SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions compared to petroleum fuels and offer improved engine performance over petroleum and water mixtures.

Abstract: Disclosed is a turbocharged internal combustion piston engine system that includes a waste-heat recovery system. The waste-heat recovery system involves injecting heated water into the cylinders during combustion to increase engine power and efficiency and to reduce emissions. The engine can be a spark or compression ignition type of engine, and can utilize fuels including but not limited to diesel, natural gas, gasoline, and ethanol. The engine also includes a turbocharger that utilizes a turbine in the exhaust gas flow to provide power to a compressor in the intake air flow to pressurize the intake air and provide additional charge flow to the engine to increase engine output.

Abstract: A fuel production method and a fuel production apparatus, for producing fuel by which the fuel efficiency can be improved and the generation of hazardous substances can be easily suppressed and which is stable, and fuel oil produced by such a method and apparatus are provided. This improves the satisfaction of users, and contributes to the prevention of environmental destruction. A fuel production method for producing fuel oil by mixing and reacting enzyme water with petroleum-based hydrocarbon oil is provided, the enzyme water being produced by mixing a natural plant enzyme, containing at least lipase, in water. The natural plant enzyme further contains cellulase. The enzyme water further contains methanol.

Abstract: Methods for converting petroleum based oil into fuel generally include forming a conversion mixture of an alcohol and a base, and adding the conversion mixture to petroleum based oil, such as used motor oil, to form a reaction mixture. The methods can also include adding a high nitrate compound and an amino acid to the reaction mixture and ozonizing the reaction mixture. The result of the methods can include a three phase system in which the bottom phase is asphalt oil, the middle phase is diesel fuel or jet fuel, and the top phase is sulfuric acid. The three phases can be separated to obtain the final diesel fuel or jet fuel product.

Abstract: A liquid can be used for emulsifying oil. The liquid includes water, a first additive within the water and a second additive within the water. The first additive includes a metal hydride, where a negative hydrogen ion (H?) is bound to the metal hydride. The second additive includes a hydroxide, a second type of metal hydride with a negative hydrogen ion (H?) bound thereto, a hydride, a mineral, hydrogen gas, or a metal within the water.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has a lower grade fuel component, and a microemulsion. The microemulsion includes at least one of hydrous component, renewable component, and polar component being present in an amount effective for forming the fuel composition. The fuel composition may enhance lubricity, corrosion, and water stability without the use of other additives and inhibitors.

Abstract: An emulsifier for a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuel wherein reseparation between oil and water does not take place for a long period of time because of a stable emulsion state with homogenous dispersion. The emulsifier for a water-in-oil emulsion fuel includes the following (1) to (7) components: (1) heavy oil A: 50 mL or more 100 mL, (2) heavy oil B: 100 mL or more 200 mL, (3) heavy oil C: 300 mL or more 450 mL, (4) methanol: 100 mL or more 150 mL, (5) ethanol: 100 mL or more 200 mL, (6) palm oil: 100 mL or more 150 mL, and (7) water: 100 mL or more 200 mL.

Abstract: Provided herein, inter alia, are methods and compositions useful for heavy crude oil recovery. The emulsion compositions and non-surfactant aqueous compositions provided herein may be particularly useful for the recovery of heavy crude oils under a broad range of reservoir conditions (e.g. high to low temperatures, high to low salinity, highly viscous oils).

Abstract: Methods and systems for processing crude oil may include adding water to crude oil, for example, in a desalter, to produce hydrocarbon and brine and a rag layer emulsion, which may include hydrocarbon and brine and solids. The emulsion may be modified, including adding one or more of additional hydrocarbon and, a demulsifier, a reverse demulsifier, a coagulant, and a flocculant, for example, in a mixer. The modified emulsion may be directed through a dead-end filter assembly to remove solids.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for manufacturing a reformed fuel. The apparatus for manufacturing a reformed fuel includes a water tank unit configured to supply water which is aerated and, then, to which an ultrasonic wave or an electric field is applied; an oil tank configured to supply oil pre-treated by a first catalyst; a mixing tank connected to the water tank unit and the oil tank, and configured to generate mixture oil by mixing the water introduced from the water tank unit and the oil introduced from the oil tank; and a combination chamber unit connected to the mixing tank, and configured to generate a reformed fuel by supplying a second catalyst to the mixture oil introduced from the mixing tank.

Abstract: Methods and system for obtaining long chain carbons that generally include forming a conversion mixture of an alcohol and a base, adding the conversion mixture to oil (such as petroleum based oil, crude oil, used oil, used motor oil, and new motor oil) to form a reaction mixture, adding a high nitrate compound the reaction mixture, and separating out the long chain carbons for use as an input by other processing such as pharmaceutical and/or additional petro-chemical processing. Additional cooling and/or filtering processes may be utilized to complete and/or optimize oil conversion.

