Abstract: A reactive distillation process is disclosed for converting aquatic biomass to a bio-oil. In the process a slurry of aquatic biomass is contacted with a particulate inorganic material. The mixture is heated to or above its boiling point. During the heating step biomass is converted to bio-oil. In a preferred embodiment water vapors emanating from the slurry are collected and condensed. The fresh water obtained may be used for irrigation, in human domestic uses, and for human consumption.

Abstract: The application provides a moderate fraction of a carbohydrate derived component having at least one C4+ compound (and kerosene fuel composition comprising same), the moderate fraction exhibiting a mean percentage of 99% or more biobased material, as determined by C14 testing, the moderate fraction comprising: one or more substituted carbohydrate derived cycloalkanes comprising one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of branched C3-4 alkyls, straight chain C1-4 alkyls, branched C3-4 alkylenes, and straight chain C1-4 alkylenes; one or more carbohydrate derived aromatics, at least some of the carbohydrate derived aromatics comprising one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of branched C3-4 alkyls, straight chain C1-4 alkyls, branched C3-4 alkylenes, and, straight chain C2-4 alkylenes; and one or more carbohydrate derived compound selected from the group consisting of fused aryls, indane, indene, isomers thereof, and combinations thereof, at least some of the carbohydrate d

Abstract: A biofuel product comprises a slurry of pulverized combustible solid biomass material in a combustible liquid product of vegetable origin. In accordance with the invention, the product of vegetable origin is glycerol, and a mixture ratio between the glycerol and the pulverized solid biomass material is such, that the slurry at least upon heating to around 90° C. has a low viscosity and is pumpable. The glycerol utilized is obtained as a byproduct in the production of biodiesel fuel or soap, fatty acids, fatty alcohols or alkyl esters, and the pulverized combustible solid biomass material preferably is lignin powder, and/or wood powder and/or other pulverized vegetable solid biomass material, such as peat, and/or powder of carbon from vegetable material. The biofuel product may be used as a replacement for heavy fuel oil, for example.

Abstract: The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

Abstract: Method for processing a lignocellulosic biomass material, comprising (a) a pretreatment process, in which the biomass is prepared for enzymatic hydrolysis, and (b) a subsequent hydrolysis process, in which the pretreated biomass is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis of its cellulosic components to convert them into sugars, wherein the pretreatment process (a) is carried out in the presence of a tertiary polyamide additive. The additive may be used to improve the efficiency of the hydrolysis process (b). Also provided are processes for the production of a fermentation product from lignocellulosic biomass, and/or for the production of a biofuel or biofuel component.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for conversion of cellulosic material, such as chopped straw and corn stover, and household waste, to ethanol and other products. The cellulosic material is subjected to continuous hydrothermal pre-treatment without addition of chemicals, and a liquid and a fiber fraction are produced. The fiber fraction is subjected to enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification. The method of the present invention comprises: performing the hydrothermal pre-treatment by subjecting the cellulosic material to at least one soaking operation, and conveying the cellulosic material through at least one pressurized reactor, and subjecting the cellulosic material to at least one pressing operation, creating a fiber fraction and a liquid fraction; selecting the temperature and residence time for the hydrothermal pretreatment, so that the fibrous structure of the feedstock is maintained and at least 80% of the lignin is maintained in the fiber fraction.

Abstract: Methods and systems for developing and bio-refining or processing biomass feedstocks into a spectrum of bio-based products which can be used as a substitute for fossil oil derivatives in various types of product manufacturing processes and/or the production of bio-energy are disclosed. In addition, methods and systems for identifying, measuring and controlling key parameters in relation to specific biomass developing processes and bio-refining processes so as to maximize the efficiency and efficacy of such processes while standardizing the underlying parameters to facilitate and enhance large-scale production of bio-based products and/or bio-energy are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid bio-fuel mixture, and uses thereof in the generation of electrical power, mechanical power and/or heat. The liquid bio-fuel mixture is macroscopically single phase, and comprises a liquid condensate product of biomass fast pyrolysis, a bio-diesel component and an ethanol component.

