Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for dehydration of a primary alcohol, a method of preparing the same, and a method of producing an alpha-olefin using the same. The catalyst for dehydration of a primary alcohol according to the present invention has an excellent catalyst stability while having an excellent activity with respect to dehydration, and a high turnover frequency, such that a linear alpha-olefin with high purity may be produced with a high selectivity even in a case where a relatively small amount of a cocatalyst is added as compared with a homogeneous catalyst system.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for producing ketone(s) from the condensation of methyl ketone(s) and alcohol(s) in the presence of an amine catalyst and a metal catalyst. Such amine catalysts may be supported, for example, on a silica-alumina support. Such ketones may be suitable for use in producing fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, or precursors thereof. The methyl ketone(s) and/or alcohol(s) may be obtained from renewable sources, such as by fermentation of biomass.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process of fueling a rocket engine or air-breathing engine for a hypersonic vehicle with a high performance hydrocarbon fuel characterized by a hydrogen content greater than 14.3% by weight, a hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio greater than 2.0 and/or a heat of combustion greater than 18.7 KBtu/lb. The disclosed fuels generally have a paraffin content that is at least 90% by mass and a C12-C20 isoparaffin content of at least 40% by mass.

Abstract: The method allows to incorporate an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols into fuels by minimizing the energy expenditure linked with the prior production of the alcohol or of the mixture of alcohols. One or more bases of the fuel, to which an oxygen-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen-containing compounds have possibly been added, are used to extract the alcohol or the alcohol mixture contained in aqueous solutions produced by biomass fermentation processes. After adjusting the temperature of the aqueous solution stream and of the stream containing one or more bases of the fuel through exchangers, these streams are fed into an extractor. The extract leaving the extractor is then dried and/or an oxygen-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen-containing compounds is added thereto. The raffinate leaving the extractor is sent to a water treating plant or recycled.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods to produce ketones suitable for use as fuels and lubricants by catalytic conversion of an acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation product mixture that can be derived from biomass.

Abstract: Compositions of oxygenated gasolines are disclosed that have reduced vapor pressure compared to those containing a single oxygenate and no RVP reducing compound. Such compositions can be formed at a refinery or at a terminal. Methods of reducing vapor pressure of an oxygenated gasoline are disclosed and methods of reducing vapor pressure constraints upon a refinery in the production of oxygenated gasoline are disclosed. Fundamental properties of RVP reducing compounds are disclosed including IR spectrum analysis. Processes and methods for blending and distributing these fuels are also disclosed.

Abstract: Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids to form a hydrolysate may be conducted with in situ catalytic reduction to transform soluble carbohydrates in the hydrolysate into a more stable reaction product.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for cleaning and/or rejuvenating internal combustion engine components, including catalysts of the type used in vehicle catalytic converters. The compositions of the invention comprise (a) at least one an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon solvent; (b) at least two aromatic hydrocarbon solvents; (c) at least one hexanol; (d) at least one additional lower alkyl alcohol having from 1-5 carbon atoms; (e) at least one ketone solvent; and (f) optionally further organic solvents selected from the group consisting of ester solvents and terpene solvents.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of butanol, acetone and/or other renewable chemicals is provided wherein the process utilises one or more of the group comprising by-products of the manufacture of malt whisky, such as pot ale and/or spent lees, biomass substrates, such as paper, sludge from paper manufacture and spent grains from distillers and brewers, and diluents, such as water and spent liquid from other fermentations. The process comprises treating a substrate to hydrolyse it and fermenting the treated. Also provided is a biofuel comprising butanol manufactured according to the process of the invention.

Abstract: This invention relates to the petrochemical industry, in particular, to a method for improving the storage stability of biodiesel fuel via using an antioxidant additive. A method for improving the storage stability of biodiesel fuel, comprising addition of an alkylphenol-based antioxidant additive via providing an initial solution that contains 6 to 48 mass % of the alkylphenol-based composition comprised of, mass %: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylcyclohexanone—0.2-0.3; 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol—0.7-6.0; 2-sec-butyl-6-tert-butyl-p-cresol—1.5-5.0; 4,6-di-tert-butyl-o-cresol—3.0-8.0; 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol—0.3-0.5; 2,4-di-tort-butyl-6-dimethylaminomethylphenol—2.0-5.0; 4,4-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol)—0.1-0.3; and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol—to the balance, dissolved in biodiesel fuel; and adding the solution of the composition to the biodiesel fuel to reach a concentration of the composition of from 0.002 to 1.6 mass % based on the entire biodiesel fuel solution.