Abstract: The present invention provides a molecular rupture and recombination of fuels with additives or fuel enhancers such as, but not limited to, non-hydrocarbon and/or hydrocarbon substances such as but not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, naphtha, and other lighter fluids, through the use of a hydrodynamic cavitation apparatus or reactor to cause the molecular rupture, coupled to a high pressure system where the recombination of the molecules (fuel and additives) stably occur.

Abstract: An emulsification method for converting deasphalted oil and/or asphaltenes into more suitable products for market demands and utilization in self sufficient energy production treatments plants is disclosed. Asphaltenes and residues from sonication of heavy oil feedstocks, as well as de-asphalted oil, may be used in combination with water and other chemical additives for conversion into a suitable fuel which may be stored, handled, and transported.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus, and materials are disclosed for generating multi-purpose liquid fuel for isolating contaminants and storing energy. In one aspect, a method of producing a liquid fuel includes forming a gaseous fuel (e.g., by dissociating biomass waste using waste heat recovered from an external heat source). Carbon dioxide emitted from an industrial process can be harvested and reacted with the gaseous fuel to generate the liquid fuel. A hazardous contaminant can be dissolved in the liquid fuel, with the liquid fuel operating as a solvent or continuous phase for a solution or colloid that isolates the hazardous contaminant from the environment. The hazardous contaminant can include at least one of a carbon donor and a hydrogen donor.

Abstract: The reduction of viscosity of petroleum products and hydrocarbon emulsions and the like is effected by applying electrodynamic shocks unto a foaming streamflow of the high viscosity emulsion to create a densely whirled streamflow by agitation with a high radial gradient of pressure. Chemical bonding breakup and destruction of long structured molecules of paraffin occur in the emulsion to result in the formations of free radicals and carbamides, and separation of a processed mixture into light and heavy fractions. The process alters the physiochemical properties of the emulsion to cause decrease of density, and the reduction of viscosity.

Abstract: A mixing apparatus is disclosed. The mixing apparatus comprises a mixing device having a constant flow area. The mixing device is configured to create a shearing environment. Several types of mixing apparatus are disclosed. Methods for producing aqueous fuel emulsions with consistently uniform dispersed phase particle sizes using a mixing apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides fuel mixtures containing fuel oil, glycerol, glycerol impurities and non-ionic surfactants. The mixtures remain homogeneous longer and are more chemically stable than previous mixtures. Upon combustion, the mixtures generate reduced SOx, NOx and particulate matter emissions compared to residual fuels and offer improved engine performance over previous mixtures.

Abstract: An emulsifying composition intended to homogenize and reemulsify a fuel, includes by weight, with respect to the total weight of the composition, a) from 5% to 40% of N-oleyl-1,3-propylenediamine, b) from 50% to 95% of N,N?,N?-polyoxyethylene-N-tallowpropylenediamine and c) from 5% to 40% of a solvent. A fuel including the abovementioned composition, a process for the manufacture of the composition and its use are also described.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an emulsifier package is disclosed. The method comprises blending a flow of fuel soluble product, a flow of stabilizer, and a flow of water in a mixing vessel to form a mixture. Mixing the mixture in the mixing vessel and recirculating the mixture through the mixing vessel. Lastly, shearing the mixture with a shearing device at a rate of about 27,500 shears per second to about 87,500 shears per second. A method for manufacturing an aqueous fuel emulsion is also disclosed.

Abstract: A surfactant package for a water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion includes a fatty acid component; a fatty acid salt component; an alcohol component and a salt of carboxylic acid. Emulsions formed using this surfactant package are stable and have ratios of water to surfactant of at least about 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to modified colloidal silica particles covalently linked to at least one polyalkyleneoxy moiety having at least about 3 alkyleneoxy units. The invention also relates to an aqueous dispersion thereof, and a method of producing such modified silica particles. The invention further relates to use of the modified colloidal silica particles as emulsifiers for paper sizing agents, agriculturally active ingredients and asphalts, as well as dispersant for oil spills.

Abstract: A mixing apparatus is disclosed. The mixing apparatus comprises a mixing device having a constant flow area. The mixing device is configured to create a shearing environment. Several types of mixing apparatus are disclosed. Methods for producing aqueous fuel emulsions with consistently uniform dispersed phase particle sizes using a mixing apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel composition comprising: (a) a fuel; (b) polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.

Abstract: A mixed fuel generation method comprises a step of mixing a fuel oil and at least one additional fluid other than the fuel oil, wherein one of the additional fluids is water, and a specific ratio that is a ratio of a volume of the water to a volume of the mixed fuel is 6% or less.

Abstract: An additive for water-added bio fuel of the present invention includes: sodium hypochlorite; sodium hydroxide; hydrochloric acid; magnesium chloride; and calcium hydroxide, and makes the water soluble in the fuel oil. Further, a method of producing an additive for water-added bio fuel of the present invention includes: a step of agitating and mixing by putting sodium hydroxide into a solution of sodium hypochlorite; a step of agitating and mixing by putting magnesium chloride and calcium hydroxide into a solution of sodium hypochlorite; and a step of agitating and mixing the two types of solutions.