Abstract: A process for conversion of a cellulosic material comprising a) a liquefaction step, comprising contacting a cellulosic material with a liquid solvent at a temperature of equal to or more than 200° C.; or contacting a cellulosic material with a liquid solvent at a temperature of equal to or more than 100° C. in the presence of a catalyst, to produce a final liquefied product; b) a catalytic cracking step, comprising contacting at least part of the final liquefied product with a fluidized catalytic cracking catalyst at a temperature of equal to or more than 400° C., to produce one or more cracked products.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a fuel from vegetable oil in order to operate of diesel internal combustion engines. In said method, the oleaginous fruit is pressed, and the dripping oil is filtered. According to the invention, the dripping vegetable oil containing the cloudy matter is mixed with a clay material in a first step before being filtered and is filtered in a second step.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a dye-stable furnace fuel composition comprising: about 10 to 99 parts by volume of a mineral oil component having an effective boiling range from about 160° C. to about 380° C.; about 1 to 90 parts by volume of a biocomponent fuel component comprising C1-C5 alkyl esterified fatty acids from renewable sources; one or more azo dye components present in an amount from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, relative to the total fuel composition; and a tert-butyl-functionalized hydroquinone antioxidant component present in an amount of at least about 50 vppm, relative to the fuel composition, wherein the fuel composition exhibits an increased dye stability, relative to a fuel composition having similar mineral oil and biocomponent fuel components and identical azo dye component(s), but having a different or no antioxidant component.

Abstract: A method of production of value-added, biobased chemicals, derivative products, and/or purified glycerin from animal-based bioglycerin is described herein. A method of purification of animal-based bioglycerin is also described herein. The method of purification of animal-based bioglycerin described provides methods for desalinating, decolorizing, and/or concentrating animal-based bioglycerin for the production of biobased chemicals, derivative products, and/or purified glycerin.

Abstract: A method of production of value-added, biobased chemicals, derivative products, and/or purified glycerin from plant-based bioglycerin is described herein. A method of purification of plant-based bioglycerin is also described herein. The method of purification of plant-based bioglycerin described provides methods for desalinating, decolorizing, and/or concentrating plant-based bioglycerin for the production of biobased chemicals, derivative products, and/or purified glycerin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for thermochemically converting organic waste material having high molecular weight into liquid combustible materials and fuels, comprising the following steps: feeding organic waste material into a reactor, heating the organic waste material to a temperature between 250° C. and 500° C. while avoiding exceeding critical coking temperatures in the reactor, feeding biogenic substances to the reactor, collecting and condensing the gases and vapors released from the mixture of organic waste material and biogenic substances, collecting the condensate and letting phases form, and removing the phase(s) containing liquid combustible materials and fuels.

Abstract: In the processes for treating municipal sewage and storm water containing biosolids to discharge standards, biosolids, even after dewatering, contain typically about 80% water bound in the dead cells of the biosolids, which gives biosolids a negative heating value. It can be incinerated only at the expense of purchased fuel. Biosolids are heated to a temperature at which their cell structure is destroyed and, preferably, at which carbon dioxide is split off to lower the oxygen content of the biosolids. The resulting char is not hydrophilic, and it can be efficiently dewatered and/or dried and is a viable renewable fuel. This renewable fuel can be supplemented by also charging conventional biomass (yard and crop waste, etc.) in the same or in parallel facilities. Similarly, non-renewable hydrophilic fuels can be so processed in conjunction with the processing of biosolids to further augment the energy supply.

Abstract: In a method and system to produce biodiesel using an improved catalytic transesterification process, a first reactant and a second reactant are dispersed to form a laminar slug flow pattern within a microchannel of a microreactor, the first reactant and the second reactant being immiscible. The first reactant and the second reactant are mixed, thereby triggering a reaction between them to produce the biodiesel and glycerol, the mixing being convection-enhanced by shear stress induced circulation occurring within each slug of the reactants. The reaction takes place under a pressure that is less than 5 psi and under a temperature that is less than 70 degrees Celsius. Separation of the glycerol from the biodiesel occurs simultaneously with the mixing. Several microreactors are coupled in parallel to improve throughput of the biodiesel.