Abstract: Gasoline fuel formulation containing (i) tricyclene, which is suitably biologically derived, and (ii) a gasoline base fuel. The formulation may contain one or more additional biofuel components or oxygenates: it may for example include ethanol, or ethanol together with one or more additional biofuels. The invention also provides a method for preparing the formulation, its use in a spark ignition engine, and the use of tricyclene in a gasoline fuel formulation for various purposes, including to enhance lubricity.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention is to an ethanol composition comprising at least 92 wt. % ethanol and from 95 wppm to 1,000 wppm isopropanol.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons, ketones and alcohols useful as liquid fuels, such as gasoline, jet fuel or diesel fuel, and industrial chemicals. The process involves the conversion of mono-oxygenated hydrocarbons to aromatics and gasonline range hydrocarbons where the oxygenated hydrocarbons are derived from biomass.

Abstract: A method for processing biomass to produce biofuel includes decomposing lignocellulosic material into byproduct polymers that include lignin, decomposing the lignin into targeted chemical fragments, and chemically converting the targeted chemical fragments into a biofuel.

Abstract: An additive composition for use in a liquid fuel containing a mixture of alcohol, aromatic hydrocarbon, acetone, petroleum ether, and mineral oil. The fuel additive is added to a hydrocarbon fuel to reduce pollutants and improve burning efficiency of the fuel. The treated fuel is produced by mixing a sufficient amount of additive to the fuel to produce the desired result.

Abstract: A method for marking a petroleum hydrocarbon, biodiesel fuel or ethanol fuel by adding to the petroleum hydrocarbon, biodiesel fuel or ethanol fuel at least one compound having formula (I) wherein R1 and R2 independently represent at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy and nitro; and R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.

Abstract: Low vapor pressure compound-based fuels are provided. These fuels are useful in catalytic burner systems that can be used to disperse fragrances, insecticides, insect repellants (e.g., citronella), aromatherapy compounds, medicinal compounds, deodorizing compounds, disinfectant compositions, fungicides and herbicides.

Abstract: A process of producing a universal synthetic based gasoline fuel additive that cleans the fuel system including valves surface, lubricates the fuel pump, injectors and valves while allowing for a clean and more efficient burn. A major portion will consist of (a) Alfa-Olefins, (b) 2-propanol (c) Hydroisomerized High VI HT Base Oils, (d) Dimethyl Ketones, (e) Low Flash Mineral Spirits, (f) Low Aromatic Solvent, (g) Isomer Reformate, (h) Solvent Activated Dye. In a preferred embodiment, this universal synthetic gasoline conditioner additive for improving lubrication comprises: alpha-olefins comprising from 5 to 30 percent thereof, by weight; low odor aromatic solvents comprising from 3 to 27 percent thereof, by weight; 2-Propanol comprising of 3 to 30 percent thereof, by weight; and at least one a base oil comprising from 0.50 to 15 percent thereof, by weight; wherein: the percentages by weight are specified in relative proportion to one another.

Abstract: Embodiments of a composition useful as a fuel or fuel additive are provided. Certain disclosed embodiments of the composition comprise mid to low flash point naptha, at least one alcohol having a ratio of between about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms to 1 hydroxyl functional group, at least one lubricating oil, and at least one oxygenated natural aromatic compound, wherein the oxygenated natural aromatic compound has a flash point between about 60° C. and about 160° C., has at least one oxygenated functional group, and is soluble in the composition.

Abstract: A comprehensive fuel additive for gasoline, diesel and ultra low sulfur diesel fuels intended to improve engine combustion efficiency, improve diesel fuel cetane levels, improve diesel and ultra low sulfur diesel fuel lubricity, reduce engine component friction, reduce engine deposit buildup, reduce gasoline and diesel fuel bio-contamination and reduce pollutant exhaust emissions produced by gasoline and diesel fuel powered internal combustion engines. The present invention further provides a fuel additive that does not increase the sulfur level of diesel fuel beyond 15 ppm.