Abstract: A process for production of biofuels from algae can include cultivating an oil-producing algae, extracting the algal oil, and converting the algal oil to form biodiesel. Extracting the algal oil from the oil-producing algae can include biologically rupturing cell wall and oil vesicles of the oil-producing algae using at least one enzyme such as a cellulose or glycoproteinase, a structured enzyme system such as a cellulosome, a virus, or combination of these materials.

Abstract: The invention is a bioenergy and/or waste-to-energy process. The invention is a process using controlled pyrolysis reactions to convert biomass and carbon based waste material into carbon byproducts, biofuels and useable energy in the form of heat and/or electricity. The process includes one or more pyrolysis reaction chambers and a thermal oxidizer. Hot, oxygen-free exhaust gases from the thermal oxidizer are modulated through the pyrolysis reaction chambers to sustain the pyrolysis reaction. The exhaust gases along with the pyrolysis gases are drawn from the pyrolysis reaction chambers and routed to the thermal oxidizer. Combustion air is modulated into the thermal oxidizer through one or more ports to control combustion of the pyrolysis gases. After combustion, exhaust gases are recirculated to the pyrolysis reaction chambers to sustain the cycle. The invention proposes a process which is unique in four ways.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process to manufacture advanced cellulosic gasolines. Dilute organic acids derived from pyrolized biomass are converted to their corresponding alcohols in a stand-alone hydrodeoxygenation unit followed by membrane pervaporation step to remove water. The alcohol product is blended directly into a neat hydrocarbon fuel basestock to make unadditized gasoline.

Abstract: The “MOBILE PLANT FOR SELF-SUSTAINABLE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND MOBILE PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION” characterized by a compact equipment arrangement for the biodiesel production in a way intended to reduce waste generation and, additionally, allow reuse/application of some of them; it is organized and arranged over a chassis with axle and wheels that can be attached and taken to various locations, presents a self-sustainable format to use its own fuel to generate electricity to supply the entire plant, if necessary.

Abstract: A method is provided for growing microalgae from wastewater for oil production in a three-step wastewater treatment facility. In the method, two carbon sources are selected for addition to the wastewater, which contains naturally-occurring bacteria. Specifically, the first carbon source is selected to increase the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and the carbon-to-phosphorous ratio within the microalgae. The first carbon source serves as a food source for the microalgae, and the second carbon source promotes the breakdown of carbon nitrogen and phosphorous by the bacteria cells into a more easily digestible form for the microalgae. Due to the added carbon, the wastewater supports growth of the microalgae and the production of oils therein.

Abstract: A process of making a fuel product from spent grain from a beer brewing process. In the brewing process, the grain is pulverized to a particle size whose mean particle size is generally in the range of 0.25 mm to 0.6 mm with less than 1% greater than 2 mm. After the brewing sugars are extracted from the grain, the spent grain is pressed against a filter to reduce moisture below sixty-five percent (65%), and then the grain is dried to further reduce its moisture to less than ten percent (10%). The dried spent grain, after the aforementioned processing, is fed into a combustion chamber for a steam boiler that is used for beer brewing, and the spent grain is advanced downward through the combustion chamber with agitation to aid combustion.

Abstract: A wheat cultivar, designated WB-700, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds, plants, and hybrids of wheat cultivar WB-700, and to methods for producing a wheat plant produced by crossing plants from wheat cultivar WB-700 with themselves or with plants from another wheat variety. The invention also relates to methods for producing a wheat plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic wheat plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to wheat varieties or breeding varieties and plant parts derived from wheat cultivar WB-700, to methods for producing other wheat varieties, lines or plant parts derived from wheat cultivar WB-700, and to the wheat plants, varieties, and their parts derived from the use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid wheat seeds and plants produced by crossing wheat cultivar WB-700 with another wheat cultivar.