Abstract: Compositions of oxygenated gasolines are disclosed that have reduced vapor pressure compared to those containing a single oxygenate and no RVP reducing compound. Such compositions can be formed at a refinery or at a terminal. Methods of reducing vapor pressure of an oxygenated gasoline are disclosed and methods of reducing vapor pressure constraints upon a refinery in the production of oxygenated gasoline are disclosed. Fundamental properties of RVP reducing compounds are disclosed including IR spectrum analysis. Processes and methods for blending and distributing these fuels are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide compositions comprising organic compounds useful as a chemical industrial material or a fuel composition with the use of an alcohol such as ethanol as a material. It is a method for producing compositions using alcohol as a starting material and comprising: allowing alcohol to contact with an alcohol conversion catalyst such as hydroxyapatite (first step) and conducting a hydrogenation reaction respectively for all reaction products consisting of a liquid phase including alcohols, water and hydrocarbons of 4-12 carbons and a gas phase which is light gas containing paraffins, alcohols and olefins; all liquid phase reaction products consisting of all reaction products from which light gas has been removed; a liquid phase dehydration reaction products consisting of all reaction products from which light gas, unreacted alcohol and product water have been removed; and light gas (second step).

Abstract: A process of producing a universal synthetic based gasoline fuel additive that cleans the fuel system including valves surface, lubricates the fuel pump, injectors and valves while allowing for a clean and more efficient burn. A major portion will consist of (a) Alfa-Olefins, (b) 2-propanol (c) Hydrolsomerized High VI HT Base Oils, (d) Dimethyl Ketones, (e) Low Flash Mineral Spirits, (f) Low Aromatic Solvent, (g) Isomer Reformate, (h) Solvent Activated Dye. In a preferred embodiment, this universal synthetic gasoline conditioner additive for improving lubrication comprises: alpha-olefins comprising from 5 to 30 percent thereof, by weight; low odor aromatic solvents comprising from 3 to 27 percent thereof, by weight; 2-Propanol comprising of 3 to 30 percent thereof, by weight; and at least one a base oil comprising from 0.50 to 15 percent thereof, by weight; wherein: the percentages by weight are specified in relative proportion to one another.

Abstract: The method allows to incorporate an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols into fuels by minimizing the energy expenditure linked with the prior production of the alcohol or of the mixture of alcohols. One or more bases of the fuel, to which an oxygen-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen-containing compounds have possibly been added, are used to extract the alcohol or the alcohol mixture contained in aqueous solutions produced by biomass fermentation processes. After adjusting the temperature of the aqueous solution stream and of the stream containing one or more bases of the fuel through exchangers, these streams are fed into an extractor. The extract leaving the extractor is then dried and/or an oxygen-containing compound or a mixture of oxygen-containing compounds is added thereto.

Abstract: Liquid fuel compositions comprising one or more C4+ compounds derived from a water-soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for transporting one or more synthetic products produced from a carbonaceous source, such as coal, natural gas, or biomass, which may be located in a location that is remote from markets for such products. The synthetic products may include lower molecular weight alcohols such as methanol, lower molecular weight ethers such as dimethyl ether, olefins and/or the products of a Fischer-Tropsch or other hydrocarbon synthesis. The methods include transport of such synthetic products via a pipeline in the dense phase state, either neat or blended with light hydrocarbons, such as natural gas.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a fuel composition for colored flames and an appropriate combustion device for using such composition which provides a fuel composition for colored flames with improved inflammability, realization of colored flames and persistency by having alcohol of low ignition point as a fuel, by adding a compound having an ester structure and by adding a fire power enhancer including at least 3 higher hydrocarbon. Also, the present invention provides a combustion device wherein the fuel composition is injected in fog so as to enhance ignition power when rendering colored flames by injecting through an injection nozzle and igniting, the size of flames can be controlled by adjusting pressure, and color of the flames injected through each injection nozzle portion can be realized in different colors respectively by a control device.

Abstract: Methods for regenerating or improving the regeneration of a particulate filter and for improving the performance of a particulate filter during the operation of an internal combustion engine comprise lubricating the engine with a lubricant composition comprising additives that when combusted can form an ash deposit in the filter. The methods are particularly useful for diesel particulate filters on diesel engines that are equipped with an exhaust gas recirculation system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition of: 10-80 vol % of a first component which includes at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component including at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which includes an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: The present invention provides an odorant suitable for use in fuel gases, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), city gas, and LP gas, or methane gas, propane gas, butane gas and hydrogen gas. Preferably, the present invention provides a novel odorant that can also be used for fuel gases for fuel cells, including hydrogen gas. The odorant for fuel gases of the present invention has a perceptual threshold of 1 ppb or less, and includes a compound that has no sulfur atoms and no nitrogen atoms in its molecules. The odorant for fuel gases of the present invention is suitable for use in fuel cells that use hydrogen gas or other gases as a fuel.