Abstract: A method of dewatering algae and recycling water therefrom is presented. A method of dewatering a wet algal cell culture includes removing liquid from an algal cell culture to obtain a wet algal biomass having a lower liquid content than the algal cell culture. At least a portion of the liquid removed from the algal cell culture is recycled for use in a different algal cell culture. The method includes adding a water miscible solvent set to the wet algal biomass and waiting an amount of time to permit algal cells of the algal biomass to gather and isolating at least a portion of the gathered algal cells from at least a portion of the solvent set and liquid of the wet algal biomass so that a dewatered algal biomass is generated. The dewatered algal biomass can be used to generated algal products such as biofuels and nutraceuticals.

Abstract: Multiple catalytic processing stations couple with a system which produces volatile gas streams from biomass decomposition at discrete increasing temperatures. These catalytic processing stations can be programmed to maximize conversion of biomass to useful renewable fuel components based on input feedstock and desired outputs.

Abstract: The present invention describes a method for production of a renewable, combustible liquid fuel that may be used; in internal combustion engines, as a fuel source for electricity generation including turbines and fuel cells, or as a burnable heat source. This fuel is derived from set of biomolecules that are produced under nutrient limitation conditions as those found at a waste water treatment plant. More specifically this invention envisions the use of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA), especially those with monomeric residues ranging in size from C4 to C10, as a feed stream for production of a biofuel.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, reactor systems, and catalysts for converting in a continuous process biomass to fuels and chemicals. The invention includes methods of converting the water insoluble components of biomass, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, to volatile C2+O1-2 oxygenates, such as alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and mixtures thereof. In certain applications, the volatile C2+O1-2 oxygenates can be collected and used as a final chemical product, or used in downstream processes to produce liquid fuels, chemicals and other products.

Abstract: Lubricating oil used for the lubrication of engines run on biodiesel fuels are improved in their resistance to oxidation, sludge and deposits formation by the addition to said lubricating oil of detergent to increase the TBN of the lubricating oil or the addition of organic bases.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fuel oil composition comprising a renewable fuel or a blend of petroleum based fuels with renewable fuels, also containing an additives composition to enhance the base and combined fuel's resistance to forming insoluble particulates upon storage at diminished operating temperatures. Further described is the additive package used to inhibit particulate formation.

Abstract: Processes for producing reduced acid lignocellulosic-derived pyrolysis oil are provided. In a process, lignocellulosic material is fed to a heating zone. A basic solid catalyst is delivered to the heating zone. The lignocellulosic material is pyrolyzed in the presence of the basic solid catalyst in the heating zone to create pyrolysis gases. The oxygen in the pyrolysis gases is catalytically converted to separable species in the heating zone. The pyrolysis gases are removed from the heating zone and are liquefied to form the reduced acid lignocellulosic-derived pyrolysis oil.

Abstract: A method and process is described for producing negative carbon fuel. In its broadest form, a carbon-containing input is converted to combustible fuels, refinery feedstock, or chemicals and a carbonaceous solid concurrently in separate and substantially uncontaminated form. In an embodiment of the invention, biomass is converted via discrete increasing temperatures under pressure to blendable combustible fuels and a carbonaceous solid. The carbonaceous solid may be reacted to synthesis gas, sold as charcoal product, carbon credits, used for carbon offsets, or sequestered.

Abstract: In the present invention, a fuel composition and a process for making the same are disclosed. Specifically, in the present invention, triglycerides useful for distillate fuels are described along with their method for preparation from Fischer-Tropsch acid by-products and the glycerol by-product from biodiesel generation. By using these two by-product streams, the overall efficiency of both processes is improved and a new source of distillate fuels is created. These triglycerides can be used to improve the lubricity of Fischer-Tropsch derived distillate fuels. In addition, these triglycerides also have low melting points and have viscosities compatible with distillate fuels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a plant growth medium comprising the following steps: a) providing an amount of bioorganic matter; b) contacting the bioorganic matter with one or more microbial agents capable of degrading the bioorganic matter to produce a decomposition product; and c) treating the decomposition product produced in step (b) to inhibit the degradation process prior to its completion. The invention further provides a bioreactor and a kit for performing that method, and a plant growth medium. In an embodiment, the plant growth medium is a peat-substitute material.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of making fatty acid esters from glycerides and free fatty acids.