Abstract: A fuel or fuel additives is disclosed which includes particles of cerium oxide which have been doped with a divalent or trivalent metal or metalloid which is a rare earth metal, a transition metal or a metal of group IIA, IIIB, VB, or VIB of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor fuel suitable for diesel, gas-turbine and jet engines and standard engines, comprising a mixture of organic compounds having oxygen-containing functional groups, and optionally a hydrocarbon fraction. The fuel is typically a stable homogeneous liquid at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature and achieves a reduction of harmful pollutants in the exhaust emissions of the engines. A total of at least four different oxygen-containing functional groups are present in at least two different oxygen-containing organic compounds. The total concentration of organic compounds containing bound oxygen in the fuel composition generally varies from 5% and to 100% of the total volume of the fuel composition, and the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds varies, correspondingly, from 95% to 0% of the total volume of the fuel composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to Compositions of fuels for transportation are disclosed, particularly organic compositions which are liquid at ambient conditions. More specifically, it relates to transportation fuels comprising suitable organic distillates, as a predominant component, and limited, but essential, amounts of a component comprising oxygen-containing organic materials, which materials are typically derived from natural petroleum. Beneficially, the oxygen content of these transportation fuels is at least 0.02 percent by weight. Preferably the oxygen content these transportation fuels is in a range from about 0.2 percent to about 10 percent by weight.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided forcleaning and/or rejuvenating catalysts, including catalysts of the type used in vehicle catalytic converters. The compositions of the invention comprise a hydrocarbon source and an oxygen donor, which may be one and the same compound. The composition may be combustible, and the composition may generate organic acid vapor upon combustion. The composition may also include a number of trace metals. Methods according to the invention include the steps of bringing the catalyst up to working temperature and passing the rejuvenating and/or cleansing composition or the combustion products of the rejuvenating and/or cleansing composition over the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention is directed to compositions comprising mixtures of natural gas and dimethyl ether suitable for use as fuel compositions, and particularly to blends of dimethyl ether and a natural gas derived from LNG produced in an LNG process. The dimethyl ether can be added, for example, to a lean natural gas to improve the heat value thereof, and in embodiments, the dimethyl ether is conveniently derived from low value CO2 contaminants present in a raw natural gas stream used to prepare LNG. Also disclosed are methods to prepare the mixtures.

Abstract: A method of reducing the vapor pressure of a C3 to C12 hydrocarbon-based motor fuel mixture containing 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol for conventional spark ignition internal combustion engines, wherein, in addition to an ethanol component (b) and a C3 to C12 hydrocarbon component (a), an oxygen-containing additive (c) selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: alcohol other than ethanol, ketone, ether, ester, hydroxy ketone, ketone ester, and a heterocyclic-containing oxygen compound in an amount of at least 0.05 by volume of the total fuel and at least one C6-C12 hydrocarbon (d) are used in the fuel mixture, is disclosed. A mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additive (c) and C6-C12 hydrocarbon (d) usable in the method of the invention is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of making a fuel composition for a modified internal combustion spark ignition engine comprising combining a fuel grade ethanol, an oxygen-containing component and at least one C6-C12 hydrocarbon. A fuel produced by such a method is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition comprising: 10-80 vol % of a first component comprising at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component comprising at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which comprises an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel composition which comprises a diesel fuel, a C1-C4 alkyl ester of an &agr;-hydroxymonocarboxylic acid and, if appropriate, a C1-C4 alcohol. The diesel fuel is either obtained from petroleum or from a petroleum fraction, such as middle distillate, or is obtained by conversion of material of biological origin (so-called biodiesel). The fuel composition preferably contains from 3 to 6% by weight of C1-C4 alkyl ester, calculated on the basis of the total weight of the composition.

Abstract: To provide a low pollution fuel capable of obviating imperfect combustion of fuel in a diesel engine, etc., and fundamentally solving the exhaust gas problems without depending on the conventional symptomatic method. The low pollution fuel is composed of kerosene, light oil or heavy oil which is blended with an oxygen-contained hydrocarbon composed of an olefin-based hydrocarbon as a starting material, such as ether, alcohol or glycol.