Abstract: The instant invention describes a method and system for producing biodiesel which increases energy efficiency by reducing the overall amount of energy associated with producing the biodiesel. Unlike most systems which use a batch procedure, the instant method and system utilize a continuous flow sonification procedure which provides for reactions to take place in tubes as the biodiesel moves along through the process. The continuous flow sonification procedure is performed in two main stages, utilizing the steps of acid esterification, transesterification, and a waterless washing.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of providing a mixture of a primary hydrocarbon fuel comprising one or more alcohols; and dehydrating in the mixture the one or more alcohol to its or their corresponding ether and water, to obtain the compression ignition fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition and the process of making the fuel composition are described. More specifically, a novel biomass derived low sulfur bunker fuels composition and the method of making thereof. Embodiment of the invention discloses a novel low sulfur bunker fuels composition derived from blending various bio-oil with other heavy residual fuel oils and distillates where final sulfur content and carbon intensity is controlled by the ratio of bio-oil to other heavy residual fuel oils and distillates. Embodiment of the invention also discloses a process of making a novel biomass derived low sulfur bunker fuels by blending various bio-oil with other heavy residual fuel oils and distillates.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the efficient fractionation of lignocellulosic biomasses into cellulosic, hemicellulosic and lignin fractions, wherein concentrated organic acid vapors are applied to the biomass at elevated temperatures at the location(s) or near the location(s) where the biomass has been harvested and gathered, to at least partly depolymerize or substantially solubilize the hemicelluloses and lignins in the biomass. The organic acid-treated biomass is in either case then dried and pelletized for extended bulk storage and/or for shipment to a second facility some distance away. The organic acid-treated biomass may be processed into desired chemicals, fuels and/or fuel additives at the local processing site or at a second facility away from the local processing site, or the pelletized material may be used as a ruminant feed locally or at a feedlot some distance removed from the local processing site.

Abstract: Catalyst compositions comprising a phosphorous-promoted ZSM-5 component and a silica-containing binder, and methods for making and using same, are disclosed. More specifically, processes for making a catalyst for biomass conversion are provided. The process includes: treating a ZSM-5 zeolite with a phosphorous-containing compound to form a phosphorous-promoted ZSM-5 component; preparing a slurry comprising the phosphorous-promoted ZSM-5 component and a silica-containing binder; and shaping the slurry into shaped bodies. Such catalysts can be used for the thermocatalytic conversion of particulate biomass to liquid products such as bio-oil, resulting in higher bio-oil yields and lower coke than conventional catalysts.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for the production of food compositions, oils, fuels, oleochemicals, and other compounds in recombinant microorganisms are provided, including oil-bearing microorganisms and methods of low cost cultivation of such microorganisms. Microalgal cells containing exogenous genes encoding, for example, a lipase, a sucrose transporter, a sucrose invertase, a fructokinase, a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, a keto acyl-ACP synthase enzyme, a fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase, a fatty acyl-CoA/aldehyde reductase, a fatty acyl-CoA reductase, a fatty aldehyde reductase, a fatty aldehyde decarbonylase, and/or an acyl carrier protein are useful in manufacturing food compositions, and transportation fuels such as renewable diesel, biodiesel, and renewable jet fuel, as well as oleochemicals such as functional fluids, surfactants, soaps and lubricants.

Abstract: Liquid suspensions are disclosed comprising a suspending medium, small particles of biomass, and small particles of an inorganic material. The inorganic material stabilizes the suspension, so that it may be transported by pipeline or tank car without developing a sediment.

Abstract: Jatropha curcas plants can be produced that are characterized by an inflorescence with female-only (FO) flowers. Such plants are especially useful for interplanting in order to obtain commercial scale production of new J curcas hybrids derived from the seeds of the FO-type plant.