Abstract: A fuel for internal combustion-powered tools, especially for setting tools for fastening elements and based on a liquefied, combustible gas or gas mixture with a vapor pressure of 2 to 15 bar absolute at 20° C., and at least one combustible compound, which is soluble in the gas or gas mixture and is a liquid at 20° C. and atmospheric pressure, and which is used as an agent for improving the combustion behavior.

Abstract: A low temperature stable diesel fuel composition includes diesel oil, ethanol, and a solubliser of C14-C18 fatty acids from biodegradable sources e.g. tall oil or depitched tall oil. This fuel remains stable at temperatures as low as −20° C.

Abstract: A fuel for producing attractive audio and visual burning results is disclosed.

Abstract: This invention is a fuel composition for use in internal combustion engines comprising a major amount of a base fuel which contains no more than 10% by weight of olefins and no more than 10% by weight of esters, and greater than 5% by weight based on the total composition of an oxygenate selected from the group consisting of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having on an average from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more ketones having on an average 5 to 25 carbons, and mixtures of the alcohol(s) and ketone(s). The amount of the oxygenate in the fuel composition is sufficient to provide the fuel with at least 0.5% by weight of oxygen. The oxygenate significantly reduces particulate emissions from the exhausts of diesel powered engines.

Abstract: This invention is a method of reducing particulate matter emission from internal combustion engines which use a diesel fuel composition comprising a major amount of a diesel fuel having a base fuel which contains no more than 10% by weight of olefins and no more than 10% by weight of esters, by admixing said fuel with greater than 5% by weight based on the total composition of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having on an average from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more ketones having on an average 5 to 25 carbons and mixture of said alcohol(s) and ketone(s). The amount of the oxygenate in the fuel composition is sufficient to provide the fuel with at least 0.5% by weight of oxygen. The oxygenate significantly reduce particulate emissions from the exhausts of diesel powered engines.

Abstract: This invention relates to an ultra-low sulphur fuel composition comprising (A) a major amount of a base fuel having (a) no more than 50 ppm by weight of sulphur, (b) no more than 10% by weight of olefins and (c) no more than 10% by weight of an ester and (B) at least 1% by weight based on the total fuel composition of an oxygenate selected from its group consisting of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, ketone having on an average 5 to 25 carbons and mixtures of the alcohol(s) and ketone(s) and having no other oxygen atom in its structure. These specific oxygenates further reduce particulate emissions from the exhausts of engines powered by ultra-low sulphur diesel fuels which fuels are already known to generate low particulate emissions. These oxygenates are capable of an impressive performance with respect to particulate emissions over a broad range of vehicles and driving cycles when compared with the performance of oxygenates used hitherto.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor fuel suitable for diesel, gas-turbine and jet engines and standard engines, comprising a mixture of organic compounds having oxygen-containing functional groups, and optionally a hydrocarbon fraction. The fuel is typically a stable homogeneous liquid at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature and achieves a reduction of harmful pollutants in the exhaust emissions of the engines. A total of at least four different oxygen-containing functional groups are present in at least two different oxygen-containing organic compounds. The total concentration of organic compounds containing bound oxygen in the fuel composition generally varies from 5% and to 100% of the total volume of the fuel composition, and the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds varies, correspondingly, from 95% to 0% of the total volume of the fuel composition.

Abstract: This invention is a fuel composition for use in internal combustion engines comprising a major amount of a base fuel which contains no more than 10% by weight of olefins and no more than 10% by weight of esters, and greater than 5% by weight based on the total composition of an oxygenate selected from the group consisting of a saturated, aliphatic monohydric alcohol having on an average from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more ketones having on an average 5 to 25 carbons, and mixtures of the alcohol(s) and ketone(s). The amount of the oxygenate in the fuel composition is sufficient to provide the fuel with at least 0.5% by weight of oxygen. The oxygenate significantly reduces particulate emissions from the exhausts of diesel powered engines.

Abstract: A fuel additive for internal combustion engines contains a mixture of toluene, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and mineral oil as base ingredients mixed with a mixture having acetone, methanol, toluene, and xylene mixed in a predetermined order in predetermined amounts. The fuel additive is added to an internal combustion engine fuel to improve the operation of the engine and reduce pollutants released into the atmosphere by the engine running the fuel and additive.