Abstract: Biofuels can be produced by: (i) providing a biomass containing celluloses, hemicelluloses, lignin, nitrogen compounds and sulfur compounds; (ii) contacting the biomass with a digestive solvent to form a pretreated biomass containing carbohydrates; (iii) contacting the pretreated biomass with hydrogen in the presence of a supported hydrogenolysis catalyst containing (a) sulfur, (b) Mo or W, and (c) Co and/or Ni incorporated into a suitable support to form a plurality of oxygenated intermediates, and (vi) processing at least a portion of the oxygenated intermediates to form a liquid fuel.

Abstract: A method of hydrothermal hydrocatalytic treating biomass is provided. Lignocellulosic biomass is treated with a digestive solvent to form a pretreated biomass containing soluble carbohydrates. The pretreated biomass is contacted, with hydrogen at a temperature in the range of 150° C. to less than 300° C. in the presence of a pH buffering agent and a supported hydrogenolysis catalyst containing (a) sulfur, (b) Mo or W, and (c) Co, Ni or mixture thereof, incorporated into a suitable support, to form a plurality of oxygenated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for refining vegetable oils, in particular cottonseed oil or a possible mixture of it with others, as substitute of diesel fuel remarkable in that a sequence of treatment steps to be performed on crude vegetable oil, including: a) a pre-treatment thereof consisting of the removal of oil insoluble impurities from the crude oil, b) removal of oil soluble impurities therefrom, c) a free acid neutralization thereof, and d) a drying, bleaching and filtration thereof. This invention also relates to an Additive of organic basis, containing ether, ketone, toluene, hexane, turpentine, alcohols in specific concentrations.

Abstract: Provided are additives of formula I for use in hydrocarbonaceous compositions, such as petroleum or liquid fuels: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as defined herein. The additives improve the corrosion resistance of the compositions and, when the composition is biodiesel, also improve microbial resistance. The additives further enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of any added biocides contained in such compositions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gasohol fuel composition that prevents corrosion of the metallurgies involved in fuel storage tanks, vehicle fuel tanks, fuel distribution systems, and transportation systems. The novel gasohol fuel composition comprises of a major portion of an alcohol blended gasoline fuel and a minor portion of a corrosion inhibitor formulation, wherein the corrosion inhibitor formulation comprises of (i) a reaction product of (a) a monosaturated fatty acid; and (b) an azomethine compound derived from a condensation reaction between a carbonyl compound and an amine compound; (ii) a fatty acid oil or ester selected from a group comprising of castor oil, palm oil, soyabean oil, and methyl soya ester; (iii) a dispersing agent, the dispersing agent being a sulfonate compound; and (iv) a viscosity reducing agent selected from a group comprising of ethanol, isopropanol, and propargyl alcohol.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting lignocellulosic material to liquid fuels. In the process the cellulose is dissolved in an Ionic Liquid. The conversion process may comprise pyrolysis, thermal cracking, hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, hydrotreatment, or a combination thereof. Undissolved lignin is removed from the Ionic Liquid medium, and is converted in a separate conversion process. The Ionic Liquid preferably is an inorganic molten salt hydrate.

Abstract: A method for upgrading pyrolysis oil into a hydrocarbon fuel involves obtaining a quantity of pyrolysis oil, separating the pyrolysis oil into an organic phase and an aqueous phase, and then upgrading the organic phase into a hydrocarbon fuel by reacting the organic phase with hydrogen gas using a catalyst. The catalyst used in the reaction includes a support material, an active metal and a zirconia promoter material. The support material may be alumina, silica gel, carbon, silicalite or a zeolite material. The active metal may be copper, iron, nickel or cobalt. The zirconia promoter material may be zirconia itself, zirconia doped with Y, zirconia doped with Sc and zirconia doped with Yb.

Abstract: A process and system for removing bound water from bio-oil by azeotropic distillation. The process includes combining a bound-water-containing bio-oil with an azeotrope agent and subjecting the resulting treated bio-oil to azeotropic distillation under reduced pressure. The azeotropic distillation removes a substantial portion of the bound water from the bio-oil, thus producing a water-depleted bio-oil that is less corrosive, more stable, and more readily miscible with hydrocarbons.